Wenlock volcanism in the Welsh Basin

Within the Welsh Basin, proximal volcanism of Wenlock age is virtually unknown. However, two vitroclastic tuffs and a turbiditic tuffaceous mudstone have been discovered lying along the eastern side of the basin. Their sources have not been located, but the tuffaceous mudstone and the older tuff are both of riccartonensis Zone age and may be the products of the same event. The younger tuff is of early ludensis Zone age. All three occur in association with bentonites and represent, or were involved in, sedimentary instability. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Provenance of late Ashgill (Hirnantian) fine-grained sediments and pebbles in the Welsh Basin: A ND and SR isotope study

The isotope characteristics of interbedded fine-grained sedimentary rocks and pebbles from an Ashgill sequence in the Welsh Basin show that they have different provenance. Gondwana-derived continental crustal material dominates the Nd-Sr isotope signatures of the fine-grained rocks whereas the pebbles sample the Avalonian basement. Detritus from Gondwana and Avalonia accounts for the isotopic composition of most of the lower Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks of Southern Britain and this suggests that any contribution from the reworking of Lower Palaeozoic volcanic rock is minimal.     

Provenance and pathways of late Quaternary turbidites in the deep-water Agadir Basin,northwest African margin

A series of individual turbidites, correlated over distances >100 km, are present in the recent fill of the Agadir Basin, offshore northwest Africa. The aim here is to unravel multiple turbidite source areas and flow pathways, and show how turbidite provenance studies contribute to interpretation of flow processes. Agadir Basin turbidites are sourced from four main areas, with the majority originating from the siliciclastic Morocco Shelf; their sand-mud distribution is strongly controlled by flow sediment volume, with relatively low-volume flows dying out within the Agadir Basin and large-volume flows bypassing significant sediment volumes to basins further downslope. Two large-volume volcaniclastic turbidites are attributed to a Canary Islands landslide source, while several small mud-dominated turbidites are interpreted to be locally sourced from hemipelagic-draped seamounts (e.g. Turbidite AB10). Finally, Turbidite AB1 (∼1 ka) is only present in the western Agadir Basin, and is linked to recent “re-activation” of the Sahara Slide headwall. The muddy suspension clouds of three large-volume flows, all linked to large-scale landslides, have covered huge areas of seafloor and flowed along or even slightly upslope for long distances. It is proposed that northeastwards-flowing bottom currents have aided transport of these dilute flow fractions into and across the Agadir Basin.     

A late ordovician/early silurian non-depositional slope and perched roll-over basin along the tywi anticline,mid wales

Ordovician stratigraphy between the Sugarloaf and the Wye valley is summarized with particular attention given to the area northeast of Abergwesyn. New data refine thickness estimates for the Cerriggwynion Formation, the Trembyd Formation (new), and the Cefn Cynllaith Formation (new). The major Bron Rhudd Fault is suggested to have been a synsedimentary down-to-basin fault which was later reactivated, folded, and suffered local reversal of throw. Roll-over into this fault controlled deposition of mass-flow conglomerates in a perched basin. During the late Ordovician-early Silurian the axis of the Tywi Anticline underlay a non-depositional slope which developed by northwest-directed progradation of a shelf margin, possibly accentuated by flexure over a basement fault zone with contemporaneous basin-down normal movement. The slope angle cannot be estimated from the geometry of the Ordovician because the contemporaneous throw on the Bron Rhudd Fault cannot be determined, but from the rate of Silurian onlap it was about 5 degrees.     

Sedimentary and faunal events revealed by a revised correlation of post‐glacial Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) strata in the Welsh Basin,UK

The discovery of a previously unrecognized unconformity and of new faunas in the type Llandovery area underpins a revised correlation of Hirnantian strata in mid Wales. This has revealed the sedimentary and faunal events which affected the Lower Palaeozoic Welsh Basin during the global rise in sea level that followed the end‐Ordovician glacial maximum and has allowed their interpretation in the context of local and global influences. In peri‐basinal shelfal settings the onset of post‐glacial deepening is recorded by an unfossiliferous, transgressive shoreface sequence (Cwm Clyd Sandstone and Garth House formations) which rests unconformably on Rawtheyan rocks, deformed during an episode of pre‐Hirnantian tectonism. In the deep water facies of the basin centre, this same sequence boundary is now recognized as the contact between fine‐grained, re‐sedimented mudstones and an underlying regressive sequence of turbidite sandstones and conglomerates; it is at a level lower than previously cited and calls into question the established lithostratigraphy. In younger Hirnantian strata, graptolites associated with the newly recognized Ystradwalter Member (Chwefri Formation) demonstrate that this distal shelf unit correlates with the persculptus graptolite‐bearing Mottled Mudstone Member of the basinal succession. Together these members record an important macrofaunal recolonization of the Welsh Basin and mark a key event in the post‐glacial transgression. Further deepening saw the establishment of a stratified water column and the imposition of anoxic bottom water conditions across the basin floor. These post‐glacial Hirnantian events are consistent with the re‐establishment of connections between a silled Welsh Basin and the open Iapetus Ocean. However, a comparison with other areas suggests that each event records a separate deepening episode within a pulsed glacio‐eustatic transgression, while also reflecting changes in post‐glacial climate and patterns of oceanic circulation and associated biotic flux. British Geological Survey © NERC 2009. All rights reserved.     

浅海背景下大型浊积扇研究进展及堆积机制探讨:以莺歌海盆地黄流组重力流为例

围绕浅海背景下大型浊积扇的研究进展展开探讨,并以莺歌海盆地黄流组重力流为例研究其沉积特征及堆积机制。位于莺歌海盆地中央的东方区黄流组发育的大型高效储集体——浅海重力流沉积体的沉积特征和堆积机制具有其独特性。古生物研究表明,其沉积期的古水深为40~110m,属于陆架浅水沉积背景。其重力流特征表现为包卷变形层理、准同生变形构造等,主要发育鲍玛序列A段和AB段组合,缺失CDE段。对该重力流沉积体的初步研究表明,其具有大规模、多期次(浊积事件的垂向叠加序列组合)、持续性发育等特征。在浅海背景下形成大规模重力流沉积体的综合成因机制包括:(1)物源的持续供给;(2)同沉积期大规模海退作用;(3)陆架基底的幕式动态活动和差异性沉降。该重力流沉积体的发育受上述三大因素的联合控制。因此,本研究采取构造-层序地层学、沉积学与地球物理相结合的系列技术与方法研究其宏观、微观特征及堆积的控制要素与独特机制。该研究成果能丰富浅海区发育大型重力流沉积体的理论体系,对油气勘探新领域的拓展具重要的借鉴价值。     

Depositional environment and sedimentary of the basinal sediments in the Eibiswalder Bucht (Radl Formation and Lower Eibiswald Beds), Miocene Western Styrian Basin,Austria

The Eibiswald Bucht is a small subbasin of the Western Styrian Basin exposing sediments of Lower Miocene age. In the past the entire sequence exposed in the Eibiswalder Bucht has been interpreted as being of fluvial/lacustrine origin; here, results are presented of detailed sedimentological investigations that lead to a revision of this concept. The lowermost siliciclastic sedimentary unit of the Eibiswalder Bucht sequence is the Radl Formation. It is overlain by the Eibiswald Beds, which are subdivided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Eibiswald Beds. The Radl Formation and the Lower Eibiswald Beds are interpreted as a fan delta complex deposited along NNW-SSE striking faults. Based on the sedimentary facies this fan delta can be subdivided into a subaerial alluvial fan facies group, a proximal delta facies group and a distal delta/prodelta facies group. The Radl Formation comprises the alluvial fan and proximal delta facies groups, the Lower Eibiswald Beds the distal delta/prodelta facies group. The alluvial fan and the proximal delta consist of diverse deposits of gravelly flows. The distal delta/prodelta consists of wave-reworked, bioturbated, low density turbidites intercalated with minor gravelly mass flows. The prodelta can be regarded as as the basin facies of the small and shallow Eibiswalder Bucht, where marine conditions prevailed. The basin was probably in part connected with the Eastern Styrian Basin, the contemporary depositional environment of the Styrian Schlier (mainly turbiditic marine offshore sediments in the Eastern Styrian Basin). Analysis of the clast composition, in conjunction with the paleotransport direction of the coarse delta mass flows of the Radl Formation, shows that the source rocks were exclusively crystalline rocks ranging from greenschists to eclogites.     

孙吴-嘉荫盆地白垩系淘淇河组水下重力流沉积特征

本文根据露头、岩心、测井、薄片鉴定等资料,对孙吴-嘉荫盆地白垩系淘淇河组水下重力流沉积特征进行了详细的研究,认为淘淇河组水下重力流沉积规模大,为湖底扇沉积,其可进一步划分为内扇、中扇、外扇3种亚相以及主沟道、主沟道外、辫状沟道、辫状沟道间、远源浊积岩5种微相类型。内扇以水下泥石流沉积为主,中扇以液化沉积物流和浊流沉积为主,外扇发育浊积岩。根据地震剖面推断,白垩系淘淇河组时期发生的断层活动是湖底扇沉积发育的主要原因。     

坦桑尼亚盆地渐新统深水重力流沉积特征及控制因素*

近年来,在东非坦桑尼亚盆地深水区相继发现大型气藏,但其沉积特征、形成机理及主控因素研究较为薄弱。综合利用钻井、测井及二维地震资料,对其沉积特征进行分析,发现研究区渐新统发育深水重力流沉积,包括水道、堤岸、朵叶等,并以水道—朵叶沉积为主。根据水道的发育位置、外部形态、内部构型、沉积方式等,将其进一步分为复合型、侧向迁移型、垂向加积型和孤立型水道。研究区渐新统自南向北重力流沉积特征存在差异: 盆地南部以小规模孤立型水道、朵叶沉积为主,呈近SW-NE向展布;盆地中部以复合型、垂向加积型、侧向迁移型水道、朵叶沉积为主,整体呈NW-SE向展布;盆地北部以侧向迁移型水道、堤岸及朵叶沉积为主,展布方向与中部基本一致。针对南北差异,以源-汇系统耦合关系研究为主旨,对盆地各部源-汇系统要素进行对比分析,结果表明,研究区深水重力流沉积体系的发育与展布主要受构造运动(构造抬升、洋中脊扩张运动、断层活动)、供源体系、陆架—陆坡地形3大因素共同控制。     

西藏波密县天摩沟“9·4”特大泥石流灾害成因初步分析

从地貌地质环境、地面气象要素、大气环流背景、T213数值预报产品和卫星资料等方面,着重分析诱发灾害的气象条件,对2007年9月4日西藏波密县古乡天摩沟发生的一次特大泥石流地质灾害事件成因进行初步分析。结果表明：由于前期气温持续偏高,加剧冰川融水,加上9月4日凌晨出现强降水,天摩沟地形高度落差大、松散固体物质丰富,水源、能量转化和物源三种条件同时满足^[1],是造成这次特大泥石流地质灾害的直接原因。     

东非鲁武马盆地始新统超深水重力流砂岩储层特征及成因

鲁武马盆地古近系-新近系发育多套超深水、超大型、富含天然气藏的重力流沉积砂体。以始新统砂体为解剖对象,分析区内重力流砂岩储层特征及成因。结果表明砂体以巨厚层状产出于深海泥岩内部,并与周围泥岩截然接触,测井曲线表现出宏观均一性;岩心揭示此类巨厚砂体是由多期单砂体叠置而成,单砂体是由底部高密度颗粒流和顶部低密度浊流两部分组成,且经历过强底流改造。鲁武马河流三角洲强大物源供给决定了区内砂体分布面积和体积规模;深海滑塌、块体搬运等重力流沉积过程控制了沉积体粒序构造和内部结构;海底区域性强底流持续冲刷并携带走单砂体顶部细粒沉积物,残留了底部“干净”的中粗粒砂岩;多期沉积事件和频繁水道迁移决定了砂体纵、横向叠加展布,并最终形成了区内厚度巨大、岩性宏观均一且连通性极好的超大型深水重力流沉积砂岩储层。     

河南省济源盆地下侏罗统鞍腰组重力流沉积特征及其构造意义*

在详细野外剖面工作的基础上,通过岩性特征、沉积构造及沉积序列等的系统观察研究,发现济源盆地下侏罗统鞍腰组重力流沉积由滑塌沉积、砂质碎屑流沉积和浊流沉积构成。滑塌沉积以砂岩和泥岩的混杂、岩层的滑动变形以及泥岩呈碎块被卷入砂岩层中为特征;砂质碎屑流沉积常呈厚层块状,颗粒分选和磨圆较差,杂基较多,可见漂浮于层内的石灰岩砾石;常见的浊流沉积分为2种类型: 具有明显正粒序结构的浊流沉积和砂泥岩薄互层的浊流沉积,可用鲍马序列来描述。鞍腰组重力流沉积可划分为3个沉积序列: 序列A记录了滑塌沉积→砂质碎屑流沉积→浊流沉积→深湖沉积的转换过程;序列B表现为砂质碎屑流与浊流沉积的叠覆;序列C由浊流及湖泊沉积构成,并经历了由序列A→序列B→序列C的沉积演化过程。重力流的形成受秦岭造山带于早侏罗世沿三门峡—鲁山—舞阳断裂发生逆冲推覆作用的控制,其沉积演化指示了秦岭造山带造山作用由强到弱的过程。     

肯尼亚Anza盆地东南部重力场及构造特征

肯尼亚Anza盆地东南部地处东非裂谷系，发育了巨厚的中—新生界沉积盖层。然而，该区域勘探程度较低，制约了对其构造体系的认识及油气勘探潜力的评价。文章基于研究区的重力异常数据，针对其构造特征的认识进行了数据处理及解释。研究结果表明，受中非剪切带右旋剪切应力的影响，研究区发育规模较大的北西向基底断裂和规模较小的北东向盖层断裂，且北东向断裂切断北西向断裂；基底深度差异大，总体呈"两凹夹一隆"的特征，凹陷区沉积了巨厚的中—新生界盖层；受北西向拉张断裂和沿构造软弱带发育的北东向断裂的控制，研究区划分为东部凹陷、中部凸起、南部隆起和西部凹陷4个构造单元，呈现"东西分带、南北分块"的构造格局。      

珠江口盆地惠州地区新生界珠海组和珠江组重力流沉积特征*

通过2口井的岩心观察,在珠江口盆地惠州地区新生界珠海组和珠江组,发现有重力流沉积。该地区重力流沉积的主要特征是：滑塌构造发育广泛,是本区最主要的重力流沉积;液化沉积中泄水构造发育;浊流沉积中鲍马序列不完整。惠州地区的重力流沉积是三角洲前缘砂体垮塌再搬运沉积而形成的。在重力流沉积中还发现有潮汐作用的存在,潮汐作用和重力流沉积伴生。通过对惠州地区重力流沉积特征的研究,认为不能简单地将重力流沉积等同于浊流沉积;重力流沉积不仅局限在深水地区,在相对浅水地区也会发育。建议正确理解鲍马序列并予以合理使用。     

Cross-formational hydrocarbon fluid flows in the Tertiary deltaic system of the Beaufort–Mackenzie Basin

Molecular and isotopic compositions of crude oils in the Beaufort–Mackenzie Basin confirm three genetic end-member oil groups and suggest extensive cross-formational hydrocarbon fluid flows in the Tertiary deltaic system. Inter- and intra-fractional variations in the geochemistry of the Tertiary-reservoired oils indicate that the oil source/maturity signatures were substantially masked by biomarkers that were picked up along migration pathways. Thus, many of the previously recognized “immature non-marine oils” are in fact thermally mature, probably derived from unpenetrated deeper marine source rocks. Although the effective source rock volumes have not been evaluated and their exact stratigraphic levels remain unknown, the relative timing of oil generation versus trap formation, rather than poor source quality, may be the cause of under-filled traps in the offshore area.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部三叠系延长组深水重力流沉积特征及其石油地质意义*

通过大量岩心观察、钻测井资料分析及野外露头观察,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长6—长7深水重力流沉积特征、触发机制、沉积过程、沉积模式及石油地质意义进行了系统分析。研究结果表明:研究区共存在滑动岩体、滑塌沉积、砂质碎屑流沉积、浊流沉积及泥质碎屑流沉积5种类型的重力流沉积物,各类型的沉积物特征明显。不同类型重力流沉积物垂向组合可分为5类,研究区重力流的形成过程可分为5个阶段:三角洲前缘沉积阶段、滑动阶段、滑塌变形阶段、砂质碎屑流及泥质碎屑流形成阶段以及浊流形成阶段。滑动、滑塌砂体多呈孤立透镜体状,砂质碎屑流砂体多以扇沟道的形式展现出来,浊流砂体多分布在扇沟道的前端或侧翼,呈席状砂展布。深水重力流砂体垂向叠置厚度大,可形成规模大的油藏,大大扩展了深湖的勘探范围。研究区长6、长7油层组砂质碎屑流砂体储集层物性较好,含油性好,是重点勘探层位。     

Ice flow direction during late Paleozoic glaciation in western Paraná Basin, Brazil

The recent discovery of ice-striated surfaces associated with the late Paleozoic Aquidauana Formation suggests that glaciers coming from southwest Africa reached westernmost parts of the Paraná Basin in central Brazil. Abrasion features were developed by glaciers moving from SSE towards NNW, mainly on an unconsolidated bed. These records expand to about 1,050,000 km², the coverage of the late Paleozoic glaciation in the region of the Paraná Basin in Western Gondwana.

Resumen

A recente descoberta de superfícies estriadas associadas à Formação Aquidauana, de idade permocarbonífera, sugere que as geleiras provenientes do sudoeste da África alcançaram as porções ocidentais da Bacia do Paraná, na região central do Brasil. As feições de abrasão foram geradas pelo deslocamento de geleiras de SSE para NNW, principalmente sobre substrato inconsolidado. Estes novos registros evidenciam que a glaciação neopaleozóica cobriu uma área de pelo menos de 1.050.000 km² na região ocupada pela Bacia do Paraná no Gondwana Ocidental.     

细粒浊积岩特征、分布及发育机制:以川北唐家河剖面寒武系郭家坝组为例*

细粒浊积岩是一类较为特殊的浊积岩类型,与可用鲍马序列解释的完整经典浊积岩相比,其颗粒粒径明显偏细,小于63μm的颗粒含量超过50%。通过对四川盆地北部唐家河剖面寒武系第二统郭家坝组上部地层的系统研究发现,Stow细粒浊积岩序列发育广泛。该序列下部(T0-T3)主要为极细砂、粉砂与泥质纹层互层,发育微弱冲刷构造和泄水构造等软沉积物变形构造;中部(T4-T6)为泥质层段夹断续粉砂质纹层;上部(T7-T8)转变为均质泥岩段,生物扰动构造发育,整体序列具有正粒序特征。浊积岩序列中碎屑颗粒主要为石英、岩屑和云母,长石少见,杂基含量高;粒度频率分布曲线(直方图)显示颗粒分选性比传统浊积岩好,且自下而上各砂质纹层内颗粒粒径变细;概率值累计曲线表现为“一段式”和“上凸的折线式”2种,且悬浮组分占据了绝大优势;C-M图以平行于“C=M”基线为特征,但受碎屑颗粒粒级偏小的影响,投点整体沿C=M基线向左下偏移,显示该序列具有浊流递变悬浮沉积的特点。结合筇竹寺阶(第二统)沉积背景,认为靠近研究区西北侧的摩天岭古陆为浊积岩发育的主要物源区,台内地形的遮挡为细粒浊积岩的发育提供了良好的地形条件,悬浮搬运和阵发性环境事件(如风暴、洪水等)搬运为细粒沉积物主要的搬运机制。以唐家河剖面为代表的寒武系郭家坝组细粒浊积岩的广泛发育,对于认识四川盆地北缘古地理格局和非常规油气勘探具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7段致密砂体重力流沉积模拟实验研究

致密砂岩目前已成为中国油气勘探开发的重点领域。以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7段为代表的典型致密砂岩主要发育辫状河三角洲和重力流沉积砂体,其中重力流沉积砂体具有很大的勘探开发潜力。在区域构造、古气候、古地貌和沉积体系等研究基础上,应用沉积模拟技术,再现了研究区长7段重力流沉积砂体形成过程及其主要控制因素,在实验条件下,半深湖深湖区的沉积微相类型主要包括砂质碎屑流、浊积岩、深湖泥等。实验研究表明,影响重力流沉积砂体的形成及其演化的主要控制因素有：(1)泥砂含量决定了重力流的沉积类型;(2)湖盆底形控制重力流的砂体展布;(3)湖水位及流速决定重力流的沉积厚度及规模;(4)多物源交汇决定重力流的横向连通。并通过实验结果对比分析,预测了有利储集层分布区域。综合陇东地区原始地质模型和实验模拟成果,建立了沉积模拟实验条件下陇东地区三叠系长7段沉积模式。     

东非鲁伍马盆地深水X气藏海底扇储层构型研究:重力流—底流交互作用的指示意义*

底流在陆缘深水环境下广泛存在,可对深水沉积过程及砂体分布产生重要影响。前人对重力流与底流的交互作用机制及沉积产物开展了大量研究,但目前有关底流改造型的海底扇储层构型模式仍然研究不够深入。东非鲁伍马盆地是当前重力流—底流交互作用研究的热点地区,文中以其代表性的下始新统海底扇水道体系为例,综合岩心、测井及三维地震资料开展储层构型精细表征,建立重力流—底流交互作用下的海底扇水道体系构型模式。研究表明,目标水道体系内部发育水道、溢岸及朵叶3种构型要素,其中水道可分为水道复合体、单一水道及其内部不同级次的构型单元。底流对细粒物质的搬运可形成非对称的溢岸沉积,导致水道复合体之间呈逆底流侧向迁移叠置样式,其间泥岩隔层容易保存; 单一水道之间呈顺水道纵向迁移或逆底流侧向迁移样式,其中纵向迁移部位水道切叠连通,而侧向迁移部位容易保存泥质侧向隔挡体。受重力流沉积演化的影响,单一水道内部充填由砂泥交互型逐渐演化为富砂型,且在水道弯曲段的轴部砂体最为发育。