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1.
A suite of surface sediment samples from three Icelandic lakes was analysed for subfossil chironomid head capsules, and a
quantitative July air temperature inference model was applied to the data to investigate whether there was significant variability
among samples taken from a lake. Ordination and simple regression methods were used to analyse the relationships between environmental
and sedimentological variables and the chironomid assemblages and inferred temperature data. Substrate was the most important
influence on the chironomid assemblages and inferred temperatures, while water depth at the sampling location had no relationship
with the chironomid-inferred temperatures. Within-lake variability of the chironomid assemblages and their inferred temperatures,
however, were not significant statistically, suggesting that in lakes of western and northwest Iceland within-lake sampling
location has no effect on the data obtained, and therefore on training set samples. 相似文献
2.
Chironomids have been used extensively for reconstructing past temperatures from the late glacial chronozone but far less work has focused on their use as temperature proxies throughout the Holocene, and little work has been undertaken within the UK. Northern England does have many detailed palaeoclimate records, although the majority of these are reconstructions from ombrotrophic peat bogs, which yield a combined temperature and precipitation proxy record. A lake sediment core from Talkin Tarn, dating back 6000 years, was therefore analysed for chironomid remains in an attempt to produce a Holocene temperature reconstruction. Although chironomids have been shown to respond to air temperature by many modern training sets, it is also known that they can respond to other environmental factors. Pollen and loss-on-ignition analyses were therefore undertaken to ascertain whether the lake had been subjected to major environmental changes. Some anthropogenic changes in land use were detected, which may have affected the lake water chemistry and sediments, but they seem to have had little direct impact on the chironomid fauna for the majority of the record. Part of the geology of the catchment is limestone, which suggests that the lake may be buffered against any changes in pH. A chironomid-inferred mean July temperature transfer function from a Norwegian training set was applied to the chironomid data and produced a reconstruction with significant fluctuations throughout the later Holocene, which were associated with cold and warm stenotherms within the assemblages. The uppermost chironomid sample from the lake core (less than 100 years old) has a reconstructed temperature of 14.6 °C (± sample-specific error of 1.18 °C), which compares well with the contemporary mean July average of 14.8 °C. It is therefore concluded that chironomids can be used to reconstruct Holocene temperature, provided the site is well-buffered in relation to pH changes and can be shown not to have been influenced to any great extent by anthropogenic disturbance. 相似文献
3.
Freddy J. Gathorne-Hardy Egill Erlendsson Peter G. Langdon Kevin J. Edwards 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2009,42(3):413-426
Ecosystem variability must be assessed over a range of timescales in order to fully understand natural ecosystem processes.
Long-term climate change, at millennial and centennial scales, is a major driver of natural ecosystem variability, but identifying
evidence of past climate change is frequently confounded by human-induced impacts on the ecosystem. Iceland is a location
where it is possible to separate natural from anthropogenic change in environmental archives, as the date of settlement is
accepted to be around AD 874, prior to which the island was free from proven human impacts. We used a lake sediment core from
Breieavatn, near Reykholt, a major farm of the Norse period in western Iceland, to examine landscape development. A change
in pollen concentration in the sediments, especially the decline in Betula, indicated initial landscape degradation immediately post-settlement, whereas the chironomid fauna and reconstructed temperatures
were relatively complacent during this period. The pollen evidence is corroborated by 14C analyses, which indicate an increase in older carbon entering the lake, inferred to have been caused by increased erosion
following settlement. Further decreases in Betula pollen occurred around AD 1300, pre-dating a drop in chironomid-inferred temperatures (CI-T) of ~1°C over 100–200 years.
The CI-T reconstruction also shows a significant cooling after ~AD 1800, likely indicative of the coldest phase of the Little
Ice Age. The evidence suggests that the chironomid record was relatively unaffected by the increased landscape degradation
and hence reveals a temperature reconstruction independent of human impact. 相似文献
4.
B. Lang A. S. Medeiros A. Worsley A. Bedford S. J. Brooks 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2018,59(4):397-410
Reliable estimates of Holocene temperatures are important for understanding past climate dynamics, the response of biota to climate change, and validating climate models. Chironomids in lake sediment cores are used widely to quantify past summer temperatures, for which high-latitude and/or high-altitude lakes, remote from human influence, are usually considered appropriate. Temperature inferences from lowland lakes are likely influenced by other variables, specifically eutrophication and industrial pollution, but their reliability has never been tested. We used a Norwegian chironomid-based transfer function (r 2 = 0.91; RMSEP = 1.01 °C) to infer mean July air temperature over the last 200 years, using chironomid assemblages in a core collected from a polluted, nutrient-enriched lake at Speke Hall, Liverpool, England. The chironomid-inferred temperatures correlate significantly with the local instrumental temperature record and follow long-term national temperature trends. These results show that chironomids can be used to produce reliable estimates of past mean July air temperature, even when other variables have also influenced the composition of the chironomid community. These findings underline the value of chironomids as sensitive and reliable quantitative proxies for summer temperature. 相似文献
5.
A sedimentary record from lake Stora Viearvatn in northeast Iceland records environmental changes over the past 2000 years.
Downcore data include chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) assemblage data and total organic carbon, nitrogen, and biogenic
silica content. Sample scores from detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of chironomid assemblage data are well correlated
with measured temperatures at Stykkishólmur over the 170 year instrumental record, indicating that chironomid assemblages
at Stora Viearvatn have responded sensitively to past temperature changes. DCA scores appear to be useful for quantitatively
inferring past temperatures at this site. In contrast, a quantitative chironomid-temperature transfer function developed for
northwestern Iceland does a relatively poor job of reconstructing temperature shifts, possibly due to the lake’s large size
and depth relative to the calibration sites or to the limited resolution of the subfossil taxonomy. The pre-instrumental climate
history inferred from chironomids and other paleolimnological proxies is supported by prior inferences from historical documents,
glacier reconstructions, and paleoceanographic studies. Much of the first millennium AD was relatively warm, with temperatures
comparable to warm decades of the twentieth century. Temperatures during parts of the tenth and eleventh centuries AD may
have been comparably warm. Biogenic silica concentrations declined, carbon:nitrogen ratios increased, and some chironomid
taxa disappeared from the lake between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries, recording the decline of temperatures into
the Little Ice Age, increasing soil erosion, and declining lake productivity. All the proxy reconstructions indicate that
the most severe Little Ice Age conditions occurred during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a period historically associated
with maximum sea-ice and glacier extent around Iceland.
相似文献
Peter G. LangdonEmail: |
6.
Glen M. MacDonald David F. Porinchu Nicolas Rolland Konstantine V. Kremenetsky Darrell S. Kaufman 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2009,41(1):129-141
Instrumental climate records from the central Canadian treeline zone display a pattern of variation similar to general Northern
Hemisphere temperature trends. To examine whether this general correspondence extends back beyond the instrumental record,
we obtained a sediment core from Lake S41, a small lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada at 63°43.11′ N, 109°19.07′ W.
A radiocarbon-based chronology was developed for the core. The sediments were analyzed for organic-matter content by loss-on-ignition
(LOI), biogenic-silica content (BSi), and chironomid community composition to reconstruct July air temperature and summer
water temperature. The paleolimnological records were compared with records of atmospheric CO2 concentration, solar variability, and hemispheric temperature variations over the past 2000 years. The results of the analyses
suggest that widely-documented long-term variations in Northern Hemisphere temperature associated with radiative forcing,
namely the cooling following the medieval period during the Little Ice Age (LIA), and twentieth century warming, are represented
in the central Canadian treeline zone. There is also evidence of a brief episode of warming during the eighteenth century.
As evidenced by LOI and BSi, the twentieth century warming is typified by increased lake productivity relative to the LIA.
Depending upon the measure, the increased productivity of the twentieth century nearly equals or exceeds that of any other
period in the past 2000 years. In contrast, the rate of chironomid head capsule accumulation decreased and remained low during
the twentieth century. Although the chironomid-inferred temperature reconstructions indicate cooling during the LIA, they
present no evidence of greatly increased temperatures during the twentieth century. Warming during the twentieth century might
have enhanced lake stratification, and the response of the chironomid fauna to warming was attenuated by decreased oxygen
and lower temperatures in the hypolimnion of the more stratification-prone lake.
相似文献
Glen M. MacDonaldEmail: |
7.
Lindsay M. Upiter Jesse C. Vermaire R. Timothy Patterson Carley A. Crann Jennifer M. Galloway Andrew L. Macumber Lisa A. Neville Graeme T. Swindles Hendrik Falck Helen M. Roe Michael F. J. Pisaric 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2014,52(1-2):11-26
We analyzed subfossil chironomids, sediment organic matter and sediment particle size data from a 1.11-m-long freeze core collected from Carleton Lake (unofficial name), located approximately 120 km north of the modern treeline. This well-dated core spans the last ca. 6,500 years. Two chironomid transfer functions were applied to infer mean July air temperatures. Our results indicated that the chironomid-inferred temperatures from this lake sediment record did not pass a significance test, suggesting that other factors in addition to temperature may have been important in structuring the chironomid community through time. Although not statistically significant, the chironomid-inferred temperatures from this site do follow a familiar pattern, with highest inferred temperatures occurring during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (~6–4 cal kyr BP), followed by a long-term cooling trend, which is reversed during the last 600 years. The largest change in the chironomid assemblage, which occurred between ca. 4,600 and 3,900 cal yr BP is possibly related to the well-documented northward advance and subsequent retreat of treeline in this region. 相似文献
8.
Aaron P. Potito Craig A. Woodward Michelle McKeown David W. Beilman 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2014,52(4):385-404
Ireland provides a unique setting for the study of past climates, as its climate is dominated by westerly airflow from the North Atlantic and readily responsive to changes in North Atlantic circulation patterns. Although there has been substantial research on Ireland’s past environments, quantitative palaeolimnological research, especially chironomid-based research, has been lacking. In order to further develop chironomid-based palaeolimnological investigations, a calibration set was constructed to determine the dominant environmental controls on modern chironomids in western Ireland. Chironomid subfossils were collected from surface sediments of 50 lakes. The lakes were characterised with 36 environmental variables, including physical attributes, lake water characteristics, lake sediment characteristics and land cover within each catchment. In this exploratory study, no specific environmental variable was targeted and lakes were chosen to span gradients of latitude, elevation, depth and trophic status. Redundancy analysis showed that six environmental variables—mean July air temperature, lake depth, dissolved organic carbon, and percentage catchment land cover of agriculture, peat bog and scrubland—captured a large and statistically significant portion of the variance in the chironomid data. July temperature and agricultural land cover were the most dominant environmental variables, with July temperature proving the most suitable for inference model development. A classical weighted-averaging model was developed to estimate July air temperature, with a coefficient of determination (r jack 2 ) of 0.60 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.57 °C. Results suggest that summer temperature is the dominant influence on chironomid distribution across a wide variety of lake types, and the relatively small RMSEP should allow for more accurate reconstructions of Ireland’s relatively subdued Holocene temperature fluctuations. 相似文献
9.
A multi-proxy paleoenvironmental study from Lake WB02 (72.29°N, 109.87°W) on Northern Victoria Island, Nunavut, Canada provides an 8.4-ka record of chironomid and ecosystem production. Mean July air temperatures for this region during the Holocene were inferred from the fossil record. The chironomid assemblages contained 33 taxa and were dominated by Paracladius and Heterotrissocladius maeaeri-type. Primary production and chironomid food availability inferred from sediment biogenic silica and loss on ignition at 550°C, and chironomid concentrations, all exhibited synchronous patterns of change through time. Similar to other climate records from across the Arctic, the sediment and fossil data from Lake WB02 support the hypothesis of a warm and productive early to middle Holocene, a cool and generally unproductive middle to late Holocene and a return to a warmer, more productive environment in the past 100 years. Mean July air temperature reconstructions based on both the modern analogue technique (MAT) and weighted averaging partial least squares regression (WAPLS), however, failed to reflect these same changes. The difference between the qualitative and quantitative environmental reconstructions may be due to the restrictions associated with the use of these inference tools, the effects of which are more significant in unproductive ecosystems such as Arctic lakes. 相似文献
10.
This study evaluates the potential of using chironomid assemblages to estimate past temperature changes by comparing chironomid-inferred temperatures to meteorological data for the last 87 years. This comparison is made using high-resolution (i.e., sub-decadally resolved) short cores of four lakes along a gradient of altitude (Lake Njulla, 999 m a.s.l., Lake 850, 850 m a.s.l., Lake Alanen Laanijavri, 365 m a.s.l. and Lake Vuoskkujavri, 348 m a.s.l.), vegetation (pine forest to alpine tundra vegetation) and temperature (mean July temperature of 12.4 to 8.1°C). Patterns of chironomid-inferred changes in mean July air temperature were highly comparable to changes in the meteorological data. Moreover, instrumental data were almost always within the specific errors of the quantitative estimates using chironomids. These results indicate that chironomids can be used as a powerful tool to reconstruct temperatures and that chironomids are sensitive enough to record temperature changes of low magnitude such as those recorded during the Holocene. Although this relationship between temperature and chironomid community is strong for the last 87 years, we cannot assume that other environmental factors such as organic matter, changes of lake water depth or oxygen availability were not more significant over longer temporal scales of the Holocene, or longer. 相似文献
11.
Lucien von Gunten Oliver Heiri Christian Bigler Jacqueline van Leeuwen Carlo Casty André F. Lotter Michael Sturm 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,39(3):283-299
We analysed a 42 cm long sediment record from Lej da la Tscheppa, a high-altitude lake (2,616 m a.s.l.) in the Upper Engadine
valley (Switzerland) for subfossil diatoms, chironomids and pollen. The chronology of the top 21 cm of the record was established
using 210Pb analysis using a constant-rate-of-supply model, and validated with 137Cs measurements and the content of spheroidal carbonaceous particles. A tentative chronology for the lower part of the core
was obtained through extrapolation of the sedimentation rates in the uppermost part of the record. Pollen assemblages in the
record reflect regional changes in forestation and land-use patterns in the Upper Engadine valley and show no evidence of
significant local human activity in the lake’s catchment. Diatom assemblages record a distinct increase in planktonic taxa
since the early 19th century, suggesting a decrease in the duration of ice-cover. In contrast, chironomid assemblages remained
stable during a large part of the record. We applied an established chironomid-based July air temperature transfer function
and a newly developed diatom-based spring air temperature transfer function to reconstruct past seasonal air temperature changes
at Lej da la Tscheppa. The reconstructions indicate a diatom-inferred warming trend in spring temperatures during the past
ca. 400 years, whereas chironomid-inferred summer temperatures suggest a slight cooling trend. These biota-based reconstructions
are in good agreement with the centennial-scale temperature trend in an independent reconstruction of regional temperatures
in the Upper Engadine region based on instrumental records and documentary proxy evidence from the Alps. Our results suggest
that, in high-altitude lakes, independent chironomid- and diatom-based seasonal temperature reconstruction is possible and
can be successfully used to track seasonal temperature trends. 相似文献
12.
Sieving samples for chironomid analysis with a 150 μm mesh was shown to greatly reduce sample preparation time, and use of
only larger specimens did not affect chironomid-inferred salinities in African lakes. Here, we tested if this method is suitable
for temperature reconstruction in colder lakes at higher latitudes. Removal of specimens <150 μm in two training sets, one
from Canada and one from Sweden, had little impact on the performance statistics of the calibration models. Chironomid abundance,
however, decreased greatly because more than half of the head capsules in assemblages were <150 μm. This had major impacts
on the temperature reconstructions. Inferences were on average 2°C warmer with the modified models (all specimens >150 μm)
than those obtained with the full model (all specimens >100 μm). General patterns of temperature change were also altered.
For Lake 7 on Southampton Island, Canada, a cooling trend was reconstructed with the full Canadian model while the modified
Canadian model yielded a warming trend. When only specimens >150 μm were used, two to three times more wet sediment was needed
to obtain a sufficient number of head capsules. These results indicate that, in cold lakes (mean July/August air temperature
≤11°C), large proportions of head capsules are <150 μm, and sieving the samples in a 150 μm mesh leads to altered temperature
reconstructions. 相似文献
13.
We used multivariate statistical techniques to analyse the distributions of surface sediment chironomid assemblages with respect to surface-water temperature, and an additional set of 27 environmental variables, in 30 freshwater lakes of northern Fennoscandia. Our study transect spans boreal coniferous forest to subarctic tundra and includes a steep temperature gradient. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) with forward selection and associated Monte Carlo permutation tests revealed that there were statistically significant (P<0.05) relationships between chironomid distributions and two environmental variables, namely lakewater temperature and maximum lake depth. A constrained CCA with temperature as the only predictor variable suggested that the relationship between lakewater temperature and chironomid composition was sufficiently robust for developing a weighted-averaging (WA) based quantitative inference model that will allow palaeotemperature reconstructions using subfossil chironomid remains preserved in lake sediments. 相似文献
14.
Áslaug Geirsdóttir Gifford H. Miller Thorvaldur Thordarson Kristín B. Ólafsdóttir 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2009,41(1):95-115
The sediment fill of Haukadalsvatn, a lake in northwest Iceland, preserves a record of environmental change since deglaciation,
13 ka ago. The rapid sedimentation rate over the past 2 ka (ca. 4 m ka−1) provides a high-resolution archive of late Holocene environmental change. Physical and chemical environmental proxies extracted
from cores from the Haukadalsvatn sediment fill provide a reconstruction of sub-decadal-scale climate variability in Iceland
over the past 2 ka. Over this interval biogenic silica (BSi) reflects warm April–May temperatures, whereas total organic carbon
(TOC) peaks represent an increased flux of carbon to the lake from eolian-derived soil erosion following periods of cold summers
accompanied by dry, windy winters. The proxy-based temperature reconstructions show a broad interval of warmth through Medieval
times, but this warmth is punctuated by multi-decadal cold intervals. The transition into the Little Ice Age occurred in two
steps, with initial summer cooling 1250–1300 AD, and a more severe drop in summer temperatures between 1450 and 1500 AD; both
are periods of severe explosive volcanism. Multi-decadal patterns of cold and warm conditions have some characteristics of
a North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)-like signal, but instrumental records and proxy-based reconstructions of the NAO index
contain little power in the frequencies most strongly expressed in our data set. Although severe soil erosion in Iceland is
frequently equated with settlement, our reconstructions indicate that soil erosion began several centuries before settlement,
whereas for several centuries after settlement, when summer temperatures were relatively high, there was little or no soil
erosion. Only during the transition into and during the Little Ice Age did soil erosion become a major feature of the record.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
Kristín B. ólafsdóttirEmail: |
15.
Stefan Engels Angela E. Self Tomi P. Luoto Stephen J. Brooks Karin F. Helmens 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2014,51(4):529-547
Multiple regional chironomid–climate calibration datasets are available to reconstruct quantitatively July air temperatures from fossil chironomid assemblages. We examined the relationship between July air temperature and the 40 most common chironomid taxa in three independent Eurasian calibration (training) sets. The estimated temperature optimum of each chironomid taxon is systematically lower (by ~1–2 °C) in a Norwegian calibration set compared to Finnish and Russian calibration sets. This result might partly be explained by the fact that the Norwegian calibration set extends further at the cold end of the temperature gradient. A difference in continentality between the Russian sites and the European sites might also contribute to this pattern. The number of taxa that show a statistically significant unimodal response to temperature is higher in the Norwegian calibration set (34 out of 40 taxa) compared to the modern Finnish (11 of 37 taxa; 3 common taxa absent) and the Russian calibration set (20 of 40 taxa), probably due to the longer temperature gradient incorporated in the Norwegian calibration set. We applied all three calibration sets to fossil chironomid assemblages from the high-latitude study site of Sokli (northeast Finland), a site with a unique series of lacustrine deposits covering (amongst others) the Holocene, part of early MIS 3 (at ~53 ka) and MIS 5d–c (at ~110–95 ka) and with independent proxy-records for comparison. In the early Holocene and during MIS 5c, the chironomid-based temperature inferences from all three inference models had similar values. Temperature reconstructions based on the Norwegian calibration set are 2–4 °C lower for the late Holocene, early MIS 3 and MIS 5d than the inferred temperatures based on the other calibration sets. Although the lakes included in the Finnish calibration set are located closest to the site of Sokli, evaluation tests and a comparison with independent proxy data suggests that the Norwegian calibration set provides the most suitable analogues for reconstruction purposes for most of the fossil assemblages. Our results imply that when choosing a calibration set for quantitative climate reconstructions on glacial timescales, regional proximity of the fossil site may not be a sufficient basis, and the length of the temperature gradient of the calibration dataset and factors such as the continentality gradient covered by the calibration set must also be considered. 相似文献
16.
Tomi P. Luoto 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2012,47(1):141-157
Surface sediment samples from Lake Moaralmsee in the Austrian Alps were examined for fossil remains of aquatic insects and
mites. This study investigated the influence of water depth on the fauna, to explore the possibility of using such fossil
remains in sediment cores to reconstruct past water level changes. In addition, instar-specific patterns of chironomid (Diptera:
Chironomidae) head capsule accumulation were examined to evaluate whether the smaller, lighter-weight early instars are more
easily transported within the lake basin, creating a potential source of error for paleolimnological inferences. Results showed
that intra-lake distribution of these zoological remains is closely related to water depth and suggested that the fossils
accumulate near each species’ habitat. In addition, the ratio between exoskeletons of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) and
chironomid head capsules was strongly related to water depth. Examination of instar-specific accumulation patterns of all
chironomid remains showed no significant relationship between specific instars and water depth, though littoral samples consisted
only of the 3rd and 4th instars. A taxon-specific examination revealed that the early instars of Paracladius are significantly focused to the deeper parts of the basin. Because most taxa displayed significant relations with water
depth, a transfer function was developed, relating fossil chironomids to water depth. This model has a high coefficient of
determination and a low estimate of prediction error. In this study, Paracladius was found to prefer shallow and intermediate water depths, hence enhanced offshore transport of early instar head capsules
may weaken model performance statistics. Results indicate that intra-lake calibration sets of invertebrate remains have great
potential in paleolimnological research, though there is a possible risk of spatial autocorrelation. Such datasets also contribute
to the understanding of the modern ecology of the fauna because fossil assemblages in surface deposits provide habitat-specific
autecological information. More effort should be directed at evaluating how remains of different instars are transported within
other lake basins, because selective offshore transport of head capsules of different larval stages can potentially cause
bias in environmental reconstructions. 相似文献
17.
Chironomid-based palaeotemperature estimates for northeast Finland during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
S. Engels S. J. P. Bohncke J. A. A. Bos S. J. Brooks O. Heiri K. F. Helmens 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,40(1):49-61
Quantitative palaeotemperature estimates for the earlier part of Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS-) 3 are inferred from subfossil
chironomid remains. The high-latitudinal study site of Sokli, northeast Finland, provides for a unique lacustrine deposit
covering the earlier part of OIS-3, and the chironomid remains found in the sediments show that a shallow lake with a diverse
fauna was present at the study site throughout the record. Using a Norwegian calibration data set as a modern analogue, mean
July air temperatures are reconstructed. The chironomid-inferred July air temperatures are surprisingly high, reaching values
similar to the current temperature at the study site. Other proxies that were applied to the sediments included the analysis
of botanical and zoological macro-remains, and our results concur with temperature estimates derived from climate indicator
taxa. Summer temperatures for interstadial conditions, reconstructed with climate models, are as high as our proxy-based palaeotemperatures. 相似文献
18.
Multi-proxy data, both lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic, are presented from Efstadalsvatn, a lake in NW Iceland. The sequence covers the period 10,000 to 3500 14C yr B.P. The biostratgraphic data include the first Icelandic chironomid-based reconstruction of Holocene mean July air temperatures, using a Norwegian training set in the absence of modern Icelandic data. The results show that deglaciation and ecosystem development probably began before 10,000 14C yr B.P. and that July temperatures were around 4°C at ca. 9500 14C yr B.P. Temperatures then rose to ca. 8°C at the time of the deposition of the Saksunarvatn tephra (9100 14C yr B.P.), reaching ca. 10°C by 8500 14C yr B.P., high enough for the growth of tree birch, although successful birch colonisation did not take place until 6750 14C yr B.P. There is some evidence for cooling immediately preceding 9100 14C yr B.P. There is little firm biostratigraphic evidence for the 8200 cal. B.P. event, although this may be due to a relatively low resolution pollen sampling interval, but there are changes at this time in the total carbon (TC) and mass susceptibility (MS) data. Optimal temperatures and relative vegetation stability may have occurred between 8000–6100 14C yr B.P. but the chironomid assemblages indicate higher temperatures after 5000 14C yr B.P. This latter interpretation may, however, reflect delayed colonisation of thermophilous taxa and requires further investigation. There is evidence in the lithostratigraphy for greater local terrestrial instability after 6100 14C yr B.P. but it seems unlikely that this led to the redevelopment of ice in the catchment. The biostratigraphic records appear to show a degree of resistence to climate forcing throughout the early and middle Holocene. The new chironomid-based temperature reconstruction needs to be refined by further studies in Iceland, particularly the development of an Icelandic training set, but has already demonstrated the problems of paleoclimatic interpretations based on pollen and/or macrofossil evidence alone. 相似文献
19.
Isabelle Larocque Martin Grosjean Oliver Heiri Christian Bigler Alex Blass 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2009,41(2):329-342
Inferred temperatures from chironomids preserved in the varved sediment of Lake Silvaplana in the Eastern Swiss Alps were
compared with instrumental data obtained from a meteorological station in Sils-Maria, on the shore of Lake Silvaplana, for
the time interval 1850–2001. At near-annual resolution, the general patterns of chironomid-inferred temperature changes followed
the meteorological record over the last ∼150 years (r
Pearson = 0.65, P = 0.01) and 87% of the inferences had deviations from the instrumental data below the root-mean-square error of prediction
(RMSEP). When the inferences were compared with a 2-year running mean in the meteorological data, 94% of the inferences had
differences with the instrumental data below the RMSEP, indicating that more than half of the inaccurate inferences may have
been due to errors in varve counting. Larger deviations from the instrumental data were also obtained from samples with low
percentages of fossil taxa represented in the training set used for temperature reconstruction and/or assemblages with poor
fit to temperature. Changes in total phosphorus (TP, as inferred by diatoms) and/or greater precipitation were possible factors
affecting the accuracy of the temperature reconstruction. Although these factors might affect the quantitative estimates,
obtaining >80% accurate temperature inferences suggests that chironomid analysis is a reliable tool for reconstructing mean
July air temperature quantitatively over the last ∼150 years in Lake Silvaplana. 相似文献
20.
Floodplain lakes are rarely analysed for fossil chironomids and usually not incorporated in modern chironomid-climate calibration
datasets because of the potential complex hydrological processes that could result from flooding of the lakes. In order to
investigate this potential influence of river inundations on fossil chironomid assemblages, 13 regularly inundated lakes and
20 lakes isolated from riverine influence were sampled and their surface sediments analysed for subfossil chironomid assemblages.
The physical and chemical settings of all lakes were similar, although the variation in the environmental variables was higher
in the lakes isolated from riverine influence. Chironomid concentration and taxon richness show significant differences between
the two classes of lakes, and the variation in these variables is best explained by loss-on-ignition of the sediments (LOI).
Relative chironomid abundances show some differences between the two groups of lakes, with several chironomid taxa occurring
preferentially in one of the two lake-types. The variability in chironomid assemblages is also best explained by LOI. Application
of a chironomid-temperature inference model shows that both types of lakes reconstruct July air temperatures that are equal
to, or slightly underestimating, the measured temperature of the region. We conclude that, although there are some differences
between the chironomid assemblages of floodplain lakes and of isolated lakes, these differences do not have a major effect
on chironomid-based temperature reconstruction. 相似文献