Research of the Differential Uplifting in the Palongzangbu Region Based on the Synthesis of the Watershed Index and Seismic Data

Research on the differential uplifting in the Palongzangbu region is crucial to understanding the tectonic deformation mechanism and establishing the model of the faulted blocks in the region of the east structural knot. In this paper, based on the ASTER-30m DEM, we calculate the hypsometry index (HI) of 19 watersheds in the Palongzangbu region, and study the differential uplifting in this region combining with seismic data, the ground deposition and erosion process. The result shows that the spatial distribution of the HI value can reflect the differential uplifting in the study area. Differential uplifting exists within different zones, and there are 2 relative strong uplifting centers. One center is near the east structural knot, and the other lies between the Lhari fault and Nujiang fault at their converging segment. Also, the watershed evolution, seismic activity, and ground deposition and erosion process are closely related to each other, and they constitute a chain of evidence which reveals the whole process from the tectonic movement underground to the landform evolution on the surface.     

南迦巴瓦峰第四纪隆升期次划分的热年代学证据

喜马拉雅东构造结南迦巴瓦峰核心区附近一个高程剖面上的8个片麻岩样品裂变径迹中值年龄介于0.71~2.07Ma之间,平均封闭径迹长度在14.51~15.87μm之间,标准偏差都小于0.84μm;其冷却年龄和径迹长度所作"香蕉图"显示出三期快速的抬升期,分别发生在距今0.71 Ma、1.23 Ma、2.05 Ma.结合已有磷灰石裂变径迹冷却年龄等值线图显示出南迦巴瓦峰核心区呈复式背斜状快速隆升,而外围拉萨地体和冈底斯构造单元隆升速率慢的空间分布特征等,分析认为这种差异隆升主要受构造作用主导,气候变化造成的均衡抬升起次要作用.     

首都圈地壳垂直形变与未来强震活动

据首都圈地区精密水准复测资料,分析了近10年来地壳垂直形变状态与特征。结果表明,北京、天津和河北等平原地区,由于过量开采地下水导致了大空间、大量级的地面沉降,从而无法获得这些区域垂直向构造运动信息。在首都圈地区能够获得构造运动信息的区域主要位于该地区的东北端和西区,东北端为唐山—遵化—兴隆以东和以北的区域,西区指太行山以西的区域。东北端区域整体表现为下降,下降速率为2~ 4 mm/a,但“北升南降”的运动格局没有改变。西区为整体隆升,隆升速率最大近10 m m/a,运动的时空分布从具有“南快北慢”特征的总体上升逐步转变为“北升南降”的有升有降。2001年是西区上述运动性质发生变化的分界线,并由此导致了延怀盆地及其附近的区域出现了比较明显的四象限分布的形变图像。尽管从规模和量级上略小于大同地震前孕震体的变形,但两者的运动图像非常相似,所以该区域可能成为未来强震的孕震地区。     

大地形变测量所反映的天山最新构造运动

新疆的新构造运动强烈,各大山系主体显示了断块抬升运动,而两大盆地则表现为相对下沉。分布在山系与盆地交接部位的大型活动断裂和强烈的地震活动有密切的联系。为了解新疆地壳形变的面貌,我们利用50年代至今30多年的精密水准测量资料,绘制了新疆垂直形变速率等值线图。图中清晰地反映了最新构造运动的形态,以及与地质构造的关系。南、北天山交汇的部位是北西向构造带与东西向构造带的汇合部,也是垂直形变速率等值线密度最大的地段。高速隆起与下降相伴生,今后10年内这里是大地震的潜在危险区。     

中上扬子地区印支期以来抬升剥蚀时限的确定

采用磷灰石裂变径迹年龄空间分布特征定性分析与径迹长度分布数据定量模拟相结合,约束了中上扬子地区的抬升剥蚀时限.江汉盆地在157～97Ma和10 Ma以来发生了两期大规模抬升剥蚀;湘鄂西-武陵地区、黔中隆起自137Ma开始持续抬升剥蚀;鄂西渝东、川东褶皱带从97 Ma开始持续抬升剥蚀;川东北和川中地区于56 Ma才开始遭受抬升剥蚀;川西-滇西地区则自23 Ma以来经历了较大规模的抬升剥蚀.印支期以来,中上扬子不同地区抬升剥蚀开始的时间存在明显差异性,总体上由东往西逐渐变晚.齐岳山断裂带以东,大规模抬升剥蚀始于中燕山期（J₃-K₁）;齐岳山断裂与华蓥山断裂带之间的川东高陡背斜带抬升剥蚀始于晚燕山期（K₂）;华蓥山断裂与龙泉山断裂之间的川中和缓褶皱带晚期抬升剥蚀始于喜马拉雅早期(E);龙泉山断裂带以西的川西凹陷晚期抬升剥蚀始于喜马拉雅晚期(N).     

Isotopic chronology and geological events of Precambrian complex in Taihangshan region

There are five major geological events in Precambrian complex, Taihangshan region determined by researching into geology and isotopic chronology of the complex. Basaltic magma erupted and quartz-dioritic to tonalitic magma intruded in earlier neo-Archaean, which formed hornblende-plagiogneiss of Fuping gneiss complex and metamorphic mafic rock enclaves in TTG gneiss complex. Granulite facies metamorphism and emplacement of biotite-plagiogneiss occurred in late neo-Archaean. Extension and uplifting from the end of neo-Archaean to Paleoproterozoic era formed Chengnanzhuang large extensional deformation zones and metamorphic mafic veins emplaced into the deformation zones. Remobilization of Precambrian complex and tectonic uplifting in late Paleoproterozoic era formed Longquanguan ductile shear zone and emplacement of Nanying gneiss. Occurrence of regional granite pegmatite at the end of Paleoproterozoic era means the end of the Lliang movement.     

Cenozoic magmatic activity and oblique uplifting of the Ailao Mountain: Evidence from a short-period dense seismic array

Geological studies show that the southern part of Ailaoshan-Red River shear zone(ALSRRSZ) has experienced complex metallogenic processes and multi-stage non-uniform uplifting, called oblique uplifting since the Cenozoic. To detect the deep structure and geodynamic background beneath Daping, Chang'an and other gold and polymetallic deposits in this area, we carried out a high-density short-period seismic array survey in southern Yunnan province. The array used is approximately240 km long with an interval of 500 m between two adjacent stations. Based on the data collected by the array, we used H-κstacking and common conversion point(CCP) methods of receiver functions to reveal the fine crustal structure beneath this array,which was located from Lvchun(western end) to the east and ended in Maguan. The three main conclusions are as follows.(1)The average crustal thickness is approximately 37 km and the Vp/Vsratio is 1.75. However, the thickness and Vp/Vsratio of the Ailao Mountain are rather greater or higher than those of the western Lanping-Simao Basin and eastern South-China block.These results may indicate that the crust is rich in ferromagnesian minerals or has a thermal fluid anomaly after orogenic movement.(2) There are two obvious inclined interfaces beneath the Ailao Mountain in the mid-upper crust, which suggests that strong deformation occurred there during the orogenic period. Some evidences, such as the weak converted-wave Pms phase from the Moho, low P-wave velocities of the upper mantle, high surface heat flow values, and generally developed hot springs,indicate that a strong crust-mantle interaction exists in the southern segments of the Ailaoshan-Red River shear zone. These interactions include a diapir of mantle-sourced magma(stronger in the east than that in the west), lateral collision from the Indian Plate, and the differential uplift caused by the strike-slip movement of the Red River Fault. All of above deep processes led to the Cenozoic oblique uplifting of Ailao Mountain.(3) By combining the location of the deposits on the surface, characteristics of the average crustal Vp/Vsratio, hypocenters of the small earthquakes along the research profile, Moho shape, and horizontal variations of the Pms phase amplitudes, we speculate that the Ailaoshan Fault was the upgoing conduit for metallogenic magma and played a significant role in the Cenozoic development of the multiform metal deposits around the Ailao Mountain area.     

青藏高原湖泊涨缩的新构造运动意义

青藏高原位于我国的西南部,平均海拔4000—5000m。第四纪以来强烈的新构造运动,引起地壳大幅度的隆起,迫使湖泊出现了大规模的退缩及迁移。新的湖泊不断产生或扩大,古老的湖泊又不断消亡或缩小,形成了湖泊变化与构造活动周期的对应性。本文在分析了青藏高原的地貌、第四纪地质,特别是活断层及地震活动性研究的基础上,对于高原≥4km~2的367个湖泊进行了卫片解译,并取得了较好的效果。     

海南岛地壳运动与地震活动概况

南岛1605年曾发生过7 1/2级强震,是一个有研究意义的地震活动区。海南岛地震活动有三个较显著的特征:集中分布于南北二个狭窄区域、具南北迁移现象和存在一定的活动周期和平静期。其特征的形成与海南隆起受东亚大陆向南推压和南海扩张向北推压所引起的地壳不均衡运动有关     

2008年汶川8.0级地震前横跨龙门山断裂带的震间形变

利用区域GPS和水准测量资料,结合地震构造背景的分析,本文研究2008年汶川8.0级地震前横跨龙门山断裂带地区的震间地壳形变,探讨引起这种形变的活动构造与动力学模式,并由此认识汶川地震的孕育与成因机制.主要结果表明：1997～2007年期间,自龙门山断裂带中段朝北西约230 km的地带内存在垂直于断裂的水平缩短变形、以及平行于断裂的水平右旋剪切变形,缩短率为1.3×10^-8/a （即：0.013 mm/km/a）,角变形速率为2.6×10^-8/a;同一地带在1975～1997年期间还表现出垂直上隆变形,上隆速率在龙门山前山断裂与中央断裂之间仅0.6 mm/a,而至龙门山后山断裂及其以西达2～3 mm/a.这些反映了在汶川地震之前至少10～30余年,龙门山断裂带中段的前山与中央断裂业已闭锁、并伴有应变积累.造成这种形变的主要原因是：以壳内的低速层为“解耦”带,巴颜喀拉地块上地壳朝南东的水平运动在四川盆地西缘受到华南地块的阻挡、转换成龙门山断裂带中段的逆冲运动;由于该断裂段的震间闭锁,致使西侧的巴颜喀拉地块的上地壳发生横向缩短以及平行断裂的右旋剪切变形.然而,龙门山断裂带北段在1997～2007年期间除了有大约0.9 mm/a的右旋剪切变形外,横向的缩短变形极微弱,这可能与该断裂段西侧的岷江、虎牙、龙日坝等断裂带吸收了巴颜喀拉地块朝东水平运动的大部分有关.另外,汶川地震前,横跨龙门山断裂带中段与北段的地壳形变特征的差异,与汶川地震时能量释放的空间分布吻合.     

利用反演方法确定新疆伽师地震的定位

运用一种广义反演方法 ,在任意垂向非均匀介质中 ,根据近震P ,S波到时来确定地震事件空间位置的概率分布 ,应用此方法对新疆伽师地区临时数字地震台网的资料进行了定位处理 ,发现所定位的地震在平面图上呈明显的NNW向和NNE向线性分布 ,其中NNW向趋势略为明显。同时讨论了伽师地震的深部构造背景 ,对伽师地区天然地震的定位结果显示了地震与断裂的密切关联 ,该震群的形成与震源区附近的隐伏断裂有关 ,这可能是塔里木盆地北缘的地壳剧烈变形及现今构造运动所造成的结果 ,这些复杂的构造格局和特殊环境为伽师强震群的孕育和发生提供了条件     

A mass movement origin for cirques

The glacial process of cirque initiation, whereby small initial hillslope hollows grow by nivation until snow can form glacier ice, and ice motion then enlarges the hollow to a fully developed cirque, appears to have difficulty explaining the creation of large cirques in the time available during Quaternary glaciations, at the rates at which glaciers are reported to erode rock, and in rapidly uplifting mountain ranges. It also has difficulty explaining the striking proliferation of cirques in Fiordland, South Island, New Zealand, an area of harder rock and less glaciation than the nearby cirque‐poor area of South Westland. Here we show that cirques can be initiated as large, deep‐seated, often coseismic rock slope failure source area depressions in which snow may accumulate to form cirque glaciers, which can then remove detritus from, smooth, and enlarge the cirque. We present an example of a classically shaped cirque that has never held a glacier. We show that many similarities between the locations, sizes and shapes of rock slope failure source area depressions and cirques are understandable on this basis, as is the occurrence of cirques in presently aseismic intraplate locations and their relative paucity in actively uplifting ranges. The extent to which cirques may be of mass movement origin has implications for their value as palaeoclimatic indicators. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2011年日本MW9.0地震相关研究综述

2011年3月11日, 日本海沟发生的9级地震造成重大人员伤亡, 受到社会普遍关注, 本文基于此次日本9级地震相关研究结果, 尝试从不同侧面分析此次地震的观测、 现象和认识, 主要包括如下几点: ① 此次地震发生在太平洋板块西北边界上日本海沟俯冲带上, 同震破裂可能存在深浅两个位错集中区, 较深的位错集中区位错量相对较小, 但历史上7级地震多发; 而较浅的位错集中区位错较大, 但历史上强震活动相对较弱; ② 基于GPS观测资料为约束的相关断层运动研究结果表明, 日本海沟断层运动背景以大范围稳定闭锁为主(闭锁区空间尺度与同震破裂尺度相当), 自2003年日本北海道8级地震后日本海沟地区断层运动开始出现扰动, 2008年以后有几次7级左右地震震后余滑分布明显比主震位错量要大, 之后分别于2008年和2011年观测到显著慢滑移事件, 最后分别于2011年3月9日和3月11日发生7级前震和9级主震, 震前日本海沟俯冲带断层运动变化过程比较清楚; ③ 可能是由于监测的原因, 传统上的前兆观测并未出现显著异常, 其震前异常主要为: 部分地震活动参数表明强震震源区震前应力状态相对较高、 区域地表运动速率的短期异常等; ④ 对于震源区物理性质的分析引起了更多的科学问题, 例如, 震源区介质物性是否与周边存在显著差异、 断层摩擦性质是否决定了发震能力和破裂过程、 震前断层运动是否存在预滑、 震前深部流体是否影响到震源区断层运动等。 他山之石可以攻玉, 希望本文对地震预测预报基础研究工作能起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

渤海湾地区壳幔结构重磁综合研究

渤海湾盆地是华北克拉通破坏的中心,其东部渤海海域深部结构研究对认识华北克拉通破坏范围及动力学过程具有重要意义.为此,本文选取自河北新城经天津静海沿东南方向进入渤海海域的剖面进行重磁反演,研究其地壳结构特征.通过对该地区文献调研及2010年渤海海陆联测初步结果建立初始模型,结合本地区密度、磁化率特征进行二度半体重磁异常反...     

青海湖的地质构造前景及形成演化

青海湖地区位于３个构造单元及多条深断裂的交汇部位,结构复杂,强度较弱。上新世出现断陷,中更新世成湖。湖盆可划分为３个地垒和３个次级断陷盆地。其形成和演化受中祁连南缘大断裂带、宗务隆山－青海南山大断裂带和黑马河－达晶大带重新活动及其它ＮＷＷ,ＮＷ,ＮＮＷ,ＳＮ,ＮＥ抽断裂的活动及伴随的差异隆升所控制,与青藏高原的隆升演化有密切关系,尤其是可能与青藏高原发生后造山伸展作用有关的应力场转变造成的负反转构     

CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF LARGE ROCK AVALANCHES TRIGGERED BY THE LUDIAN MS6.5 EARTHQUAKE AT HONGSHIYAN AND GANJIAZHAI

The 3 August 2014 Ludian, Yunnan M_S6.5 earthquake has spawned more than 1, 000 landslides which are from several tens to several millions and over ten millions of cubic meters in volumes. Among them, the Hongshiya and Ganjiazai landslides are the biggest two with volumes over 1 000×10⁴m³. The Hongshiya and Ganjiazai landslides are two typical landslides, the former belongs to tremendous rock avalanche, and the latter belongs to unconsolidated werthering deposit landslide developed in concave mountain slope. Based on field investigations, causes and formation mechanism of the two landslides are discussed in this study. The neotectonic movement in the area maintains sustainable uplifting violently all the time since Cenozoic. The landform process accompanied with the regional tectonic uplifting is the violent downward erosion along the Jinshajiang River and its tributary, forming landforms of high mountains and canyons, deeply cut valleys, with great height difference. The regional seismo-tectonics situation suggests that:Ludian earthquake region is situated on the southern frontier boundary of Daliangshan secondary active block, and is seismically the strongest active area with one earthquake of magnitude greater than M5.0 occurring every 6 years. Frequent and strong seismicity produces accumulated effects on the ground rock to gradually lower the mechanical strength of slopes and their stability, which is the basis condition to generate large-scale collapse and landslide at Hongshiyan and Ganjiazhai. The occurring of Hongshiyan special large rock avalanche is associated with the large terrain height difference, steep slope, soft interlayer structure and unloading fissures and high-angle joints. The formation mechanism of Hongshiyan rock avalanche may have three stages as follows:Stage 1, when P wave arriving, under the situation of free surface, rocks shake violently, the pre-existent joints(in red)parallel to and normal to the river and unloading cracks are opened and connected. Stage 2, on the basis of the first stage, when S wave arriving, the ground movement aggravates. Joints(in green)along beds develop further, resulting in rock masses intersecting each other. Stage 3, rock masses lose stability, sliding downward, collapsing, and moving over a short distance along the sliding surface to the inside of the valley, blocking the river to form the dammed lake. The special large landslide at Ganjiazhai is a weathering layer landslide occurring in the middle-lower of a large concave slope. Its formation process may have two stages as follows:Firstly, under strong ground shaking and gravity, the ground rock-soil body around moves and assembles to the lower of the central axis of the large concave slope, which suffers the largest earthquake inertia force and firstly yields plastic damage to generate compression-expansion deformation, because of the largest water content and volume-weight within the loose soil of it. Secondly, in view of the steep slope, along with the compression, the plastic deformation area enlarges further in the lower of slope, giving rise to a tensional stress area along the middle of the slope. As soon as the tensional stress exceeds the tensile strength of the weathering layer, a tensional fracture will occur and the landslide rolls away immediately making use of momentum. This two large landslides are the basic typical ones triggered by the M_S6.5 Ludian earthquake, and their causes and mechanism have a certain popular implication for the landslides occurring in this earthquake region.     

中国晚新生代湖泊沉积及其反映的环境概貌

在地球历史上湖泊沉积大规模的发育或缺失,都和一定的构造背景和气候环境条件相关。本文依据我国晚新生代以来,湖泊沉积时空规模和分布的变化,来探讨我国大环境的变迁过程。上新世和早更新世我国西部存在许多大湖泊,发育巨厚的湖泊沉积,而东部分布的范围很局限,造成这种情况的原因,除了构造运动的差别外,当时大气环流的形势与今不同,西部的气候条件相当湿润。中—晚更新世西部的大湖大都萎缩,甚至消失,东部却表现出大湖增加的趋势,这显然与青藏高原的迅速隆起、东亚季风的加强有关。末次冰期以来,对应于冰期、间冰期的气候变化,不同气候带湖泊的响应差异颇大,既表现出区域环境的特点,也有全球变化事件的反映。     

利用接收函数方法研究西秦岭构造带及其邻区地壳结构

根据西秦岭构造带及其周边地区117个宽频带地震台站的高质量波形数据, 利用远震P波接收函数的H-k叠加方法, 求得地壳厚度和平均波速比. 通过分析地壳厚度、 波速比及其关系和接收函数CCP叠加剖面, 研究了该区域的地壳结构特征. 结果表明, 研究区域内地壳结构差异大, 呈过渡带特征. 地壳厚度总体上呈北北西向分布, 自西南向东北逐渐减小. 羌塘块体地壳厚度为72 km, 渭河盆地附近为39 km. 西秦岭构造带的地壳厚度为42—56 km, 南北向莫霍界面平坦. 研究区域P波与S波波速比平均为1.74, 其中西秦岭构造带平均为1.72. 较低的波速比主要分布在西秦岭构造带、 祁连山块体、 松潘—甘孜地块北部以及香山—天景山断裂区域, 这可能是由于含长英质酸性岩组分的上地壳叠置增厚而导致的. 该区域缺少超高波速比, 表明这一区域发生岩浆底侵或上地壳熔融的可能性很小. 综合分析表明, 西秦岭构造带及邻区的地壳结构主要是由于青藏高原隆升并在向东北向扩张中受到周边块体的阻挡而引起的地壳构造变形所致. 西秦岭构造带的莫霍界面变化和波速比分布与该构造带经历碰撞地壳增厚后的伸展走滑运动有关.      

DISCUSSION ON THE TIMING AND ITS TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE OF ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY IN HETAO BASIN IN THE LATE QUATERNARY SEDIMENTS

The interaction between the continental-continental collision of the Indian-Eurasian plate and the westward underthrusting of Pacific plate is generally considered to be the cause of the destruction of North China Craton. At present, there are still doubts in the researches worldwide about the dynamic mechanism of the formation and evolution of the Ordos peripheral fault-depression system and the contemporary tectonic stress field.
The Hetao Basin is a Cenozoic fault basin located between the Ordos block and the Yinshan Mountains. Due to the effect of uplift of the Tibet Plateau and the continuous subduction of the Pacific plate, graben faulting of different intensities occurred in different periods of Cenozoic around the Ordos block. Late Quaternary lacustrine facies sedimentary strata are widely developed in Hetao Basin. The Haolaigou profile, Bianqianhao profile and the Langshan profile in this study are all located in Hetao Basin. According to the lithology and structural analysis of the upper Pleistocene series in the three profiles, angular unconformities of phase 1-2 are recorded in the lacustrine facies sediments with a thickness of about 10m. The dating results of the Haolaigou profile, Bianqianhao profile and Langshan profile show that the formation time of both unconformities is 80ka BP.
Using the tectonic geology, Quaternary geology, stratigraphy, sedimentology and a variety of dating methods, we also carry out a comprehensive study and obtain the following results:
(1)The analysis of lithological and structural features of Haolaigou profile, Bianqianghao profile and Langshan profile in the Hetao Basin shows that multi-phase angular unconformities events are recorded in the lacustrine strata of a thickness of nearly 10m. These unconformities represent the tectonic movement in the late Pleistocene period since the 80ka BP and they may be widely distributed in the North China region. They are probably the direct products of the latest tectonic movement in the Quaternary period.
(2)The present tectonic movement initiates at about 80ka BP. It not only causes multiple angular unconformity events, but also leads to the disappearance of the Hetao ancient lake. The rapid regional epeirogenetic uplifting of the Ordos block since 76.4ka BP should also be the specific manifestation of this tectonic movement. Because of the influence of the accelerated uplifting and eastward spreading of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau in the late Quaternary, the NEE thrusting effect of the Ordos block is enhanced and affected.     

盲断裂、褶皱地震与新疆1906年玛纳斯地震

１９０６年玛纳斯７．７级地震时沿准噶尔南缘断裂产生的地表破坏是由非构造成因的振动和重力效应而形成的。天山山前第二排逆断裂和褶皱带是这次地震的发震构造，沿带已发现了长约１３０ｋｍ的断续的地表破裂和最新隆起带。所以１９０６年玛纳斯地震是沿北天山主逆断裂带发生在深部的一次盲断裂地震。地表变形主要以褶皱隆起为主，是一次典型的“褶皱地震