Emplacement mechanism of Linglong granitoid complex, Shandong Peninsula, China

The Linglong granitoid complex (LGC) is composed of four major plutonic units that intruded and cooled in the Middle Jurassic (170-155 Ma). Gravity-anomaly modeling indicates that the LGC is a sheet-like laccolith, less than 10 km thick, that dips shallowly below the surface toward the Tancheng-Lujiang (Tan-Lu) fault, a major lithospheric structure in Eastern China. Measurements of foliation in the field and measurements of planar and linear magnetic fabrics from the study of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility in the LGC indicate that foliation is dominantly shallowly dipping and magnetic lineation is mainly parallel to the dip direction of the laccolith toward the Tan-Lu fault zone. The trend of lineations is consistent with flow of magma up the thrust to reach shallower levels. The magma of the LGC probably originated by crustal melting within the Tan-Lu fault zone and the emplacement of magma occurred along a shallowly-dipping thrust that drained the Tan-Lu fault zone, the mechanism of which is mainly dike-fed model.     

Chronology and petrogenesis of the Hejiazhuang granitoid pluton and its constraints on the Early Triassic tectonic evolution of the South Qinling Belt

The Hejiazhuang pluton is located in the South Qinling Tectonic Belt(SQTB)in the north side of the Mianxian-Lueyang Suture Zone,and consists dominantly of granodiorites.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotopic analyses reveal that these granodiorites of the Hejiazhaung pluton emplaced at~248 Ma,and show a large variation in zirconεHf(t)values from4.8 to 8.8.These granodiorite samples are attributed to high-K to mid-K calc-alkaline series,and characterized by high SiO2(66.6%–70.0%),Al2O3(15.04%–16.10%)and Na2O(3.74%–4.33%)concentrations,with high Mg#(54.2–61.7).All samples have high Sr(627–751 ppm),Cr(55–373 ppm)and Ni(17.2–182 ppm),but low Y(5.42–8.41 ppm)and Yb(0.59–0.74 ppm)concentrations with high Sr/Y ratios(84.90–120.66).They also display highly fractionated REE patterns with(La/Yb)N ratios of 18.9–34.0 and positive Eu anomalies(δEu=1.10–2.22)in the chondrite-normalized REE patterns.In the primitive mantle normalized spidergrams,these samples exhibit enrichment in LILEs but depletion in Nb,Ta,P and Ti.These geochemical features indicate that the granodioritic magma of the Hejiazhuang pluton was derived from the partial melting of hybrid sources comprising the subducted oceanic slab and sediments,and the melts were polluted by the mantle wedge materials during their ascent.The emplacement ages and petrogenesis of the Hejiazhuang pluton prove that the initial subduction of the Mianlue oceanic crust occurred at~248 Ma ago,and the SQTB was still under subduction tectonic setting in the Early Triassic.     

Thermal evolution of Venus

The theory of three-dimensional and finite-amplitude convection in a viscous spherical shell with temperature and pressure dependent physical parameters is developed on the basis of a modified Boussinesq fluid assumption. The lateral dependences of the variables are resolved through their spherical harmonic representations, whereas their radial and time dependences are determined by numerical procedures. The theory is then applied to produce thermal evolution models for Venus. The emphasis is on illustrating the effects of certain physical parameters on the thermal evolution rather than proposing a specific thermal history for the planet. The main conclusions achieved in this paper are (1) a significant portion of the present temperature in the mantle and heat flux at the surface of Venus is probably owing to the decay of a high temperature established in the planet at the completion of its core formation, (2) the effective Rayleigh number of the mantle is so high that even the lower order modes of convection cool the planet sufficiently and maintain an almost adiabatic temperature gradient in the convecting region and high temperature gradients in the thermal boundary layers, (3) the convection is oscillatory with avalanche type properties which induces oscillatory features to the surface heat flux and the thickness of the crustal layer, and (4) a planetary model with a recycling crust cools much faster than those with a permanently buoyant crust.The models presented in this paper suggest that Venus has been highly convective during its history until ～ 0.5 Ga ago. The vigorous convection was bringing hot and fresh material from the deep interior to the surface and dragging down the crustal slags, floating on the surface, in to the mantle. The rate of cooling of the planet was so high that its core has solidified. In the last 0.5 Ga the vigour of convection diminished considerably and the crustal slags developed into a global and permanently buoyant crustal layer. The tectonic style on Venus has, consequently, changed from the recycling of crustal plates to hot spot volcanics. At the present time the planet is completely solid, except in the upper part of its mantle where partial melting may occur.     

Geochemistry,zircon U–PB ages and HF isotopes of the Muong Luan granitoid pluton,Northwest Vietnam and its petrogenetic significance

The Indosinian Orogeny plays a significant role in tectonic background and magmatic evolution in Indochina and surrounding regions. Being a part product of the Indosinian magmatism in northwest Vietnam during late Permian–middle Triassic period, Muong Luan granitoid pluton dominantly consists of granodiorite, less diorite and granite. This pluton is located in the Song Ma suture and assigned to the Dien Bien complex. Geochemically, the Muong Luan granitoid rocks are characterized by a wide range of SiO₂ contents (59.9–75.1 wt%) and high K₂O contents. They display typical features of I‐type granites. The presence of hornblende and no muscovite and cordierite in the rocks further supports for I‐type character of granitoids. The emplacement age of the Muong Luan pluton obtained by LA–ICP–MS U–Pb zircon is at 242–235 Ma, corresponding to Indosinian time. Zircon ε_Hf values of –5.6 to –10.4, in combination with moderate Mg values of 34–45 suggested that the Muong Luan granitoid was derived from partial melting of mafic crustal source rocks, which are probably Paleoproterozoic in age as revealed by Hf model ages (T_DM2 = 1624–1923 Ma).     

英买力地区复合潜山的地层分布及意义

英买力地区复合潜山构造非常复杂,采用地震相与地震多属性聚类分析技术时潜山不同岩性进行了识别和有效区分,明确了白垩系下伏地层的分布范围和意义,特别是侏罗系的分布直接导致潜山油气的漏失.同时利用地震多属性聚类方法对复合潜山储层发育进行预测,有利储层主要分布在上寒武统白云岩潜山、英买7以北下奥陶统灰质云岩潜山以及志留系柯坪塔格组沥青砂岩段.     

Thermal and chemical evolution of the terrestrial magma ocean

The Earth is likely to have experienced a magma ocean stage during accretion. Thermal and chemical evolution of magma ocean is investigated based on a one-dimensional two-phase-flow heat and mass transfer model. Differentiation at lower mantle pressure depends on the type of magma ocean and surrounding atmosphere. If the magma ocean is formed by the blanketing effect of a solar-type proto-atmosphere, extensive differentiation proceeds at lower mantle pressure. If the magma ocean is formed by the blanketing effect of an impact-induced steam atmosphere, no differentiation at lower mantle pressure is likely. If a very deep magma ocean is formed by a giant impact, whether differentiation proceeds at lower mantle pressure or not depends on grain size, viscosity of melt and/or properties of a transient atmosphere. On the contrary, chemical differentiation likely proceeds at upper mantle pressure irrespective of magma ocean type. A shallow magma ocean can remain for 100 200 My without any heating processes.     

Thermal structure of the Barbados accretionary complex

Finite element modeling of the thermal structure within the Barbados subduction complex is carried out. Kinematics of the sediments inside the complex are computed from a viscous model with inhomogeneous viscosity and the effect of gravity. The model yields an uplift rate compatible with observational data. Advective heat transfer affects the heat flow across the complex. Imbricated thrust faulting further reduces the heat flow across the slope. These mechanisms predict an arcward decrease of heat flow on the lower slope, followed by an increase of heat flow approaching the ridge, little change in heat flow at the forearc basin, and a significant increase of heat flow near the volcanic are, in agreement with the existing observations.     

复杂体型高层结构的推覆分析方法和应用

本文对钢筋混凝土高层结构进行了推覆分析研究，并编制了相应的推覆分析计算机程序。为了满足复杂体型高层结构的需要，提出了多种类型的单元，包括梁柱单元、单片墙单元、三垂直杆墙元和简体墙单元，与试验结果对比分析表明这些模型具有很好的精度，并且能够搜索到结构反应的全过程，甚至结构的软化阶段。最后对一栋具有复杂体型的高层结构实际工程进行了推覆分析研究，为结构设计提供了实用的参考依据。     

Geochemistry and evolution of the fuego volcanic complex, Guatemala

Four closely spaced vents along a fissure make up the Fuego and Acatenango volcanic centers in western Guatemala. The Fuego complex is composed of the Fuego and Meseta vents, but historic activity has consisted exclusively of high-Al₂O₃ basalts from the Fuego vent. The Meseta vent is inactive and deeply exposed. Prehistoric lavas from Fuego and Meseta are generally more silicic than historic Fuego lavas, but all the rocks form a single coherent geochemical variation pattern. Major element chemistry of these rocks is consistent with plagioclase, olivine, augite, and magnetite (POAM) fractionating from high-Al₂O₃ basalt. Separate batches of magma can be recognized from trace-element data throughout the history of the Fuego complex. This suggests that closed-system, POAM fractionation of distinct magma bodies occurs at Fuego. Trace-element data requires that deep fractionation of olivine, clinopyroxene, and perhaps magnetite from primary olivine tholeiite occurs before arrival of new magma into the shallow (8–16 km) magma chamber at Fuego. Migration of activity from Meseta to Fuego along the fissure is correlated with the change towards more mafic compositions at Fuego. The shift of the vents may have resulted in shorter repose periods and less time for fractionation before eruption. A minimum age of 17,000 years was required to build the Fuego complex.The andesitic rocks from the adjacent, larger composite volcanoes of Acatenango and Agua have higher incompatible element concentrations, different incompatible element ratios, and lower CaO, Na₂O, and Al₂O₃ contents than Fuego's lavas. We believe the magmatic evolution of Acatenango and Agua is much more complex than Fuego.     

Geochemistry of black shale at the bottom of the Lower Cambrian in Tarim Basin and its significance for lithosphere evolution

At the bottom of the Lower Cambrian, there widely develops a suit of rock association com-posed of black shales interbedded with thin silicalite in the India, northern Pakistan, Iran, southern France, England, northern Oman, the former USSR, southern Kaza…     

Morphological evolution of a complex drift-aligned prograded barrier

Prograded barriers are coastal landforms with a worldwide distribution that provide a paleoenvironmental record within a sequence of successive ridges and intervening swales. Most barriers with variable terrestrial morphologies, also known as complex barriers, have been poorly studied. At the main entrance of Western Port, a bay in southeastern Australia, a morphologically complex barrier was formed as a function of its somewhat sheltered position and orientation in relation to sporadic swells and tidal circulation. LiDAR-derived topography shows highly truncated and asymmetrical ridges both across and along the Somers–Sandy Point barrier plain. These uncommon morphologies are associated with an intricate hydrodynamic circulation subject to sporadic storms approaching at a sharp angle to the shoreline that eliminate a significant part of the sedimentary record but also redistribute vast quantities of sand to the downdrift shoreline, and a large and variable sandy bank that undergoes intense sediment movement. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating within a limited area on the western side revealed an age of ~2600 years for the innermost dated ridge, located about halfway across the plain. Significant erosion of the ridges' record occurred on the western side of the barrier between 2600 and 700 years ago and between 600 and 240 years ago, whereas undated ridges on the eastern side were preserved. This creates an opportunity for future research on past erosional events that would be of great value for coastal management and adaptation. Textural and elemental (XRF) sediment characteristics suggest that the type of material provided for barrier accretion remained the same throughout the late Holocene. Given the sustained growth of the barrier and other sandy parts of the bay, a net supply of marine sand from Bass Strait must have occurred. The proposed evolutionary model contributes to the understanding of the sediment budget for the bay as a whole.     

Magmatic evolution of Pacaya and Cerro Chiquito volcanological complex,Guatemala

Four major phases are distinguished during the building of the Pacaya volcanological complex (Guatemala): (1) the ancestral volcano, now much eroded, covered by younger deposits and battered by faulting and landslides; (2) the initial cone made up of large lava flows and dated at about 0.5 Ma; (3) andesito-dacitic domes (Cerro Chiquito dome and others) emplaced during an extrusive phase at about 0.16 Ma; and (4) the active Pacaya volcano. Lavas of phases 2 and 4 are basalts and basaltic andesites with almost the same major and trace element compositions. Classical enrichment in LILE and depletion in HFSE are observed. Phase 3 domes show magma-mingling features. The dacitic host rock includes basaltic andestic enclaves, 20 to 30% in volume. According to geochemical and mineralogic data (Mg/Fe ratios of basic minerals higher in dacite, groundmass glasses sodic in dacite and potassic in basaltic andesite), the basaltic andesites and dacites of phase 3 cannot be related by a simple fractional crystallization process. The existence of such differences suggests that magma mingling/mixing processes were involved by a connection between the two magma chambers prior to the extrusion of the andesito-dacitic domes. However, some trace element data clearly suggest that fractional crystallization played a significant role in the differentiation of these lavas. Remelting of amphibole-bearing cumulates from the dacite may also have played a role in the basaltic andesitic liquid genesis. Thermodynamical parameters of each liquid are contrasted. The basaltic andesitic magma, at a high temperature (1037°C) and in relatively small amounts, is embayed in the cooler (905° C) dacitic magma. The former liquid, denser (2.72) and less viscous (10^3.31 poises for free crystal liquid) may crystallize while the latter, lighter (2.60) and more viscous (10^4.46 poises), remains still liquid. Isotopic data (0.70383<⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr <0.70400; 0.512785<¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd<0.512908; 18.61<²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb<18.66; 15.56<²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb <15.58; 38.30<²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb<38.40) indicate that all the lavas (from Pacaya as well as from Cerro Chiquito) are cogenetic and derive from the same mantle source. Sr, Nd and Pb isotope ratios are similar to those of OIBs. (²³⁰Th/²³²Th) activity ratios on two historical lavas are respectively 1.2 and 1.3. The Th excess is similar to that of other calcalkaline volcanoes emplaced on a continental crust. These lavas evolved, possibly in separate magma chambers, through processes of fractional crystallization and magma mixing.     

Southeastern extension of the Red River fault zone (RRFZ) and its tectonic evolution significance in western South China Sea

The tectonic evolution features in the western South China Sea (SCS) are directly related to the Tethys tectonic province. The Red River fault zone (RRFZ) comprises a large part of the Tethys tectonic province and is the boundary between the Europe Block and the India-Asia Block[1]. It serves as the contact between the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the SCSopening. The RRFZ, which is an important dividing line in the geology of the SE Asia, is about 1000 km long in the co…     

Thermal evolution of the Earth: Secular changes and fluctuations of plate characteristics

The average secular cooling rate of the Earth can be deduced from compositional variations of mantle melts through time and from rheological conditions at the onset of sub-solidus convection at the end of the initial magma ocean phase. The constraint that this places on the characteristics of mantle convection in the past are investigated using the global heat balance equation and a simple parameterization for the heat loss of the Earth. All heat loss parameterization schemes depend on a closure equation for the maximum age of oceanic plates. We use a scheme that accounts for the present-day distribution of heat flux at Earth's surface and that does not depend on any assumption about the dynamics of convection with rigid plates, which remain poorly understood. We show that heat supply to the base of continents and transient continental thermal regimes cannot be ignored. We find that the maximum sea floor age has not changed by large amounts over the last 3 Ga. Calculations lead to a maximum temperature at an age of about 3 Ga and cannot be extrapolated further back in time. By construction, these calculations are based on the present-day tectonic regime characterized by the subduction of large oceanic plates and hence indicate that this regime did not prevail until an age of about 3 Ga. According to this interpretation, the onset of rapid continental growth occurred when the current plate regime became stable.     

强地震前兆异常特征与深部流体作用探讨

根据华北几次强震前后地下流体和重力异常特征,结合大地测深资料探讨了地震发生前后深部介质的变化和地壳浅层应力场变化特征。地震发生前震中区地下水位异常主要表现为下降型,气体异常呈上升型,重力和形变也出现异常;在外围地区地震前地下水位异常以上升型为主。 海城地震和大同–阳高地震前地下水位上升、下降异常有方向性分布的趋势,呈 X 形分布,这意味着地壳浅层应力场是压扭型的,并存在垂向应力的作用。在孕震过程中,地球深部流体向上运移,使得震源区及其附近的岩石膨胀、密度降低,震中区地壳浅层应力场呈拉张型,造成地下水储容积增大,地下水位出现了下降型异常。 在特定的构造单元内,地下流体、重力异常的空间分布特征能较好地反映地球深部物质运动和地壳浅层应力场特征。     

The Curinga-Girifalco fault zone (northern Serre, Calabria) and its significance within the Alpine tectonic evolution of the western Mediterranean

Hercynian basement rocks and Mesozoic ophiolites of the Calabria-Peloritani terrane drifted in the present position during the opening of western Mediterranean basins (namely Liguro-Provençal and Tyrrhenian basins) since the Oligocene. Basement rocks were partly involved by Alpine (late Cretaceous—Eocene) deformation and metamorphism before the onset of the drifting process. Even though the kinematics of the Alpine deformation in Calabria has been already defined, restoration of structural and kinematic data to the original position and orientation before the opening of the western Mediterranean has never been performed. In this work we present new structural and petrological data on a major tectonic contact of Alpine age exposed in central Calabria (Serre Massif). Structural and kinematic data are then restored at the original orientation in the early Oligocene time, to allow a correct tectonic interpretation.In the Serre Massif the Hercynian basement is sliced into three nappes emplaced during the Alpine orogeny. The upper nappe is formed by a nearly continuous section of the Hercynian crust, consisting of medium- to high-grade metamorphic rocks in the lower portion. The intermediate nappe mainly consists of orthogneisses, whereas the lower nappe is chiefly composed of phyllites. The contacts between the Alpine nappes are outlined by well developed mylonitic and cataclastic rocks. The Curinga-Girifalco Line is a well exposed shear zone that overprints mainly metapelitic rocks of the upper nappe and granitoid orthogneisses of the intermediate nappe. Mylonites of the intermediate nappe typically show overgrowths on garnet and hornblende with grossular-rich and tschermakitic composition, respectively. The Alpine mineral assemblage indicates that deformation took place in epidote-amphibolite facies at pressures ranging from 0.75 to 0.9 GPa.In the investigated area mylonites strike roughly WNW–ESE, with shallow dips towards SSW. Kinematic indicators in mylonites are mostly consistent with a top-to-the-SE shear sense in the present geographic coordinates. The mylonitic belt is affected by later extensional faults outlined by South-dipping cataclasite horizons. Published geochronological data indicate that mylonites and cataclasites developed in Eocene and early Miocene times, respectively.Considering rotational parameters coming from paleomagnetic studies and large-scale palinspastic reconstructions, the shear sense of the Curinga-Girifalco Line has been restored to the early Oligocene position and orientation. Through restoration a top-to-the-S shear sense is obtained. This result is in striking agreement with the convergence direction between Africa and W-Europe/Iberia during Eocene, computed from the North Atlantic magnetic anomalies. Our geodynamic reconstruction, combined with structural and petrological evidence, allows to relate the Curinga-Girifalco mylonites to a thrust related to the southeastern front of the double-verging Alpine chain. The adopted method could be used also for other exotic terranes, such as the Kabylie or the Corsica-Sardinia, to better constrain geometry and evolution of the southern Alpine belt.     

四川盆地西北地区热流史及烃源岩演化

根据四川盆地西北地区镜质体反射率数据(Ro)进行的埋藏史和热史恢复结果表明:该地区中生界与新生界之间不整合面的剥蚀量在1000～2500 m之间.该区在晚二叠世初期达到最高古热流,研究区南部最高古热流达～100 mW/m2,研究区北部为～70 mW/m2.从晚二叠世初到现今古热流持续降低,在～220 Ma时古热流平均为～54 mW/m2.下二叠统烃源岩在二叠纪末达到生油门限.研究区南部,下二叠统及下伏古生代烃源岩短时间内经历了超高古地温,因此具有一次性生烃且生烃时代久远(中二叠世之前)的特点,研究区北部的中、下二叠统和下伏古生代烃源岩存在二次或多次生烃.上二叠统烃源岩在三叠纪达到生油门限并进入生油高峰(成熟早期),之后在侏罗纪和白垩纪又有两次生烃过程.三叠系烃源岩的演化特征与上二叠统相似.     

Accretion tectonics of the global seafloor and its evolution

On the basis of the third generation map of the magnetic lineations of the world’s ocean basins (Cande et al., 1989), a systematic element division is made for the accretion tectonics of the world’s seafloor by use of the conception of accretion area and accretion period. This work reveals the evolution process of the seafloor, which is divided into 49 accretion areas and 6 accretion periods. It is found that the latter accretion processes play reform roles such as splitting and wedging action to the former. From the viewpoint of the whole it seems that the accretion process of the seafloor is characterized by the global episodic synchroneity and strong heterogeneity in spatial distribution as well as the local discontinuity.     

Petrogenesis and significance of early Yanshanian syenite-granite complex in eastern Nanling Range

According to the statistics for granitoid distribution map of 1/2000000 Nanling region[1], the granitoids in the Nanling region sum up an area of more than 170000 km2, occupying about one fifth of the entire Nanling region. Granitoid rocks in the Nanlingregion are mainly composed of monzogranites (occu- pying more than 84%), granodiorites (about 11%) and syenogranites (about 3%)[2]. There also exists a small amount of syenites (0.12%) with a sum area of about 94 km2[2]. However, nearly half …     

前兆波及其地震预测意义

通过回顾自20世纪60年代以来地震前兆波的研究与地震预测实践的进展情况,分析利用地震前兆波进行地震预测研究所取得的一些有意义的进展及其在科学上面临的困难,分别对前兆波及其定义、前兆波预测大地震事件基本依据、前兆波观测技术概述、前兆波的地震预测意义进行了探讨.文中定义了地震前兆波,以固体均匀弹性中的介质点波动方程和大量震例总结的前兆波阶段性特征,说明利用地震前兆波预测大地震事件具有坚实的理论基础和实践依据.文中阐述了前兆波观测技术的发展要求,并提出了改变目前的被动观测状况、对观测目标区域发生破坏性地震的短期和临震前兆进行主动观测的科学思路;应强化对地震震源区的观测,利用前兆波携带的信息研究震源及其附近地区的介质参数变化,对实现短临地震预测是有意义的.