Main types of synoptic processes and circulation types generating heavy precipitation events in Armenia

The results of synoptic analysis and objective Lamb circulation classification scheme (LAMB) during the days with heavy precipitation events in Armenia are presented. An analysis of synoptic situations in the area of Armenia and Southern Caucasus for the researched period 2001–2009 has shown that there are seven types of synoptic process characteristic of days with heavy precipitation events in Armenia. Adoption of the LAMB made it possible to identify the typical circulation types for each type of the synoptic process singled out. The results suggest that the LAMB is able to recognize the typical pattern of the distribution of sea level pressure field for each type of the synoptic processes. However, the use of the LAMB is further complicated in Southern Caucasus which can be explained by the existence of regional peculiarities of atmospheric circulation associated with significant influence of the Caucasian ridge. The LAMB may be recommended as an extra tool for synoptic analysis as well as for developing of synoptic climatology and statistical downscaling methods for Armenia and Southern Caucasus.     

Multifractal analysis of the rainfall time distribution on the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Spain)

In most of the studies on scale properties in the rainfall process, multifractal behavior has been investigated without taking into account the different rain generation mechanisms involved. However, it is known that rain processes are related to certain scales, determined by climatological characteristics as well as regional and local meteorological features. One of the implications derived from these correspondences is the possibility that the multifractal parameters of the rainfall could depend on the dominant precipitation generation mechanism. Fractal analysis techniques have been applied in this work to rainfall data recorded in the metropolitan area of Barcelona in the period 1994–2001, as well as to a selection of synoptic rainfall events registered in the same city in the period 1927–1992. The multifractal parameters obtained have been significantly different in each case probably showing the influence of the rain generation mechanisms involved. This influence has been revealed also in the analysis of the effects of seasonality on the multifractal behavior of rainfall in Barcelona.     

Synoptic comparison of cold events in winter and summerin Melbourne and Perth

Summary  Unseasonably cold weather episodes have the potential to cause dislocation to many aspects of society, regardless of the season in which they occur. In this work we devise a method for quantitatively identifying extreme cold events in such a way that it is not biased to the winter season (as is usual in most other studies). We have applied this method to the daily maximum temperatures (over the period January 1972 to June 1991) in the southern Australian cities of Melbourne and Perth. We identify 10 cold events in winter and summer for the cities. Analyses were performed to determine the synoptic environment in which these events occurred. The most common synoptic type in these samples was the ‘classic’, which is characterised by, amongst other factors, the passage of a cold front over the city on the day of the outbreak, and the transport of air from subantarctic latitudes. Melbourne recorded five such events in summer and six in winter, while seven and eight occurred in the two seasons for Perth. The circulation features and characteristics of other synoptic types identified with these episodes is also examined. The mean synoptic anomalies which are coincident with these cold events are analysed. For both cities and seasons there is a ‘high-low’ anomalous dipole in the regional MSLP pattern, with the high located in the ‘upstream’ quadrant from the anomalous cyclone. Having said this, the relative importance of the two features of the dipole in being associated with the cold event strongly depended on the city and season under consideration. The research shows that the regional structures associated with cold events in Melbourne and Perth bear some similarity, but also display a number of significant differences. These differences are associated partly with the different climatological and synoptic settings in which these cities find themselves, and the nature of their seasonality. Received October 10, 1999/Revised April 7, 2000     

Statistics of hot and cold events in Catalonia (NE Spain) for the recording period 1950–2004

Spatial patterns and statistical models for hot and cold events affecting Catalonia (NE Spain) are obtained from series of daily maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at 65 meteorological stations throughout the period 1950–2004. The study is based on the crossing theory, taking care that daily temperatures are normally distributed and previous data treatments (removal of trends and periodicities) assure their stationary character. With the aim of facilitating comparisons among different thermometric records, hot and cold events are defined as large departures, given in standard deviations, of daily temperatures from daily averages. From the statistical point of view, the assumption of a normal distribution of the initial date of the events is questionable and a simple assignment of hot events to summer and cold events to winter must be discarded according to the averaged initial dates and their standard deviations. The event magnitudes, defined as the absolute value of their maximum departures, follow an exponential distribution and event lengths can be modelled by an autoregressive Markov process with a Gaussian noise component. The number of events per year fits a Poisson distribution well only for high departures and the whole number of hot and cold events decays exponentially with the increasing departure for every temperature series. This property permits an estimation of the expected maximum departure for every thermometric station during the recording period. Even though spatial features observed for the number of events, their mean initial date, average event magnitude and average event length depict quite complex patterns due to the orography of the country and the vicinity to the Mediterranean Sea, the results obtained improve the knowledge on the hot and cold events in Catalonia.     

基于TIGGE数据的我国寒潮自动识别预报方法

利用1951—2006年中央气象台寒潮天气过程数据以及NCEP/NCAR 500 hPa高度场等逐日再分析资料,通过客观聚类方法与主观对比分析确定寒潮爆发的典型形势场,结合寒潮过程特征量阈值,建立了基于TIGGE集合预报产品的寒潮自动识别客观预报方法,并利用TIGGE集合预报数据对2008年1月和2009年1月两次寒潮天气过程进行预报试验。结果表明:利用500 hPa高度距平场进行聚类分析,一方面可以消除环流季节特征对划分结果的影响,另一方面也突出了寒潮这种强天气的异常扰动表现;基于集合预报产品的寒潮自动识别预报方法浓缩了集合预报产品信息,可直接为预报员提供寒潮发生的概率预报,从而在集合预报产品与我国实际灾害性天气之间建立了直接联系。     

1991-2008年福建省强对流天气特征

利用1991-2008年强对流资料,分析福建省强对流天气时空分布和形成原因以及主导天气型。结果表明：3-6月是福建省强对流天气的高发期,7-8月是次高发期;主要发生在14-20时,且多为孤立日,1-2个站次较为多见。不同季节强对流天气的地理分布有较大差别,春季地域性强,内陆山区明显比沿海多,中北部地区明显比南部多,其他季节分布较为均匀。强对流天气主要发生在强切变类天气形势下,主要出现在春季和秋冬季,其中66.5%的伴有低空西南急流,并以急流适中型和偏北型居多,≥3站次或≥10站次的主导天气形势为低槽型和低涡切变与高空槽配合型;弱切变类强对流天气主要发生在7-9月,主导天气型为副热带高压边缘型和台风外围型。低层无西南急流,发生较大范围强对流天气的可能性小。     

四川省两次区域性寒潮天气过程对比分析

本文利用NCEP 1°×1°逐6小时再分析资料和实况观测资料,运用天气分析和物理量诊断的方法,对四川省两次冬季区域性寒潮天气过程进行了对比分析,结果表明:(1)两次过程均属于中亚横槽型寒潮(N型),前期欧亚中高纬度地区环流径向度加大,乌拉尔山阻高强烈发展,后期横槽转竖东移引导冷空气南下,南下冷空气与南支槽前西南气流交汇入侵四川盆地,造成寒潮过程;(2)过程发生前,盆地大部地区基础温度较历史同期偏高,利于气温进一步下降;(3)西南急流能够将水汽不断向盆地内输送,连续的降水对气温下降起到了加强作用,是造成强降温的原因之一;(4)850hPa强冷平流是寒潮过程的关键因素,冷平流的移动路径和强度中心与过程降温地区有很好的对应。      

Statistical distribution and spectral analysis of rainfallanomalies for Barcelona (NE Spain)

Summary  Rainfall anomaly patterns are obtained for the city of Barcelona from a statistical and a spectral point of view. The time series consists of monthly rainfall amounts recorded over 128 years without interruption. Monthly positive and negative anomalies, obtained as the difference between monthly amounts and monthly threshold values, are used for both types of analyses. The threshold levels are derived form the deciles of theoretical monthly rainfall distributions, which have been previously modelled by the gamma distribution. Positive and negative anomalies of the monthly rain amounts are investigated for these threshold levels. The statistical analysis is applied to each decile considered, yielding empirical exponential laws that can be used to forecast the cumulative number of episodes of consecutive months with either positive or negative anomalies equalling or exceeding a fixed length. A set of linear laws, relating the expected rainfall amount cumulated during an episode of a fixed length, is also deduced. It is worthy of mention that, independently of the decile considered, all the exponential and linear laws have satisfactory regression coefficients. At the same time, it has also been possible to establish the evolution of the coefficients of these laws with respect to the different deciles considered. The exponential laws for episodes of positive and negative anomalies are the starting point, together with two hypotheses, to model probabilities of repeated long episodes over an arbitrary number of years and their return periods in terms of the Poisson distribution model. Moreover, power spectra are derived for anomalies relative to the 50% decile at monthly and seasonal scale. The spectral estimates obtained are then compared with theoretical spectra deduced from possible Markovian or random behaviour of the time series of anomalies. Finally, the significant spectral peaks are discussed and compared with other significant spectral components deduced for some areas of the Mediterranean domain. Received November 11, 1999 Revised February 28, 2000     

乌拉特中旗一次强沙尘暴天气成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料、亚欧天气分析图,对2010年3月19日的一次由蒙古冷涡强烈发展而引发的强沙尘暴天气过程,从天气学成因、动力机制等方面进行分析。表明,强冷空气的卷入使蒙古冷涡强烈发展,为沙尘暴的发生提供了动力条件;蒙古冷涡的垂直结构提供了动量下传机制,在地面冷锋后部形成大风区,为沙尘暴的形成提供了基本条件。通过对这次蒙古冷涡引发的强沙尘暴天气过程的分析,找出蒙古冷涡引发的沙尘暴天气过程的一些特点和预报着眼点。     

Synoptic patterns associated with landslide events in the Serra do Mar, Brazil

Heavy rains frequently occur over the Serra do Mar, in the southeast coastal mountain region in Brazil, particularly during the summer season. These rains can cause landslides and loss of life. The objective of this work is to produce a synoptic climatology of heavy rainfall episodes of the period from November to April using 10-year reanalyses data. The identification of the synoptic pattern of these events should provide guidance to forecasters. The landslide events were mostly related to cold front passages and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ). These systems differed from the climatology by exhibiting more intense characteristics for the frontal situations and a blocking circulation configuration for the SACZ situations. In both cases, the composite fields showed that the 250-hPa mass divergence was strikingly more intense than the climatology and had a preferred location in the 24 h prior to landslide events. Anomalies of this ten-year event climatology showed above-normal moisture anomalies, which are more evident in the SACZ than in the frontal cases.     

闽中北短时暴雨概念模型

通过对福建中北部35个站1994～2001年97次暴雨过程的环流背景、影响系统等进行分析,将天气类型分为冷式切变(或槽)影响型、西南气流影响型、副高型(Ⅰ～Ⅱ型),归纳总结了各天气型的雷达回波源地、加强区域、路径、演变及降水特征,建立了天气图等常规资料与雷达回波资料相结合的闽中北短时暴雨3种概念模型。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型的降水强度总体相差不很大,有西南风急流比没有时降水强,Ⅱ型尤其明显,Ⅲ型降水强度最弱、持续时间最短。     

2001年兰州地区春季沙尘暴天气的对比分析

2 0 0 1年 4月 ,兰州地区连续出现了两次区域性强沙尘暴天气。文中从天气概况、气候背景、地面和高空环流形势等方面 ,对两次沙尘暴天气进行了分析。结果表明 ,两次沙尘暴天气过程是在同样的大尺度环流背景下产生的 ,都是由冷锋后偏北大风引起的。但由于造成两次沙尘暴天气的冷空气强度、锋区南压程度、冷空气移动路径等不同 ,因此造成两次沙尘暴天气影响范围、强度也有所不同。同时 ,兰州地区 2 0 0 1年冬季气温异常偏高 ,春季降水偏少以及本地区特殊的地理、地形环境 ,加剧了大风、沙尘暴的出现频次和强度。通过分析 ,初步总结出了此类天气的预报思路和要点。     

华北平原飑线与一般对流活动发生条件的对比分析

本文根据1986年6、7月影响华北平原北部的4次飑线过程,分析了飑线发生的天气形势,对比分析了飑线与一般对流活动的发生条件。分析结果表明,华北飑线的发生与中层冷空气爆发相关,飑线发生前华北平原的不稳定能量分布具有高值、集中分布和正增长的特点。这些分析结果可能有助于华北地区飑线的分析和预报。     

江西省极端降水分类及特征分析

利用多种观测及再分析资料对江西省极端降水过程进行统计分类和天气学分析。采用百分位法、广义极值法对比计算江西省极端降水强度阈值标准,分析江西省极端降水事件的空间分布特征,筛选出2010—2019年江西省极端降水的典型过程,并进行天气学成因分析。结果表明：1） 江西省各站极端降水强度阈值空间分布差异较大,由西南向东北逐步增加,具有非常明显的地域性特征;2） 江西省典型极端降水过程发生在夏季（6—8月）,主要分为梅雨锋、强台风、西北气流类;3） 江西省梅雨锋类极端降水占典型极端降水过程的70%,该类极端降水具有稳定的大尺度环流形势,主要表现为南亚高压北跳至25°N以北,阻塞高压异常偏强,东北冷涡发展,副热带高压与大陆高压相结合,配合天气尺度稳定的切变线以及异常的西南暖湿气流,形成持续的水汽输送及异常的垂直上升运动中心。     

Blocking features for two types of cold events in East Asia

Cold air outbreaks (CAOs) always hit East Asia during boreal winter and have significant impacts on human health and public transport. The amplitude and route of CAOs are closely associated with blocking circulations over the Eurasian continent. Two categories of CAOs are recognized, namely, the ordinary cold wave events (CWEs) and the extensive and persistent extreme cold events (EPECEs), with the latter having even stronger impacts. The blocking features associated with these two types of CAOs and their differences are investigated in this study on the intraseasonal timescale. What these two CAOs do have in common is that they are both preceded by the intensification and recurrence of a blocking high over the midlatitude North Atlantic. The difference between these events is primarily reflected on the spatial scale and duration of the corresponding blocking high. During the CWEs, blocking occurs around the Ural Mountains, and exhibits a regional feature. The resulting cold air temperature persists for only up to 8 days. In contrast, during the EPECEs, the blocking region is quite extensive and is not only confined around the Ural Mountains but also extends eastward into Northeast Asia in a southwest–northeast orientation. As a result, the cold air tends to accumulate over a large area and persists for a much longer time. The blocking activity is primarily induced by an increased frequency and eastward extension of the synoptic anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking (AWB). Compared with the CWEs, characterized by a regional and short-lived synoptic AWB frequency, the EPECEs tend to be accompanied by more recurrent and eastward extensions of the synoptic AWB.     

A systematic approach to synoptic tornado climatology of Hungary for the recent years (1996–2001) based on official damage reports

Due to the significant amount of severe storm damage from the mid 1990s, a practical need has arisen for updating risk assessment. For reliable and systematic sampling of events, data acquisition has been arranged through the disaster management official body using a pyramidal national coverage. Post-analysis, including its meteorological part, proceeds in a GIS environment. This paper focuses specifically on damaging tornadoes, since those are the most violent and best-documented phenomena. Different statistics are calculated and explained, such as seasonal, diurnal and magnitude distributions. Spatial occurrence and features are mapped. A complete synoptic climatology is given by typifying the generating conditions and categorizing events into certain classes, while discussing the role of the Carpathian Basin. In the end a conceptual issue in connection with self-similarity is raised for further discussion.     

福州市灰霾气象要素场特征分析

利用1988-2007年常规观测资料、地面图5、00 hPa高空图资料,分析了福州市灰霾的时间分布,冬、夏半年霾日气象要素场和稳定度因子特征。结果表明：福州市灰霾年变化呈明显上升趋势;月分布呈单峰型,高发期在12、1月;冬半年14：00,夏半年08：00灰霾发生几率最高。冬半年灰霾多出现在冷空气减弱后,地面气压持续下降,温度不断上升,风速弱,湿度大,充分回暖后的天气下,对应地面天气形势有变性高压后部和底部、锋前暖区、地面倒槽;少数出现在冷空气入侵,地面气压上升,温度下降,湿度较小的天气下,对应地面天气形势为大陆冷高压。夏半年灰霾多出现在高温、干燥、大气层结稳定的清晨,对应500 hPa天气形势为副热带高压、副热带高压边缘、地面弱倒槽,以及少量台风外围控制下干热的下沉气流里。     

1975—2016年秦巴山区极端气温事件的空间差异性分析

利用秦巴山区88个气象站1975—2016年的逐日气温数据,结合16个极端气温指数分析了秦巴山区极端气温阈值的空间分布及极端气温事件变化趋势的海拔依赖性。结果表明：极端气温阈值存在明显的空间分布差异,表现为极端低温阈值与极端高温阈值由西北向东南均有增温趋势;总体来看,极端气温暖事件（SU25、TR20、TX90P、TN90P、WSDI）增加幅度大于冷事件（FD0、ID0、TX10P、TN10P、CSDI）减少幅度,且变化趋势较冷事件更显著;全区霜冻日数、夏日日数、冷夜日数、暖昼日数及高温极值（TXx、TXn）变化均比较显著;区域作物生长期西部增长趋势较东部显著,多数站点变化幅度在3~6 d/10a之间;海拔越高发生极端低温事件的气温越低,极端低温阈值变化趋势为-0.36℃/100m;海拔越低发生极端高温事件的气温越高,极端高温变化趋势达0.5℃/100m,且均通过99%的信度检验;区域极端气温极值指数的变化趋势与海拔呈显著正相关,具有明显的海拔依赖性,表现为海拔越高,极值指数增加趋势越明显。     

Severe heat waves in Southern Australia: synoptic climatology and large scale connections

This paper brings a new perspective on the large scale dynamics of severe heat wave (HW) events that commonly affect southern Australia. Through an automatic tracking scheme, the cyclones and anticyclones associated with HWs affecting Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth are tracked at both the surface and upper levels, producing for the first time a synoptic climatology that reveals the broader connections associated with these extreme phenomena. The results show that a couplet (or pressure dipole) formed by transient cyclones and anticyclones can reinforce the HW similarly to what is observed in cold surges (CS), with an obvious opposite polarity. Our results show that there is a large degree of mobility in the synoptic signature associated with the passage of the upper level ridges before they reach Australia and the blocking is established, with HW-associated surface anticyclones often initiating over the west Indian Ocean and decaying in the eastern Pacific. In contrast to this result the 500?hPa anticyclone tracks show a very small degree of mobility, responding to the dominance of the upper level blocking ridge. An important feature of HWs is that most of the cyclones are formed inland in association with heat troughs, while in CS the cyclones are typically maritime (often explosive), associated with a strong cold front. Hence the influence of the cyclone is indirect, contributing to reinforce the blocking ridge through hot and dry advection on the ridge’s western flank. Additional insights are drawn for the record Adelaide case of March 2008 with fifteen consecutive days above 35°C breaking the previous record by 7?days. Sea surface temperatures suggest a significant air-sea interaction mechanism, with a broad increase in the meridional temperature gradient over the Indian Ocean amplifying the upstream Rossby waves that can trigger HW events. A robust cooling of the waters close to the Australian coast also contributes to the maintenance of the blocking highs locally, which is a fundamental ingredient to sustain the HWs.     

近40年我国极端温度变化趋势和季节特征

利用1961—2000年我国194个测站逐日最高温度和最低温度器测资料,结合具有实际意义的季节极端温度指数,分析了我国近40年极端温度事件的年变化趋势和季节特征。对年极端气候指数的研究表明:绝对阈值定义的冷暖指数由于无法考虑南北气候差异,其结果不理想。百分比阈值所得的冷暖指数中,冷日指数和暖日指数具有不对称性,冷夜指数和暖夜指数具有较强的对称性。对季节极端温度指数研究表明:冬季极端冷指数变化趋势最为明显,夏季极端暖指数的变化趋势次之,春、秋两季极端冷指数的变化趋势不明显;年和季节尺度的极端冷暖指数均反映出增暖趋势。