两种快速星像匹配算法的比较

星像的位置和亮度等信息对天文研究和空间导航具有基础意义。人们常常需要快速匹配从密集星场CCD图像中提取的信息来获取与星表中对应的信息(如位置、光度等),因此开发出了多种星像匹配算法。重点比较了两种最新的星像匹配算法:i)基于向量的方法;ii)基于径向和环向特征的方法。通过对云南天文台1m望远镜观测的CCD图像进行实际匹配,结果表明基于向量的方法更优,它是一种快速的、接近常数时间的匹配算法。     

CCD图像数字定心算法的比较

从CCD采集的数字图像中提取天体的位置和光度信息对于天文研究具有基础意义.其中,恒星星像中心像素位置的精确测量对于天体测量至关重要.针对国际上常用的三种位置测量算法:修正矩方法、Gauss拟合法和中值法,利用实测的CCD图像进行了试验研究.具体地,采用云南天文台1m望远镜观测的CCD图像同时使用这些算法进行了实际测量,根据每幅图像中测得的像素位置,对这三类定心算法进行了比较和精度分析.可视化方法被用于不同阈值的选取和设定比较.实验数据表明,无阈值的二维Gauss拟合方法是一种精度相对较高的定心算法.     

Global adjustment of star positions for the compilation of independent catalogs

Presented is a method of global adjustment of stars' right ascensions for the compilation of an independent catalog obtained with a meridian circle. The concept of the problem is shown first, in which corrections to the catalog positions of observed stars can be determined directly by solving a set of observation equations constructed over many of nights. Some parameters such as clock correction, azimuth of artificial azimuth marks, and the correction to an adopted value of the latitude are assumed to vary regularly over the observation period. The present method is applied to the determination of the absolute azimuth of the Tokyo PMC by using upper and lower transits of azimuth stars.     

IRAS 17213-3841:晚型富碳星还是早型发射线星?

IRAS 17213-3841作为富碳星列于新版碳星星表中．然而该星的IRAS低分辨率光谱显示富氧的硅酸盐发射特征；光谱观测结果表明，该星是一个接近零龄主序的，光谱型为O9／B0的早型发射线星，而不是碳星，因此应从碳星星表中剔除．此外，将它证认为碳星的近红外-IRAS双色图方法并不是一个完全可靠的方法，用这一方法来证认碳星必须十分小心．     

Photometric Survey of Galactic Open Clusters

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大天区望远镜中sCMOS相机的测光精度分析

与传统CCD (Charge Coupled Device)相机相比, s COMS (scientific Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)相机被广泛装备于超大天区巡天设备,与传统CCD相机不同的是sCMOS相机采用卷帘式快门,因此对其进行测光精度的分析工作是很有意义的.首先,将s CMOS相机拍摄的图像与UCAC2 (The Second U.S. Naval Observatory CCD Astrograph Catalog)星表进行匹对,识别图像中的UCAC2标准星.接着对图中的标准星进行测光并提取测光数据进行最小二乘直线拟合,获得了相应的系统转换系数并得到仪器星等至标准星等的转换公式.然后,将转化后的仪器星等和标准星等做差并计算相应的均方根误差.最后,利用计算得到的均方根误差评估sCMOS相机的测光精度,并将标准星按星等划分后,分析了相应的测光误差.计算结果表明在标准测光夜测量亮度亮于14等的星时,测光精度优于0.15 mag.通过实测精度分析可知卷帘快门sCOMS相机具有较高的测光精度,基本满足空间碎片巡天观测的要求.     

Red clump stars from the LAMOST dataⅠ: identification and distance

We present a sample of about 120 000 red clump candidates selected from the LAMOST DR2 catalog based on the empirical distribution model in the effective temperature vs. surface gravity plane. Although, in general, red clump stars are considered as standard candles, they do not exactly stay in a narrow range of absolute magnitude, but may have a range of more than one magnitude depending on their initial mass. Consequently, conventional oversimplified distance estimations with the assumption of a fixed luminosity may lead to systematic bias related to the initial mass or age, which can potentially affect the study of the evolution of the Galaxy with red clump stars. We therefore employ an isochrone-based method to estimate the absolute magnitude of red clump stars from their observed surface gravities, effective temperatures and metallicities. We verify that the estimation removes the systematics well and provides initial mass/age estimates that are independent of distance with accuracy better than 10%.     

M-giant star candidates identified in LAMOST DR 1

We perform a discrimination procedure with the spectral index diagram of TiO 5 and Ca H2+Ca H3 to separate M giants from M dwarfs. Using the M giant spectra identified from LAMOST DR1 with high signal-to-noise ratio, we have successfully assembled a set of M giant templates, which show more reliable spectral features. Combining with the M dwarf/subdwarf templates in Zhong et al., we present an extended library of M-type templates which includes not only M dwarfs with a well-defined temperature and metallicity grid but also M giants with subtypes from M0 to M6. Then, the template-fitting algorithm is used to automatically identify and classify M giant stars from LAMOST DR1. The resulting catalog of M giant stars is cross-matched with 2MASS J H Ks and WISE W1/W2 infrared photometry. In addition, we calculated the heliocentric radial velocity of all M giant stars by using the cross-correlation method with the template spectrum in a zero-velocity rest frame.Using the relationship between the absolute infrared magnitude MJ and our classified spectroscopic subtype, we derived the spectroscopic distance of M giants with uncertainties of about 40%. A catalog of 8639 M giants is provided. As an additional result of this analysis, we also present a catalog of 101 690 M dwarfs/subdwarfs which are processed by our classification pipeline.     

Results of astrometric observations of stars with large proper motions using telescopes of the Research Institute of Nikolaev Astronomical Observatory

Astrometric CCD observations of stars with large proper motions were carried out during 2008–2014 using telescopes of the Nikolaev Astronomical Observatory. A catalog of positions and proper motion of 1596 fast stars with proper motions exceeding 150 mas/yr has been compiled based on observation results. The catalog covers the declination zone from 0° to 65°. The standard error of derived proper motion is 1…10 mas/yr for both coordinates depending on the observational history of the star. Data from eight different star catalogs and surveys have been used to derive proper motion. The comparison results of proper motion with data from modern catalogs and results of the statistical test for the detection of possible invisible components are given.     

CCD联合平差方法及其初步实例检验

在常规照相天体测量工作中 ,对暗天体的定位是采用逐级定标星过渡的方法实现的。由于星表系统差和局部差的存在 ,最终定位结果可能包含难以把握的误差积累。在CCD小视场观测情况下时常难以找到足够数量的定标星。鉴于此 ,推导了CCD观测联合平差方法的严格矢量表达式 ,以期通过共同星的过渡 ,实现大天区统一平差。原理上此方法可实现相对于河外天体的定位 ,以削弱星表系统差和局部差对定位结果的影响。讨论了CCD联合平差方法实现中的问题 ,包括底片常数模型选择、切点位置改正、共同星的较差改正和法方程解算方法等 ,并分析了具体的处理措施。用实例初步检验了CCD联合平差方法的效果 ,表明通过对多张CCD观测的联合平差 ,可以削弱单张CCD观测参考星数目过少、单张CCD观测参考星分布不均、个别参考星存在位置偏差和局部区域参考星存在系统性位置偏差等不利因素对归算结果的影响 ,进而达到扩大视场和提高归算精度的目的     

The APM Survey for cool carbon stars in the Galactic halo – II. The search for dwarf carbon stars

We present proper-motion measurements for carbon stars found during the APM Survey for Cool Carbon Stars in the Galactic halo as reported in an earlier paper by Totten & Irwin. Measurements are obtained using a combination of POSSI, POSSII and UKST survey plates supplemented where necessary by CCD frames taken at the Isaac Newton Telescope. We find no significant proper motion for any of the new APM colour-selected carbon stars and so conclude that there are no dwarf carbon stars present within this sample. We also present proper-motion measurements for three previously known dwarf carbon stars and demonstrate that these measurements agree favourably with those previously quoted in the literature, verifying our method of determining proper motions. Results from a complimentary program of JHK photometry obtained at the South African Astronomical Observatory are also presented. Dwarf carbon stars are believed to have anomalous near-infrared colours, and this feature is used for further investigation of the nature of the APM carbon stars. Our results support the use of JHK photometry as a dwarf/giant discriminator and also reinforce the conclusion that none of the new APM-selected carbon stars is a dwarf. Finally, proper-motion measurements combined with extant JHK photometry are presented for a sample of previously known halo carbon stars, suggesting that one of these stars, CLS29, is likely to be a previously unrecognized dwarf carbon star.     

Kinematic analysis of stellar radial velocities by the spherical harmonics

A method for a kinematic analysis of stellar radial velocities using spherical harmonics is proposed. This approach does not depend on the specific kinematic model and allows both low-frequency and high-frequency kinematic radial velocity components to be analyzed. The possible systematic variations of distances with coordinates on the celestial sphere that, in turn, are modeled by a linear combination of spherical harmonics are taken into account. Theoretical relations showing how the coefficients of the decomposition of distances affect the coefficients of the decomposition of the radial velocities themselves have been derived. It is shown that the larger the mean distance to the sample of stars being analyzed, the greater the shift in the solar apex coordinates, while the shifts in the Oort parameter A are determined mainly by the ratio of the second zonal harmonic coefficient to the mean distance to the stars, i.e., by the degree of flattening of the spatial distribution of stars toward the Galactic plane. The distances to the stars for which radial velocity estimates are available in the CRVAD-2 catalog have been decomposed into spherical harmonics, and the existing variations of distances with coordinates are shown to exert no noticeable influence on both the solar motion components and the estimates of the Oort parameter A, because the stars from this catalog are comparatively close to the Sun (no farther than 500 pc). In addition, a kinematic component that has no explanation in terms of the three-dimensional Ogorodnikov-Milne model is shown to be detected in the stellar radial velocities, as in the case of stellar proper motions.     

Investigation of the motions of fast stars based on observations with the Pulkovo normal astrograph

Astrometric CCD observations of 1123 stars with large proper motions (μ > 300 mas yr⁻¹) from the LSPM (I/298) catalog in the declination zone +30°–+70° have been carried out with the Pulkovo normal astrograph since 2006. The observational program includes mostly stars that previously have not entered into high-accuracy projects to determine the proper motions. Our studies are aimed at determining new proper motions of fast stars in the HCRF/UCAC3 system and searching for stars with invisible companions in the immediate Galactic neighborhoods of the Sun. Having analyzed about 10 000 CCD frames, we have obtained the equatorial coordinates of 414 program stars in the HCRF/UCAC3 system at an accuracy level of 10–50 mas and determined their new proper motions. To derive the proper motions, we have used the data from several star catalogs and surveys (M2000, CMC14, 2MASS, SDSS) as early epochs. The epoch differences range from 5 to 13 years (on average, about 10 years); the mean accuracy of the derived proper motions is 4–5 mas yr⁻¹. For 70 stars, we have revealed significant differences between the derived proper motions and those from the LSPM and I/306A catalogs (these proper motions characterize the mean motion of the photocenter in 50 years or more). Apart from systematic errors, these differences can result from the existence of invisible components of the program stars.     

IRAF软件中DAOPHOT包的应用

为了检验威海天文台1 m望远镜的测光精度,2009年10月7日晚用该望远镜观测了M39星团,并对观测数据进行测光归算。由于M39星团中个别星较密集,使用IRAF中的DAOPHOT包进行星像测光。详细介绍了IRAF软件中的DAOPHOT包及其使用。数据归算结果表明,在UCAC3星表中匹配到的星,稀疏区域亮星的星等内部精度达到0.003mag,较密集区域的暗星内部精度约为0.012 8 mag。     

The chemical re-classification of 6 sources in the new carbon star catalog

We have found that six sources listed in the new carbon star catalog are not really carbon-rich objects but oxygen-rich stars, because they all have prominent silicate features in emission at 10 and 18 μm. Moreover, one of them has a typical oxygen-rich spectrum in the optical region, whereas others have SiO maser emission. Most of these objects were considered as carbon stars in the catalog based only on their locations in the near infrared—IRAS two color diagram. Therefore, to use this diagram to distinguish carbon-rich stars from oxygen-rich stars requires caution. For individual star the other methods should be also employed to verify the results from the infrared two color method.     

Construction of the Database for Pulsating Variable Stars

A database for pulsating variable stars is constructed to favor the study of variable stars in China. The database includes about 230,000 variable stars in the Galactic bulge, LMC and SMC observed in an about 10 yr period by the MACHO(MAssive Compact Halo Objects) and OGLE(Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment) projects. The software used for the construction is LAMP, i.e., Linux+Apache+MySQL+PHP. A web page is provided for searching the photometric data and light curves in the database through the right ascension and declination of an object. Because of the flexibility of this database, more up-to-date data of variable stars can be incorporated into the database conveniently.     

基于卷积神经网络的恒星光谱型和光度型的分类模型

恒星光谱分类是天文学中一个重要的研究问题.对于已经采集到的海量高维恒星光谱数据的分类,采用模式匹配方法对光谱型分类较为成功,但其缺点在于标准恒星模版之间的差异性在匹配实际观测数据中不能体现出来,尤其是当需要进行光谱型和光度型的二元分类时模版匹配法往往会失败.而采用谱线特征测量的光度型分类强烈地依赖谱线拟合的准确性.为了解决二元分类的问题,介绍了一种基于卷积神经网络的恒星光谱型和光度型分类模型(Classification model of Stellar Spectral type and Luminosity type based on Convolution Neural Network, CSSL CNN).这一模型使用卷积神经网络来提取光谱的特征,通过注意力模块学习到了重要的光谱特征,借助池化操作降低了光谱的维度并压缩了模型参数的数量,使用全连接层来学习特征并对恒星光谱进行分类.实验中使用了大天区面积多目标光纤光谱天文望远镜(Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopy Telescope, LAMOST)公开数据集Data Release 5 (DR5,用了其中71282条恒星光谱数据,每条光谱包含了3000多维的特征)对该模型的性能进行验证与评估.实验结果表明,基于卷积神经网络的模型在恒星的光谱型分类上准确率达到92.04%,而基于深度神经网络的模型(Celestial bodies Spectral Classification Model, CSC Model)只有87.54%的准确率; CSSL CNN在恒星的光谱型和光度型二元分类上准确率达到83.91%,而模式匹配方法MKCLASS仅有38.38%的准确率且效率较低.     

整体平差方法在CCD天体测量中的应用

回顾了基于底片重叠观测的整体平差方法的发展历史和应用概况，分析了该方法应用于底片资料处理没有取得预期效果的原因，介绍了小视场CCD重叠观测的整体平差研究进展．分析与实测资料归算表明，整体平差方法可以在CCD资料处理中充分发挥作用，在保证长焦距、小底片比例尺的同时，通过对CCD重叠观测的整体平差(相当于扩大观测视场)，可覆盖更多的参考星，进而达到改善局部参考架、提高归算结果精度的目的。     

Classification of Red Stars with Spectral Absorption Bands Observed in the Near-Infrared Range

The results of a spectral classification of 257 M stars observed in the Cepheus region are given. Their equatorial coordinates, photographic stellar magnitudes, and spectral subtypes were determined. These stars are giants and supergiants, in all probability. None of them appear in a catalog of variable stars. It is assumed that variability might be detected in many of them upon further study. Fifty-two of the stars have been identified with infrared sources.