IGS Tide Gauge Benchmark Monitoring Pilot Project (TIGA): scientific benefits

The establishment of a long-term stable global reference frame is important for studying sea level records for, e.g., climate-related studies. GPS stations connected to the tide gauge benchmarks provide the necessary technique. However, the analysis of existing GPS solutions showed inconsistencies within the time series especially for the height component. To solve related issues, in 2001 the IGS Tide Gauge Benchmark Monitoring Pilot Project was established. The aim is the processing and re-processing of GPS data of stations at or near tide gauges in order to provide homogeneous and high-quality estimates of the vertical motion. A second objective is the establishment, maintenance and expansion of existing network of GPS stations at tide gauges. During the recent years six different analysis centers have processed overlapping GPS at tide gauge networks and are providing individual solutions allowing now to provide a combined solution. The ansatz for the combination is explained and quality measures are given. In addition, on the basis of the reconstruction of sea level anomalies, the benefit of using the combined TIGA solution is demonstrated.     

我国高精度GPS陆海垂直运动监测网的建立与精度分析

为了将验潮站得到的海平面变化信息与难潮站所在陆地垂直运动分离开来,获得海平面变化的绝对信息,在我国沿海５个难潮站建立了一个高精度的ＧＰＳ陆海垂直运动监测网,采用ＧＡＭＩＴ和Ｇｌｏｏｋ软件对数据进行处理,并顾及影响高程因素中由于方位不对称引起的大气延迟改进的Ｎｉｅｌｌ模型,我们最终得到ＧＰＳ监测网毫米级的高程精度。     

Vertical velocities of European coastal sites derived from continuous GPS observations

Vertical velocities of 30 European permanent Global Positioning System (GPS) stations at or close to tide gauge sites are estimated from more than 3 years of continuous observations. The results of two different solution strategies are presented and compared. The first approach accumulates the daily free network normal equations, the second introduces all sets of daily ellipsoidal height estimates and their covariance matrix into a subsequent common least squares adjustment. In both solutions, mean station heights at a reference epoch, linear vertical velocities, height discontinuities and short period height offsets are estimated. The second approach solves in addition for periodic annual signals and for site-specific pressure loading coefficients. The vertical velocities range from +8 mm/year in the center of the Fennoscandian uplift area to –4 mm/year at a few subsiding locations. Apart from these extrema, most of the sites experience only very small vertical motions. The standard deviations from the second approach providing more realistic error estimates are well below 0.15 mm/year. Some specific data problems are discussed.     

基于验潮数据的南极海平面相对变化分析

基于夏威夷海平面研究中心提供的南极6个验潮站多年逐时潮位数据,本文首先利用迭代调和分析对初步观测数据进行补缺,并在此基础上计算月平均海平面,最后利用功率谱分析、最大熵谱分析、奇异谱分析等方法确定海平面的相对变化速率和振动周期。研究表明,南极海平面相对上升速率与全球其他区域基本一致(3mm/a-7mm/a),但是在个别测站(例如:Esperanza)的上升速度非常明显,达到厘米级。     

Baltic Sea Level project with GPS

In order to study the Baltic Sea Level change and to unify national height systems a two week GPS campaign was performed in the region in Autumn 1990. Parties from Denmark, Finland, Germany, Poland and Sweden carried out GPS measurements at 26 tide gauges along the Baltic sea and 8 VLBI and SLR fiducial stations with baseline lengths ranging from 230 km to 1600 km. The observations were processed in the network mode with the Bernese version 3.3 software using orbit improvement techniques. To get rid of the scale error introduced by the ionospheric refraction from single-frequency data, the local models of the ionosphere were estimated using L4 observations. The tropospheric zenith corrections were also considered. The preliminary results show average root mean square (RMS) errors of about ±3 cm in the horizontal position and ±7 cm in the vertical position relative to the Potsdam SLR station in ITRF89 system. After transformation of the GPS results to geoid heights using the levelled heights, an absolute comparison with gravimetric geoid heights using the least squares modification of Stokes' formula (LSMS), the modified Molodensky and the NKG Scandinavian geoid 1989 (NGK-89) models gives a standard deviation of the difference of ±7cm to ±9cm for the NKG-89 model and of ±9cm to ±30cm for the LSMS and the modified Molodensky model. The Swedish height system is found to be about 8-37cm higher than those of the other Baltic countries for NKG-89 model.     

Determination of the absolute rate of sea level by using GPS reference station and tide gauge data

The absolute rate of mean sea level of Xiamen area is derived from the data of Xiamen tide gauge station and Xiamen GPS fiducial station of crustal movement observation network of China (CMONC). The height variation is discussed deeply in this paper. It is shown that height has periodic variations. So the rate of vertical land movement can not be precisely obtained only from several GPS campaigns. It is pointed out that the vertical crustal movement of tide gauge station should be monitored by using long-term continuous GPS observations.     

Determination of the absolute rate of sea level by using GPS reference station and tide gauge data

The absolute rate of mean sea level of Xiamen area is derived from the data of Xiamen tide gauge station and Xiamen GPS fiducial station of crustal movement observation network of China（CMONC）. The height variation is discussed deeply in this paper, h is shown that height has periodic variations. So the rate of vertical land movement can not be precisely obtained only from several GPS campaigns. It is pointed out that the vertical crustal movement of tide gauge station should be monitored by using long-term continuous GPS observations.     

利用高精度GPS定位技术建立我国陆海垂直运动监测网

海平面变化是全球变化的重要监内容之一,但验潮站资料同的仅是海平面对于验潮站所在地块的相对变化。本文提出利用高精度ＧＰＳ定位技术建立陆海垂直运动监测网监测海平面绝对变化的方法和原理,并对监测基准物稳定性及所能达到的精度进行了讨论,最后提出了建立我国陆海频繁垂直运动监测的实验方案。     

联合GPS基准站和验潮站数据确定海平面绝对变化

采用中国地壳运动观测网络工程厦门基准站的GPS观测数据以及厦门验潮站的验潮数据,计算了厦门海域的海平面绝对变化速度,并就高程变化问题作了深入讨论,表明点位高程变化呈周期性,几期GPS连续观测受其影响不能得出实际的高程线性变化速率,指出了要监测验潮站的地壳垂直运动,最好采用多年连续的GPS观测数据。     

相对海平面变化时段选择效应分析

验潮站观测的海面高度数据是监测海平面变化以及确定平均海面的重要基础观测信息,利用滑动时段法和时段累积法对验潮站不同观测时段相对海平面变化速率的差异进行了分析,讨论了时段选择效应对计算相对海平面变化的影响,并利用美国东海岸验潮站观测数据对分析结果进行了补充实验.实验结果表明,不同观测时段相对海平面变化速率差异最大可达27...     

Unification of vertical datums by GPS and gravimetric geoid models with application to Fennoscandia

The second Baltic Sea Level (BSL) GPS campaign was run for one week in June 1993. Data from 35 tide gauge sites and five fiducial stations were analysed, for three fiducial stations (Onsala, Mets?hovi and Wettzell) fixed at the ITRF93 system. On a time-scale of 5 days, precision was several parts in 10⁹ for the horizontal and vertical components. Accuracies were about 1 cm in comparison with the International GPS Geodynamical Service (IGS) coordinates in three directions. To connect the Swedish and the Finnish height systems, our numerical application utilises three approaches: a rigorous approach, a bias fit and a three-parameter fit. The results between the Swedish RH70 and the Finnish N 60 systems are estimated to −19.3 ± 6.5, −17 ± 6 and −15 ± 6 cm, respectively, by the three approaches. The results of the three indirect methods are in an agreement with those of a direct approach from levelling and gravity measurements. Received: 3 April 1996 / Accepted: 4 August 1997     

Determination of Geopotential of Local Vertical Datum Surface

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Long-term vertical land motion from double-differenced tide gauge and satellite altimetry data

We present a new approach to estimate precise long-term vertical land motion (VLM) based on double-differences of long tide gauge (TG) and short altimetry data. We identify and difference rates of pairs of highly correlated sea level records providing relative VLM estimates that are less dependent on record length and benefit from reduced uncertainty and mitigated biases (e.g. altimeter drift). This approach also overcomes the key limitation of previous techniques in that it is not geographically limited to semi-enclosed seas and can thus be applied to estimate VLM at TGs along any coast, provided data of sufficient quality are available. Using this approach, we have estimated VLM at a global set of 86 TGs with a median precision of 0.7 mm/year in a conventional reference frame. These estimates were compared to previous VLM estimates at TGs in the Baltic Sea and to estimates from co-located Global Positioning System (GPS) stations and Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) predictions. Differences with respect to the GPS and VLM estimates from previous studies resulted in a scatter of around 0.6 mm/year. Differences with respect to GIA predictions had a larger scatter in excess of 1 mm/year. Until satellite altimetry records reach enough length to estimate precise VLM at each TG, this new approach constitutes a substantial advance in the geodetic monitoring of TGs with major applications in long-term sea level change and climate change studies.     

不同海潮模型对东南极沿海地区GPS基线解算的影响

在高精度GPS数据处理中,海潮的影响是一个不可忽略的因素。利用GAMIT软件解算2011年东南极沿海地区中国中山站及其周边6个IGS站的GPS数据,对比分析了FES2004、DTU10、EOT11a、GOT4.7、HAMTIDE11a、OSU12以及TPXO7.2等7个全球海潮模型在不同测站的海潮负荷差异,比较了海潮负荷对于GPS基线解的影响。结果表明,海潮负荷对GPS基线解的影响与测站所处位置及基线方位有关,达到cm级,相对影响达到10-8,因此,在高精度的GPS基线解算中必须考虑海潮的影响;但选用不同海潮模型对东南极沿海地区GPS基线解算的差异可忽略不计。     

验潮站坐标时间序列特性分析

文中以298个验潮站作为研究对象,采用广义高斯-马尔科夫模型(GGM)、自回归滑动平均模型(ARMA)以及分形自回归聚合滑动平均模型(ARFIMA)三种模型,对验潮站坐标时间序列噪声模型特性及海平面变化趋势进行估计分析,并探讨了时间跨度对验潮站速度估计的影响.实验结果表明:验潮站坐标时间序列主要呈现为ARFIMA(1,...     

联合大地水准面、海面地形和潮波运动数值模拟的长江口陆海垂直基准转换关系

长江口水域地形地貌研究对河道治理建设、水上交通运输等人类社会经济活动具有重要意义,而建立高精度的无缝深度基准面及其与其他垂直基准间转换模型将直接影响到水陆交界区高精度地形地貌数据的获取及统一综合管理与分析。为此着重研究了基于三维潮波运动数值模拟、海面地形和大地水准面3种手段联合的河口水域无缝深度基准面构建及其与其他垂直基准间转换模型,并在长江口南支这一典型河口水域进行了建模实验和模型精度评估分析。结果显示,垂直基准转换模型中误差为12.4 cm,与现场长期潮位站实际观测结果比对分析得垂直基准转换模型误差绝对值均值为24.2 cm,尽管大于模型中误差估值,但仍满足国际水道测量规范对测深中垂向最大不确定度的要求。     

Combined regional geoid determination for the ERS-1 radar altimeter calibration

Summary A local model of the geoid in NE Italy and its section along the Venice ground track of the ERS-1 satellite of the European Space Agency is presented. The observational data consist of geoid undulations determined with a network of 25 stations of known orthometric (by spirit leveling) and ellipsoidal (by GPS differential survey) and of 13 deflections of the vertical measured at sites of the network for which, besides the ellipsoidal (WGS84) coordinates, also astronomic coordinates were known. The network covers an area of 1×1 degrees and is tied to a vertical and horizontal datum: one vertex of the network is the tide gauge of Punta Salute, in Venice, providing a tie to a mean sea level; a second vertex is the site for mobile laser systems at Monte Venda, on the Euganei Hills, for which geocentric coordinates resulted from the analysis of several LAGEOS passes.The interpolation algorithm used to map sparse and heterogeneous data to a regular grid of geoid undulations is based on least squares collocation and the autocorrelation function of the geoid undulations is modeled by a third order Markov process on flat earth. The algorithm has been applied to the observed undulations and deflections of the vertical after subtraction of the corresponding predictions made on the basis of the OSU91A global geoid model of the Ohio State University, complete to degree and order 360. The locally improved geoid results by adding back, at the nodes of a regular grid, the predictions of the global field to the least squares interpolated values. Comparison of the model values with the raw data at the observing stations indicates that the mean discrepancy is virtually zero with a root mean square dispersion of 8 cm, assuming that the ellipsoidal heights and vertical deflections data are affected by a random error of 3 cm and 0.5 respectively. The corrections resulting from the local data and added to the background 360×360 global model are described by a smooth surface with excursions from the reference surface not larger than ±30 cm.     

远距离高精度GPS潮汐观测及垂直基准转换研究

为实现远岸潮汐精确监测及潮位海图高程转换,基于GPS事后动态处理技术(PPK)开展了远距离高精度潮位观测、提取及垂直基准面确定和转换模型构建方法研究。分别探讨了在锚定和走航情况下瞬时水面高程信号改正方法及潮位有效信息提取的最优截止频率,并给出了在不同情况下深度基准面大地高的计算方法模型及区域无缝深度基准面大地高构建模型。在实际试验中,基线距离在100km范围内,获得了基于深度基准的GPS潮位,精度优于10cm。     

组合GNSS观测值反演海面高度EI北大核心CSCD

与验潮站技术相比,岸基全球导航卫星定位系统干涉反射技术(GNSS-IR)海面测高成本较低,且其观测量不受地壳沉降的影响,并可利用目前已有的沿海岸GNSS固定站提供的数据反演海面高度。目前常用观测量为大地测量型GNSS接收机给出的信噪比(SNR)值,然而,早期很多GNSS设备的输出文件中都不包含该值,导致无法利用它们研究海面高度长期变化趋势。但经典的码伪距和载波相位观测值中,同样包含着GNSS-IR测高信息。本文分别引入单频码伪距和单频载波相位的组合,以及单频码伪距和双频载波相位的组合GNSS两种观测值的组合实现了岸基海面测高。本文采用模拟数据证明了基于前一组合的GNSS-IR测高精度受到电离层延迟残差的影响,而后一种组合可避免该误差项的影响。为验证两种组合方法的有效性,在山东威海一海上栈桥上开展了试验,采集了全球定位系统(GPS)和北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的观测数据,并处理得到了海面测高信息。最后,将反演结果与26 GHz雷达高度计的观测值进行了比较分析,发现二者具有较好的一致性,相关系数均优于85%。试验结果表明:两种码伪距和载波相位组合法均可用于GNSS-IR测高。另外,由于当前GNSS-IR测高受多种误差项影响,导致反演精度较低,使得后一种组合在避免电离层延迟残差方面的优越性并没有明显体现。本文组合方法的引入,增加了海面高度反演方法的多样性,提升了GNSS-IR测高技术的应用空间。     

Coherent GPS reflections from the sea surface

In this letter, we explore a method to obtain accurate ocean heights using measurements of the global positioning system (GPS) carrier phase after reflection on the sea surface. A carrier tracking algorithm is employed in measuring travel path differences between GPS direct and reflected signals collected from antennas suspended over a marine estuary, when roughness guarantees partially coherent reflections at the GPS L1 frequency. This technique proves to be sensitive to surface roughness and able to follow tide variations with a precision better than 5 cm (1-sigma) for sea states with significant wave heights below 10 cm. It is expected that this technique could be further extended to rougher sea states using GPS frequency combinations with longer synthetic wavelengths.