Vegetation covers as indicator of seismo-tectonic environment: an integrated geophysical study in north Baromura hill, India

Spatial distributions of vegetation cover are closely related to topographical characters like slope, steepness, soil types, elevations, etc. In seismo-tectonic regions fault lines or tectonic lineaments are the most prominent surface signatures that can be reflected by vegetation distribution as tectonic displacement causes the change of topographical parameters. In the present study a part of northern Baromura hill (between 23º 42′ N to 23º49 N latitudes and 91º30 E to 91º36 E longitudes), which is considered as an active seismo-tectonic region of Tripura as well as northeast India, was selected for assessing the relationship between spatial variation of plant cover and topography. Geologically, Baromura hill is a north–south extended fold belt and formed by late Tertiary to Quaternary depositions. Evidences show that tectonic events played very important role in landform evolution of this area during the geological past. In this research an extensive fieldwork was conducted in the study area to understand the geomorphic and vegetation signatures and their environmental relationships. Various spectral resolutions of Landsat ETM+ were used for digital analysis. To analyse the vegetation character of this area digital operation was done within the spectral range 0.63–1.75 μm. Band 4 and band 3 were used for NDVI operation. Band 5 or mid-wave infrared band was classified in unsupervised mode to understand the range of plant water in the study area. Overlay operation with those operated images shows the spatial distribution pattern of vegetation cover indicates the landform condition. Three clear tectonic lineaments (faults) were detected from the digital study in on the northern part Baromura hill. Structural conditions of those fault lines were verified by geo-electrical survey during fieldwork. GPS tool was used for fixing the ground control points. Resistivity characters of the study area assessed from VES profile strongly supports that vegetation cover analysis from remotely sensed data within 0.63–1.75 μm spectral ranges can be a very useful tool for detecting surface tectonic signatures of the landform.     

Seismic assessment in southern Baromura hill,northeast India,considering geophysical aspects

This paper aims to assess the geophysical signatures like morphology and structure of a fault line, which is situated in a part of southern Baromura hill of Tripura, northeast India. In this work manual observations and technical applications were adopted for understanding the morphological and structural characters of the fault line. As tectonic mapping is one of the main objectives of this study, the remote sensing technique was used to prepare a tectonic map of the study area. Geothermal range of the area was measured by unsupervised classification of Landsat TM thermal infrared band (band 6). The classified thermal band was overlaid by another classified shortwave infrared band (band 7 of Landsat TM), which explains the structural evidences of the study area. In addition, an automated digital elevation model (DEM) was prepared to assess the morphological characters of the study area particularly near the confluence of R. Maharani and R. Gumti. To analyse the structural condition of the faulted zone, resistivity characters of the rocks were measured by “vertical electrical sounding” (VES) method. The electrical resistivity character of this area strongly supports that a displacement occurred in this place. Finally an attempt was made to explain the character of faulting on the basis of morphological signatures and structural evidences for future disaster management planning.     

基于ASTER-GDEM数据的羊卓雍错地区构造地貌分析

基于ASTER-GDEM数据, 运用GIS空间分析统计技术, 通过对数字地形高程、地表起伏度、地表坡度等地貌参数的统计和条带剖面及面积-高程积分等数字地貌分析, 结合前人的区域地质资料及野外实地调查和验证, 对藏南羊卓雍错地区的构造地貌特征进行了初步分析, 旨在为研究区的盆地地貌格局演化分析提供依据。研究结果表明, 研究区构造地貌总体为一近东西向盆地, 最高海拔7515 m, 最低海拔2581 m, 属于高海拔-极高海拔区域; 流域内以平原和丘陵地貌为主, 平均起伏度为314 m, 平均坡度19°, 地势起伏较小, 发育有三级层状地貌; 盆地边缘受断裂的控制, 构造现象发育, 线性影像特征明显。其东、西部分别受桑日-错那断陷带和亚东-露谷断陷带所围限, 具有多期构造活动特征。盆地南北两侧受绒布-哲古断裂和邛多江断裂控制较弱。受构造活动和地表水流综合作用的影响, 盆地内部地貌已进入老龄化阶段。      

东濮凹陷马厂地区潜山构造与成藏特点

通过阐述马厂地区的地震剖面资料,提出了该区断块潜山的四种构造样式：断阶状地垒断块潜山、不对称式半地垒断块潜山、倾斜不对称半地垒状断块潜山和高幅度不对称半地垒状断块潜山。在此基础上总结出断块潜山顶面的总体特点为：南高北低,南宽北窄,南缓北陡。并在综合地层和生产资料的基础上,讨论了马厂地区潜山的成藏特点。潜山储层具备风化侵蚀作用形成广泛发育的裂缝、后期的构造翘倾运动造成的地势差以及其切割断层发挥的油气运移通道作用和封堵作用,得出潜山储层是油气勘探优势储层的结论。     

龙门山南段活动构造分布特征

本文在综合解译地质图、遥感影像及数字高程模型的基础上,沿着青衣江河谷对龙门山南段多条断裂进行了详细调查。将前第四纪大规模不整合边界作为断裂的分布范围,同时通过构造地貌标志确定最新的活动断裂位置,如断错山脊、断层槽谷、河道形态变化等。解译过程中也参考了前人研究成果,如开挖探槽位置信息,浅层地震剖面资料。调查结果显示,松潘—甘孜褶皱带与龙门山接触地带发育了中岗断裂、永富断裂,晚第四纪活动特征不明显。龙门山后山、中央、前山3条主干断裂在南段依次对应耿达—陇东断裂、岩井—五龙断裂、与双石—大川断裂,与北段具有相似的断块构造。3条断裂都有断错地貌特征但断裂分支较多,其中盐井—五龙断裂有一条分支为宝兴断裂,双石—大川断裂有小关子断裂一条分支。在前陆地区,基底滑脱带延伸至浅部盖层,断坡处发育了始阳断裂、新开店断裂等浅部分支断裂。通过这些断裂分布样式、断错地貌特征、与实测地质剖面发现,龙门山南段具有纯挤压特征,最新构造活动已经开始改造前陆地区,是扩展的边界。而龙门山北段具有和逆冲相当的走滑分量,表明青藏高原在推挤龙门山的过程中,龙门山北缘向西秦岭方向发生走滑逃逸,龙门山南段由于同时受川滇块体向东推挤作用而呈现纯挤压特征。高原推挤作用集中于松潘—甘孜褶皱带东缘的小金弧形构造,控制了龙门山断裂带南北构造差异。     

黔南地区~3 km油气深孔地应力测量与构造应力场分析

地应力大小和方向信息是非常规油气勘探开发及区域构造应力场特征分析的重要基础数据。为了解黔南紫云地区的现今地应力状态,采用基于钻孔岩心的非弹性应变恢复(ASR)地应力测量方法,获取了紫云地区2877～2985 m石炭系打屋坝组地层的地应力信息,分析了区域构造应力场特征,探讨了油气保存条件。结果表明:(1)黔南紫云地区近3 km处石炭纪地层现今地应力状态表现为以垂向应力为主的应力环境,测点处最大水平主应力方向近SN向。(2)紫云地区近3 km处岩心实测最大水平主应力方向与燕山早期古构造应力场最大主应力方向大致相同,一定程度上反映了燕山末期—喜马拉雅运动对次生油气藏的改造程度较小,有利于黔南坳陷内部油气藏的保存。     

华北克拉通南部前寒武纪重大地质事件构造响应的GIS统计分析——以中条-豫西地区为例

位于华北克拉通南部的中条-豫西地区记录了华北克拉通复杂、多阶段构造演化历史。其中,前寒武纪时期经历了新太古代末期(2550~2350Ma)地壳增生、古元古代(2350~1850Ma)活动带和早中元古代(1800~1600Ma)多期裂解活动,是研究区构造-岩浆活动最为剧烈的阶段。丰富的构造事件形成多层构造层,并发育大量构造形迹。本文依据GIS数据统计分析断裂切穿地层单元年代新老关系的规律,即构造运动的发生时间晚于构造形迹切穿的所有地层单元时代;如果构造形迹的发育被某一地层单元所限制,则表明构造运动的发生早于该地层的结束时间,并结合构造形迹的样式、规模、方位、强度和构造建造特征来解析构造作用性质,探讨构造演化,挖掘前寒武纪不同构造演化阶段形成的主体构造形迹的数字特征。在本项研究中,首先提取研究区内切穿Ar构造单元并限制在Pt地层单元内的构造形迹,代表前寒武纪时期的主体构造形迹特征。其次,运用GIS技术提取Pt1-Pt2期间不整合面,删去切穿不整合面的构造形迹,进一步筛选出Ar-Pt2期间主体构造形迹并统计其走向和长度,进而初步确定了Ar-Pt2期间的主要构造方位特征是NEE/NWW/近SN向。最后,依据构造形态、构造建造特征和地球物理场特征,结合区域构造演化史确定不同构造层主体构造方位特征,代表了不同构造演化阶段形成的主体构造形迹。其中,新太古代末期形成的主体构造形迹的方位特征是NE/NW向;古元古代构造层主体构造形迹的方位特征是NEE/NWW向;早中元古代构造层主体构造形迹的方位特征是近EW向。     

柴北缘大柴旦地区山前带构造建模及演化研究

针对柴北缘大柴旦地区北东、北西向两组逆冲推覆断裂交汇,构造变形极其复杂,构造解析困难的问题,充分利用野外地质调查、地震、重磁电、钻井(孔)等资料,理清了研究区主要断裂体系及其组合特征与展布规律。采用地表和地下构造、浅部和深部构造、地震和非震资料相结合的方法,开展了山前带构造建模研究与构造解析。通过研究,确定了研究区发育NW和近WE向两组断层和盆缘逆冲、盆内逆冲、盆内挤压走滑等3类断裂体系,平面上具有分区、分带性;建立了盆缘、盆内不同构造变形机制的构造解释模型;共识别出了挤压、伸展和走滑等3大类8种构造样式,明确了构造样式组合模式及其分布规律,理清了研究区“南北分带、东西分区”的构造变形特征;南西北东向构造演化剖面分析明确了盆缘、盆内推覆构造与盆内反冲构造后展式演化时序及其对中生界残留分布的控制作用。     

渤海湾中部中、新生代构造演化与潜山的形成

渤海湾盆地是华北克拉通东部的晚中—新生代断陷盆地,其东部为西太平洋活动大陆边缘,经历了多期不同性质的构造运动叠加。目前对渤海湾地区中—新生代的构造期次划分及各期次构造运动的应力状态的认识仍存在较大的争议。潜山是盆地沉积之前就已形成的基岩古地貌山,后被新地层覆盖而成,潜山内幕所保留的先存断裂及潜山与上覆盖层之间的接触关系为研究盆地构造运动提供了依据。本文以渤中19-6潜山构造为例,基于三维地震资料的精细解释、结合相干剖面及钻井资料进行系统构造解析,建立渤中19-6潜山构造演化新模型,并探讨了华北克拉通东缘的区域构造演化。研究结果表明:(1)渤中19-6潜山构造西部以一系列S-N向雁列式正断层为界,断层东侧为隆起的渤中19-6潜山构造,西侧为低洼的沙南凹陷。古潜山最早形成于晚三叠世,早白垩世形成如今以S-N向正断层为界的东隆西降的潜山构造格局;(2)渤中19-6潜山构造西部边界S-N向断裂以及上覆地层中存在的E-W向断裂为两侧大型走滑带间雁列式断裂构造,是该潜山构造储层形成的重要控制因素;(3)该潜山受华北板块与扬子板块剪刀式闭合碰撞和古太平洋板块NNW向俯冲的多重影响,中生代以来,共经历了印支早期挤压隆起、印支晚期伸展改造、燕山早期左行压扭改造、燕山中期左行伸展改造、燕山晚期左行压扭改造、喜山期右行伸展埋藏6个阶段的发育演化。     

济阳坳陷桩海地区古生界潜山构造特征及形成机制

济阳坳陷古生界潜山在经历了残丘山勘探阶段、多样性潜山勘探阶段之后,位于正向构造单元之间的中低位序复杂隐蔽潜山成为勘探主要方向.桩海地区东部紧邻郯庐断裂带,郯庐断裂带的多期构造运动对其产生深刻影响,古生界潜山构造样式非常复杂,并且由于埋藏深,前期地震资料精度低,构造特征认识不清,制约了勘探进展.该研究针对济阳坳陷桩海地区...     

Active right-lateral strike-slip fault zone along the southern margin of the Japan Sea

We describe an active right-lateral strike-slip fault zone along the southern margin of the Japan Sea, named the Southern Japan Sea Fault Zone (SJSFZ). Onshore segments of the fault zone are delineated on the basis of aerial photograph interpretations and field observations of tectonic geomorphic features, whereas the offshore parts are interpreted from single-/multichannel seismic data combined with borehole information. In an effort to evaluate late Quaternary activity along the fault zone, four active segments separated by uplifting structures are identified in this study. The east–northeast-trending SJSFZ constitutes paired arc-parallel strike-slip faults together with the Median Tectonic Line (MTL), both of which have been activated by oblique subduction of the Philippine Sea plate during the Quaternary. They act as the boundaries of three neotectonic stress domains around the eastern margin of the Eurasian plate: the near-trench Outer zone and NW–SE compressive Inner zone of southwest Japan arc, and the southern Japan Sea deformed under E–W compression from south to north.     

DEM and GIS analysis of sub-watersheds to evaluate relative tectonic activity. A case study of the North–south axis (Central Tunisia)

Morphotectonic analysis using geomorphic indexes has been developed as a basic tool to identify recent tectonic deformation in specific areas.This study was undertaken to develop an integrated quantitative geomorphic analysis of tectonic activity in the North–south axis, central of Tunisia. Different geomorphic indexes, including elongation ratio (E), drainage basin asymmetry (Af), hypsometric integral (Hi), Valley floor width-to-height ratio (Vf), mountain front sinuosity (Smf), and stream length gradient index (SL) were calculated. The relationships between the calculated indexes, their correlations and their significance (based on p-values) were also investigated.. Using the hierarchical cluster analysis based on Ward’s method, these indexes were classified into three classes describing the relative, different effect of tectonics in each fault segment. The higher deformation is concentrated in the NE-SW Boudinar fault, followed, in order of decreasing activity, by Goubrar, Gouleb, and Majoura normal faults. This pattern of variation in the relative degree of tectonic activity is consistent with field evidence.     

淮北煤田构造特征和形成机制

淮北煤田位于徐宿弧形推覆构造带前缘和外缘带。通过分析区域地质资料,并结合野外地质调查,探讨了淮北煤田的构造、演化特征及其形成机制。结果表明:①以宿北断裂为界将淮北煤田划分为南、北2个构造分区,北区构造线总体走向近SN-NNE,呈向西凸出的弧形展布,以逆冲断层为主,发育侏罗山式长轴褶皱;南区构造线走向NNW和NNE,以正断层和开阔短轴褶皱为主。②北区处于徐宿推覆构造主体部位,萧县背斜及其以东地区为上盘推覆体,萧县背斜以西地区属上盘推覆体;南区以西寺坡断层为界,该断层以东地带位于徐宿弧形构造带东南末端,属推覆构造上覆系统,西寺坡断层以西地区为推覆体下伏系统。③自石炭-二叠纪含煤地层沉积后,淮北煤田至少经历了3期较大的构造事件,即印支期近SN方向的挤压,形成近EW向断裂构造为主;燕山早期NWW-SEE方向的强烈挤压作用,形成徐宿弧形构造;燕山晚期NNE-SSW方向挤压,在煤田内形成大量NNE-SSW方向正断层。      

北天山构造带晚侏罗世构造隆升与沉积学响应

天山构造带是经历了多期次隆升—剥蚀过程而呈现今地形地貌特征的。在北天山山前的准噶尔盆地南缘雀尔沟一带上侏罗统喀拉扎组中发现一系列软沉积变形构造,如负载构造、液化砂岩脉、纹层卷曲变形、V型地裂缝等,属于典型的地震岩,为探讨晚侏罗世构造—沉积关系提供了重要的研究载体和时限约束。对喀拉扎组古水流方向及砾石成分分析的结果显示,喀拉扎组主要物源来自南侧依连哈比尕山地区石炭纪的火山—碎屑岩系。结合相对构造变形序列,认为北天山构造带—准噶尔盆地南缘于晚侏罗世（喀拉扎组沉积期）发生强烈的构造抬升,形成早期山前断裂带及喀拉扎组地震岩事件沉积。区域构造—沉积过程分析表明,沿北天山构造带—准噶尔盆地南缘边界断裂发生的多期次隆升、逆冲构造,揭示了盆—山构造边界和盆地沉积边界向北迁移的动态演化过程。多阶段构造隆升的动力学机制尚不明确,进一步开展构造—沉积过程研究以精细刻画盆—山结构动态演化过程,可能是理解其地球动力学机制的有效途径。     

Anthropogenic subsidence in the Mexicali Valley,Baja California,Mexico, and slip on the Saltillo fault

Deep fluid extraction in the Cerro Prieto geothermal field (CPGF) has caused subsidence and induced slip on tectonic faults in the Mexicali Valley (Baja California, Mexico). The Mexicali Valley is located in the southern part of the Salton Trough, at the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates. The Valley is characterized by being a zone of continuous tectonic deformation, geothermal activity, and seismicity. Within the Cerro Prieto pull-apart basin, seismicity is concentrated mainly in swarms, while strong earthquakes have occurred in the Imperial and Cerro Prieto transform faults, that are the eastern and western bound of the basin. Since 1973, fluid extraction at the CPGF has influenced deformation in the area, accelerating the subsidence and causing rupture (frequently as vertical slip or creep) on the surface traces of tectonic faults. Both subsidence and fault slip are causing damage to infrastructure like roads, railroad tracks, irrigation channels, and agricultural fields. Currently, accelerated extraction in the eastern part of CPGF has shifted eastwards the area of most pronounced subsidence rate; this accelerated subsidence can be observed at the Saltillo fault, a southern branch of the Imperial fault in the Mexicali Valley. Published leveling data, together with field data from geological surveys, geotechnical instruments, and new InSAR images were used to model the observed deformation in the area in terms of fluid extraction. Since the electricity production in the CPGF is an indispensable part of Baja California economy, extraction is sure to continue and may probably increase, so that the problem of damages caused by subsidence will likely increase in the future.     

Relative tectonic activity assessment of the Çameli Basin,Western Anatolia,using geomorphic indices

Western Anatolia is one of the world’s most seismically active regions. A nearly N–S-oriented extension caused the formation of E–W- and NE–SW-trending major grabens, creating the potential for earthquakes with magnitudes ≥ 5. The fault segments of the NE-trending Çameli Basin were evaluated using geomorphic indices, common tools for assessment of relative tectonic activity in such areas. Quantitative measurement of geomorphic indices including mountain-front sinuosity (Smf; 1.35–2.39), valley floor width-to-height ratios (Vf; 0.08?0.37), and hypsometric integral (HI; 0.31–1.05) suggest relatively higher tectonic activity along western and southern part of the basin. Hypsometric curves for all segments of the faults mostly exhibit concave or straight profiles, signifying existence of young mountain fronts in the Çameli Basin. These calculations indicate that the Çameli Basin is tectonically active and, southern/south-western areas of this depression have earthquake potential, consistent with epicentres of recent earthquakes, occurred along some fault segments. Possible reason of this activity seems to be related to the E–W-trending corridor lying between the Gulf of Gökova and south-eastern part of the Çameli Basin, represented by active normal faults. These findings should be valid beyond the Çameli Basin for similar situations along the Isparta Angle’s western margin.     

Landslides and neotectonic activities in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) zone: Southeastern Kumaun,Uttarakhand

Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) zone is constituted of some of the landslide prone areas in southeastern part of Kumaun Sub-Himalaya. Role of landslides as natural hazard and hill slope modifying agent is well documented from various part of Himalayan region and southern hills of Kumaun particularly in the MBT zone, which are susceptible to various type of mass movement. The rocks making up the slopes has been put to a number of brittle deformation phases during the movement along the MBT, and are traversed by number of joint sets. In the open slope these intersecting joint sets forms wedges and are the most favorable site for initiation of rockfalls and other types of landslides. Landslides are taking place primarily due to high angle slopes, formation of structural wedges along the free steep slopes, sheared nature of the rocks due to proximity to the MBT and neotectonic activities along the MBT and other transverse faults. Wedge failure is a common type of landslides in rock slopes characterized by multiple joints and acts as sliding planes for the failed blocks. Field observations and wedge failure analysis indicates most of the landslides taking place in MBT zone of Kumaun Sub-Himalaya are joint controlled. Safety Factor analysis suggests MBT zone of Kumaun Sub-Himalayan region is prone to landslides and related mass movements. This zone is also neotectonically active as indicated by various geomorphic signatures such as structurally controlled drainage pattern, offsetting of fan by MBT and formation of number of small lakes.     

ASTER-GDEM数据在大兴安岭北段地貌形态分析中的应用

基于ASTER-GDEM数据,利用彩色晕染、密度分割与GIS空间统计分析技术,结合地质资料,通过地形高程(平均高程、最大高程和最小高程)、地势起伏度、典型高程剖面及流域面积-高程积分等手段,对大兴安岭北段的地貌特征进行初步分析.分析结果表明,研究区主体呈现平原(台地)与丘陵地貌,地势相对平缓,呈北北东向延伸展布,存在多期隆升,受到北北东向区域构造控制,且遭受北西向构造活动改造;高程剖面揭示研究区存在多级剥夷面(或面状地貌面),最多可划分5级,且在各段、各坡向上发育特征不一,北北东向构造对地貌演化的控制作用强于近东西向构造,其活动强度上北段明显强于中、南段;面积-高程积分分析表明研究区地貌演化处于壮年期的晚期,山体处于隆升晚期或趋于稳定阶段,但北西向构造活动,形成大量狭长的新生沟谷.     

The role of geophysical and seismological data in evaluating the subsurface structures and tectonic trends of Nile Delta, Egypt

In the present study, the Bouguer, aeromagnetic, and seismological data analysis for Nile Delta including the Greater Cairo region and its surroundings was used to examine and trace the tectonic framework for some deep-seated faults (mostly normal faults with a small strike–slip component) and their orientation, on which most earthquakes have occurred. The new tilt derivative (TDR) geophysical map and Euler deconvolution presented here can be used to trace the structural relationships and their depth investigations across the entire region. Generally, most of the Euler deconvolution results especially from the gravity map were well coincided with the location of contacts derived by TDR particularly NNW to NS, EW, and NE trended structures. The depths to the gravity or magnetic sources, and the locations of the contacts of density contrast were estimated. Results of the Euler deconvolution method suggested that, in the southeastern part of the area, the basement could be observed to be shallow and has become deeper beneath the northern part. Furthermore, the resulting structural map of this study is well correlated with previous geological and seismological data analyses. At least two sets of predominant faults are suspected, faults with a NNW strike (Clysmic trend) which are particularly felt in the southern portion of the Delta, and some of them give it the shape of a “graben like structure.” Another parallel set of faults, having NE–SW strike (Pelusium trend), was also obvious in the southern part between Cairo and Suez cities (at Abu Zabal area). The evaluated trending faults (NNW–SSE or NE–SW) are intersecting with predominant major WNW–ESE to E–W (Tethys trend) striking faults. These intersections may generate more additional seismic pulses and consequently increase the seismic activity for these structures. However, minor NW (Najd Fault System) is obvious in the TDR magnetic map, whereas less attendance NS (East African trend) structural trends are evident in the TDR gravity map. Moreover, it could be said that the southeastern portion of the Nile Delta (especially the eastern portion of Greater Cairo) is affected by highly tectonic fault systems. Finally, a new tectonic map was also evaluated from the resulting structural map, which helps to quantify different structural patterns (faults and/or contacts), and their relations with the regional tectonic trends are discussed.     

罗平地区断裂构造的遥感研究

罗平地区地质构造背景复杂,对该区构造格架的研究有利于揭示弥勒—师宗断裂北缘的构造演化。本文利用遥感技术可以宏观上对断裂特征进行全面解译和识别的特点,结合野外调查,分析提取断裂的影像特征,在对断裂构造进行密度分析的基础上,详细分析了断裂在地质地貌上的特征。研究发现,罗平地区北东向断裂带是师宗—弥勒断裂北沿部分,对罗平地区三叠系以来的地层沉积和构造演化有着直接的控制作用,形成了断裂两侧不同的地貌特征。