对流单体在杭州湾入海时的强度变化分析

为了研究对流单体在杭州湾入海时的强度变化情况,更好地预报对流单体的变化趋势,统计了2007年1月到2010年6月舟山雷达观测到的148个对流单体,以组合反射率因子、顶高、垂直液态含水量、径向速度、冰雹指数等条件来判断对流单体是加强还是维持或减弱。发现对流单体在海岸线附近加强或维持的几率比较大,在北岸入海后加强以及在南岸入海后减弱的几率较大,在傍晚到凌晨加强或维持的几率较大。对三个加强的典型个例,分别分析了海岸线附近的温湿特性、地面风的辐合、大气的层结稳定性等情况。对148个单体所处时刻的气温和相对湿度资料用GRADS进行插值,绘出等值线,然后统计整个杭州湾海域的最大气温差和相对湿度差以及水平风切变情况。统计结果：加强的单体,其环境温度、湿度梯度、风切变明显比减弱的大。最后得出结论,判断一个对流单体在杭州湾入海时是加强还是减弱,应从海岸线附近的温湿特性、地面风的辐合情况、大气的层结稳定性三方面的条件综合考虑。     

农田小气候自动观测系统温度梯度观测设计

垂直梯度是小气候观测的突出特点,为研究矮杆作物和高杆作物农田小气候合理的梯度观测设计标准,以小麦和玉米为例,对2012年郑州和泰安两地麦田和玉米田气温和裸温垂直梯度变化特征进行分析,结果表明： 气温与裸温的垂直梯度变化在时间和空间分布上均有很好的一致性,可利用裸温不同层次间垂直梯度变化特征确定气温传感器合理的安装高度;根据麦田和玉米田裸温垂直梯度变化特征,考虑到温度防辐射罩高度限制,矮杆作物田小气候气温应在距离地表面25 cm、50 cm和150 cm高度附近分别设置观测层次,高杆作物田小气候气温应在距离地表面25 cm、50 cm、150 cm和300 cm高度附近设置观测层次。     

中尺度熏烟扩散的数值研究

本文针对熏烟扩散过程建立了粒子烟团轨迹模式，利用该模式成功地模拟日出后逆温层破坏的熏烟扩散过程和TIBL下的熏烟扩散过程，证实了所建模式在模拟熏烟扩散方面的可行性和适用性，揭示了两种熏烟扩散过程中的熏烟扩散特征及其随时间的变化。将粒子烟团轨迹模式和提供平均场和湍流场输入的三维非静力能量团合模式相联接，可以较好地预测城市逆温层破坏条件下和沿岸陆上TIBL中的熏烟扩散特征及其随时间的变化。     

浙北沿海连续3次飑线演变过程的环境条件

利用雷达和地面加密自动气象站、日本气象厅（JMA）区域谱模式（RSM）再分析资料,对2008年7月2日发生在浙北的连续3次飑线过程（其中第3次在近海生成了弓形回波）进行诊断分析。分别探讨3条飑线发展演变情况和对应的各种环境场条件,侧重对比下垫面温度、湿度、风辐合等条件与对流发展演变的关系,尤其是海陆边界对对流新生与加强的作用。从水平、垂直方向分析第3条典型弓形飑线形成过程中单体的发展、减弱、出流、入流、新单体生成、传播等过程。研究发现,在天气背景相似的小范围区域内,气温高、湿度大之处、锋面、辐合线、海岸线附近容易新生单体和加强对流。强对流系统对下垫面也有反馈作用,进而影响对流系统的发展变化:强雷暴单体的下沉气流在近地面形成冷池,其前侧冷空气向外辐散形成阵风锋,迫使锋前暖湿气流在冷池上抬升,在阵风锋附近产生新的对流单体,形成对流系统的传播。强单体经常在海岸线附近生成、加强,尤其是阵风锋与海岸线相交时。     

三维海陆风的数值模拟

本文利用地形坐标,建立了一个模拟用的三维海陆风模式,来模拟城市、斜坡和海岸形状等对海陆风的影响。结果表明,海陆风主要受海陆温差影响,海岸线附近的坡地和城市的存在,对海风发展有利。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE TIBL PROFILES AND THE LOCAL SEA BREEZE CIRCULATION IN COASTAL AREAS

A two-dimensional nonlinear PBL numerical model using an energy closure (E-ε)method has been employed to study the sea breeze circulation and TIBL in coastal areas. The main characteristics of sea breeze obtained from numerical experiments agree with those from general observation facts. The depth of sea breeze ranges from 300 to 900 meters, maximum velocity from 1.5 m/s to 4 m/s, and its height from 100 m to 300 m. The agreement between comparisons reveals that the performance of the model is good, and the selected experiment conditions are reasonable. This paper refits the function of TIBL profiles using the Weisman's formula and the exponent value is considered to change with the different states of sea breeze. Numerical experiment results indicate that the exponent of the TIBL profile, ranging from 0.4 to 1.1, is related to the strength and depth of the sea breeze. The exponent of 0.5 is suitable only when sea breeze is fully developed. This paper also gives various exponents under different sea breezes.     

冰雹云中微物理过程研究

利用三维冰雹云模式通过实例模拟研究了云中冰相物理过程,结果表明,云中粒子产生有一源地,在雹云发展阶段早期,霰、冻滴,雹和雨水的极大产生率都位于6.0 km高度附近,这里是雹胚及冰雹形成的源区,从"利益竞争"概念出发,人工防雹的催化部位应在此高度附近;粒子产生高度与其源项发生高度及主要增长方式有关,粒子产生和增长过程在云的发展不同阶段也是不同的.在冰雹形成过程中,作为雹胚的霰和冻滴主要通过撞冻过冷水增长.撞冻增长占增长量的大部分,云中存在丰富的过冷水对冰雹胚胎和冰雹形成、增长都是十分重要的.在"冰晶-过冷水-雹胚-冰雹"这一链环中,没有过冷水参与很难形成强烈降雹.通过两例雹云的对比研究,发现若雹云云底温度降低和湿度增大,由于霰撞冻过冷水尤其是撞冻过冷云水增长量大幅度提高,霰的尺度加大,提高向冰雹的转化率,使霰胚数量大大增加.     

阳江地区海陆风特征及其影响

以阳江地区常规气象站、中尺度观测网的自动气象站和海边的2个80m梯度观测塔资料为依据,对该地区海陆风特征及其影响进行研究,结果表明,阳江地区海陆风西岸早于东岸.在近地层,海陆风随高度升高而增大,5月份前后有时海陆风较浅,不能影响到80m高度.陆风转海风多发生在11:00-12:00之间,海风转陆风发生在23:00前后,都发生在日气压变化的峰值时段.海陆风与山谷风叠加可以达到离海岸线70～75km的内陆地区,但并不能越过云雾山山脉.海陆转换时期,在沿海海湾地区形成辐合区,这个辐合区使其北侧阳江市区附近成为广东4-7月的多雨中心,海风加强向北进到达阳春附近的"喇叭口"地区产生辐合,又使该地成为阳江4-7月另一个多雨地区,这些都是阳江成为广东省暴雨中心的重要因素之一.另外,如果海陆风环流没有受到破坏,阳江沿海地区不会出现高温天气.     

地面连续点源催化剂的扩散

在人工影响天气的作业和科学试验中,除了在云中或云下播撒、爆炸分散和燃烧分散催化剂以外,在某些地区相宜季节还可使用在地面或高山顶侧以点源形式燃烧催化剂人工影响降水的方法,地面点源可分瞬时点源和连续点源两种类型.建立了地面连续点源扩散模式.研究结果表明在不稳定、中性和稳定3种大气层结条件下地面连续点源的垂直扩散高度分别为640 m,555 m和475 m,而水平最大扩散宽度对应为600 m、450 m和430 m,催化剂的最大浓度中心都集中于催化剂发生器喷嘴的上方附近.在冬季,如果将源建立在较高的山坡或山顶上人工影响冬季降水是可能成功的,而在其它季节能否成功要视具体情况而定.     

应用Models 3/CMAQ对2011年3月日本福岛核泄漏的数值研究

2011年3月12日,受日本以东地震和海啸影响,福岛核电站发生核物质泄漏。本文采用空气质量模式系统（Models-3／CMAQ）,在理想假设条件下,对此次核泄漏事故进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明：模拟期间,核泄漏物质主要影响福岛附近地区和西北太平洋海区;核泄漏物质能扩散至较高的高度,源区核辐射量随高度呈指数减小;核泄漏物质主要通过东北路径和偏东路径影响我国,但核辐射影响极其轻微;Models-3／CMAQ具有对核泄漏事故的模拟能力。     

An examination of methods to estimate the height of the coastal internal boundary layer

This paper examines the assumptions and derivations that govern commonly used methods of estimating the height of the thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) that occurs near shorelines. We show that nearly all these methods require inputs that can be defined only in the very limited context of the data set used to derive the empirical equations for the boundary-layer height. This analysis suggests that the current formulations have little general applicability, and it points to the need for more reliable methods for estimating the TIBL height.     

A higher order closure model applied to research on the structure of the thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL)

The coastal TIBL is one of the most important and interesting atmospheric processes in shoreline areas, because it has some distinct turbulent features and because it has a major influence on atmospheric dispersion in shoreline areas. In this paper the characteristics of the TIBL, such as its growth parabolically with downwind distance and its turbulent structure are examined.     

An Analytical Slab Model for the Growth of the Coastal Thermal Internal Boundary Layer Under Near-Neutral Onshore Flow Conditions

Analytical parameterisations of the thermal internal boundary-layer (TIBL) height based on the slab approach are widely used in coastal dispersion models. However, they tend to a singular behaviour when the stability of the onshore flow is close to neutral. Assuming that convective turbulence dominates mixing, we derive a more general analytical model that is valid for both stable and neutral onshore flows. The model is based on the existing framework for the slab approach but involving the Zilitinkevich correction (or the spin-up term). The height variation of the onshore flow lapse rate is accounted for in the model by including an initial TIBL height. An algebraic form of the model also includes the mechanical mixing contribution to the TIBL growth and is, therefore, suitable for use when the overland surface heat flux is small and friction velocity large. The new analytical model is tested with field measurements taken under near-neutral onshore flow conditions. The performance of the model is shown to be better than a commonly used TIBL parameterisation scheme.     

Study on the Thermal internal Boundary Layer and Dispersion of Air Pollutant

ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅＴｈｅｒｍａｌｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌＢｏｕｎｄａｒｙＬａｙｅｒａｎｄＤｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｏｎｏｆＡｉｒＰｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｉｎＣｏａｓｔａｌＡｒｅａｂｙＮｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌＳｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ￥ＪｉａｎｇＷｅｉｍｅｉ（蒋维楣）ａｎｄＹｕＨｏｎｇ...     

Thermal and dynamic characteristics of alpine lake breezes,Lake Tekapo,New Zealand

Thermodynamic characteristics and temporal variation of alpine lake breezes in the eastern Southern Alps are examined. Research was conducted in a large glacially excavated basin dominated by an 87 square kilometre melt-water lake as part of a study of windblown dust dispersion. The surrounding mountain ranges were found to shelter the lake basin from most synoptic winds, thereby allowing local and regional thermally generated circulations to develop to ridge height, approximately 1300m above the surrounding landscape. During favourable synoptic conditions the local lake breeze becomes embedded within the regional valley wind forming an extended lake breeze. Tethersonde flights during these conditions made using a kite based sounding system identified both stable internal (SIBL) and thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) conditions over the down wind shoreline. Two equations for estimating the height of both boundary-layer types were tested against observations and found to provide good first order predictive estimates of boundary-layer height.     

The Kwinana Coastal Fumigation Study: II – Growth of the Thermal Internal Boundary Layer

Aircraft measurements of potential temperature and turbulent kinetic energy are used to examine the growth of the thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) in sea-breeze flows on four selected days of a coastal fumigation study performed in 1995 at Kwinana in Western Australia. The aircraft data, together with radiosonde measurements taken on the same days, show a multi-layered low-level onshore flow in the vertical with a superadiabatic layer extending to about 50 m above the water surface on all four days. On the first three days the layer above the superadiabatic layer was neutral, typically 200 m deep, capped by a stably stratified region, whereas on the remaining day it was fully stable. The occurrence of the neutral layer on most experimental days contrasts with the more usual situation involving an entirely stable onshore flow. A composite approach based on both temperature and turbulence data is used to provide a pragmatic but self-consistent definition of the TIBL height. The data for the first three days indicate that the TIBL grows rapidly into the neutrally stratified region to the top of the region within about 2 km from the coast, with a very slow subsequent growth into the stable stratification aloft. On the other hand, the TIBL grows only to about 200 m within a distance of 7 km from the coast on the fourth day due to a strong stable stratification.An existing numerical TIBL model based on the slab approach, capable of describing the TIBL growth in both neutral and stable environments, and a recent analytical model, more efficient for operational use, are used to simulate the aircraft TIBL observations. The predictions by both models agree reasonably well with the data.     

海岸地区TIBL廓线与局地海风环流的数值试验

对三次ＥｌＮｉｎｏ发生前后的ＥＣＭＷＦ资料用滤波方法（带通,低通）进行分析,得到的结果清楚地表明,在ＥｌＮｉｎｏ发生前热带季节内振荡较强,而伴随ＥｌＮｉｎｏ发生,季节内振荡明显减弱,这种能量变化最明显的地区是赤道东太平洋地区;对于周期在９０天以上的热带准定常波,伴随ＥｌＮｉｎｏ的发生其能量明显增加,这种增加反映最显著的区域是从大西洋往西一直到西太平洋。对中纬度（２５－３５°Ｎ）及中高纬度（４０－５０°Ｎ）地区的准定常波能量分析表明,中纬度地区的准定常波能量比低纬大,准定常波能量变化在中纬度（２５－３５°Ｎ）表现出与低纬能量变化一致的情形,即伴随着ＥｌＮｉｎｏ的发生,准定常波能量增加;中高纬度（４０－５０°Ｎ）只在亚洲大陆（１００－１７０°Ｅ）表现出与热带一致的能量变化。结果还显示,热带季节内振荡在低层的东传对赤道西风异常及对ＥｌＮｉｎｏ的发生、发展起着很重要的作用。     

NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE THERMAL INTERNAL BOUNDARY-LAYER EVOLUTION USING ATHENS FIELD EXPERIMENTAL DATA

The Boundary Layer Transformation Model(BLTM) is tested against data on the observed depth ofthe thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL).The model is based on a semi-empiricaltheory of the atmospheric boundary layer and takes into account theinfluence of the sea-land temperaturedifference and other meteorological conditionsduring the TIBL development. The measurementswere carried out during ATHens InternalBoundary Layer EXperiment (ATHIBLEX) in 1989and 1990. It is found that the BLTM results arein good qualitative agreement with theobserved TIBL depths. The reason for thediscrepancies between the observed andcomputed depths is explained by the differentdefinitions of the TIBL adopted.     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE SEA BREEZE OVER SOUTHWESTERN BOHAI GULF

In this paper,a simulation study is made on the sea breeze process over southwestern Bohai Gulf byuse of the Pielke mesoscale meteorological model.The simulated results show that when a south wind of 8m/s blows over the top of the model,a strong wind zone of 15—25 km wide with a maximum speed more than14 m/s,which is close and nearly parallel to the south shore,will appear at 160 m above the sea surface.When a strong sea breeze penetrates inland,there often appears a thermal internal boundary layer(TIBL)near shore.The inversion above the TIBL can damp the vertical dispersion of atmospheric pollution.Besides,it is also found that,for a three-dimensional sea/land breeze circulation,if the divergence centre inthe return flow departs vertically far from the correspondent convergence centre in the sea breeze,a centre ofstrong descending movement will be formed at the middle and upper levels of the return flow.The resultsin this paper is also applicable to the Laizhou Bay.     

Formulation of the thermal internal boundary layer in a mesoscale model. II. Simulations with a level-2.5 turbulence closure

Physick et al. (1989) have discussed some difficulties associated with simulation of the sea-breeze thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL), using a numerical model containing a profile exchange coefficient formulation developed by O'Brien (1970). They suggested that a closure scheme based on a prediction of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) would be able to resolve the TIBL better than a profile scheme. This Research Note reports simulations of the case discussed in I, using a numerical model with a TKE-based turbulence closure.