巢湖流域塘西河上游分流制系统降雨径流污染特征及初期冲刷效应

研究城市径流水质变化及初期冲刷效应对控制与治理城市径流污染具有重要指导意义.对塘西河上游6次降雨径流水质水量进行监测分析,计算次降雨径流平均浓度(EMC)和单位面积次降雨径流污染负荷(EPL),作M(V)曲线图研究初期冲刷现象.结果表明:降雨径流中悬浮物(SS)、化学需氧量(CODCr)和总磷(TP)的EMC值相对较大;SS的EMC值波动最为显著;总氮(TN)、TP、COD_(Cr)、SS间的EMC值均呈正相关;TN的EMC值与降雨量呈负相关性.各污染物EPL值与各降雨特征间均呈正相关性,经估算2015年研究区在6-8月共有10.38 tTN、2.29 tTP、1022.43 t SS、161.70 t CODCr和5.18 t NH_3-N随降雨径流排入巢湖;降雨量和雨前干期是城市径流污染的主要影响因素;以FF5050为初期冲刷效应判别依据,5种污染物均有初期冲刷效应出现,冲刷程度表现为SSCODCrTPTNNH_3-N;各水质指标的初期冲刷强度与降雨特征之间无相关性;雨型对初期冲刷现象影响较大;当降雨强度达1.36 mm/h即有径流汇集流出时开始截流,截流时间取440 min,截取的最大径流量取224319.14 m~3.     

武汉东湖水体异味物质及其与水环境因子相互关系

根据2014年1—12月东湖3个湖区(水果湖、郭郑湖及汤菱湖)中9种溶解态异味物质(DMS、DMDS、DMTS、β-cyclocitral、β-ionone、MIB、GEO、IBMP和IPMP)的月间采样结果,对异味化合物浓度之间的相关性及其与东湖水体中主要环境因子的相关关系进行了分析.研究发现9种异味物质浓度整体水平在夏、秋季相对冬、春季较高,其中DMS、DMTS、β-cyclocitral、β-ionone的月平均浓度较高,且在夏季均超出嗅味阈值,其他几种异味物质浓度检出较低,对东湖的异味强度影响较小.低浓度β-cyclocitral及β-ionone具有烟草或芳香味,DMS与DMTS具有腐臭味,因此DMS及DMTS为东湖异味的主要致嗅物质.从异味物质空间分布来看,郭郑湖区的DMS、DMDS、β-cyclocitral及β-ionone年平均浓度均低于其他两个湖区,综合该湖区中相对较低的年平均总氮(TN)和叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度以及受人类活动影响程度较低的情况,该湖区的异味问题要轻于水果湖及汤菱湖区.此外,研究发现DMTS、β-cyclocitral和β-ionone浓度与Chl.a浓度均呈显著正相关,DMDS及DMTS浓度与TN浓度呈显著正相关,DMS及β-cyclocitral浓度与溶解氧浓度呈显著负相关,表明由于大量藻类快速腐败导致的水体含氧量下降可能会对水体异味产生重要影响.为防止东湖水体恶臭的发生,对藻类进行控制尤为重要.     

辽河太子河流域藻类植物群落结构及其季节变化

2010年9月到2011年9月分4次对太子河流域的藻类植物群落组成、丰度及优势种进行调查分析.共设置17个采样点,经鉴定共有藻类植物8门120属328种(包括21种变种).藻类植物群落以硅藻最多,有36属144种,占总体的43.77%;其次是绿藻,有49属117种,占总体的35.56%;蓝藻居第3位,有22属38种,占总体的11.85%.调查期间,太子河流域藻类植物细胞丰度在夏、秋季较高,丰度平均值分别为6.80×10⁷和3.29×10⁷cells/L;在春季较低,丰度平均值为1.36×10⁷cells/L.优势度分析显示,太子河流域各季节的藻类植物优势种都在5种以上,主要优势种有巨颤藻(Oscillatoria princeps Vauch.)、链丝藻(Hormidium flaccidum(Kütz.)Br.)、偏生毛枝藻(Stigeoclonium subsecundum(Kütz.)Haz.)等.藻类植物的Jaccard种类相似性指数在0.19~0.46之间.太子河流域藻类植物种类组成及细胞丰度均有明显的季节变化.     

Temporal variation of river flow renewability in the middle Yellow River and the influencing factors

In the past 30 years, the measured annual river flow of the Yellow River has declined significantly. After adding the diverted water back to get the ‘natural’ annual river flow, the tendency of decrease can still be seen. This indicates that the river flow renewability of the Yellow River has changed. The river flow renewability is indexed as the ratio of annual ‘natural’ river flow to annual precipitation over a river drainage basin, where the ‘natural’ river flow is the measured annual river flow plus the annual ‘net’ water diversion from the river. By using this index, based on the data from the drainage area between Hekouzhen and Longmen stations on the middle Yellow River, a study has been made of the river flow renewability of the Yellow River in the changing environment of the past 50 years. The river flow renewability index (I_rr) in the drainage area between Hekouzhen and Longmen in the middle Yellow River basin has been found to decline significantly with time. In the meantime, annual precipitation decreased, annual air temperature increased, but the area of water and soil conservation measures has been increased. It has been found that I_rr is positively correlated with the areal averaged annual precipitation, but negatively correlated with annual air temperature. There is close, negative correlation between I_rr and the area of water and soil conservation measures including land terracing, tree and grass planting and checkdam building, implying that water and soil conservation measures have reduced the river flow renewability. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Surveyed and modelled one‐year morphodynamics in the braided lower Tana River

Field measurements and morphodynamic simulations were carried out along a 5‐km reach of the sandy, braided, lower Tana River in order to detect temporal and spatial variations in river bed modifications and to determine the relative importance of different magnitude discharges on river bed and braid channel evolution during a time span of one year, i.e. 2008–2009. Fulfilling these aims required testing the morphodynamic model's capability to simulate changes in the braided reach. We performed the simulations using a 2‐D morphodynamic model and different transport equations. The survey showed that more deposition than erosion occurred during 2008–2009. Continuous bed‐load transport and bed elevation changes of ±1 m, and a 70–188‐m downstream migration of the thalweg occurred. Simulation results indicated that, during low water periods, modifications occurred in both the main channel and in other braid channels. Thus, unlike some gravel‐bed rivers, the sandy lower Tana River does not behave like a single‐thread channel at low discharge. However, at higher discharge, i.e. exceeding 497 m³/s, the river channel resembled a single‐thread channel when channel banks confined the flow. Although the spring discharge peaks caused more rapid modifications than slower flows, the cumulative volumetric changes of the low water period were greater. The importance of low water period flows for channel modifications is emphasized. Although the 2‐D model requires further improvements, the results were nevertheless promising for the future use of this approach in braided rivers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

珠江三角洲湖库水体嗅味物质分布及其去除

采用固相微萃取-气质联用技术对珠江三角洲9个城市共48个湖库水体中的土臭素（GSM）、2-甲基异茨醇（MIB）和2,3,6-三氯苯甲醚（TCA）等5种嗅味物质进行检测,并探讨污水处理厂和自来水厂处理工艺中嗅味物质的浓度变化规律,同时研究强化混凝沉淀工艺对嗅味物质的去除效果.结果表明：珠江三角洲湖库水体中嗅味问题最严重的是广州、佛山、肇庆、东莞、惠州和深圳6个城市,各市湖库的嗅味物质平均浓度为70.93~116.61 ng/L;中山、珠海与江门3个城市的嗅味问题不明显,各市湖库的嗅味物质平均浓度为22.78~58.82 ng/L;珠江三角洲的湖库中浓度最高的嗅味物质是MIB、TCA和GSM,这3种嗅味物质占了嗅味物质总浓度的80.18%~100.00%;污水处理厂和自来水厂中的处理工艺对嗅味物质均有一定的去除效果,嗅味物质的去除主要发生在混凝沉淀阶段;污水处理厂对MIB、TCA和GSM的平均去除率分别为53.55%、57.40%和72.90%;自来水厂对MIB、TCA和GSM的平均去除率分别为64.14%、69.63%和36.86%;强化混凝沉淀实验中,当嗅味物质初始浓度为200 ng/L时,Al₂O₃投加量为13.75 mg/L可使得混凝沉淀工艺对嗅味物质的去除效果最佳且保证铝盐不超标,嗅味物质浓度增大时Al₂O₃投加量也需增大;反应体系的pH值处于5~8时,混凝沉淀工艺对嗅味物质的去除效果最佳;混凝搅拌速率越快,嗅味物质的去除率越高且越快达到稳定.     

Modeling the impact of dam removal on channel evolution and sediment delivery in a multiple dam setting

Dam removal can generate geomorphic disturbances, including channel bed and bank erosion and associated abrupt/pulsed release and downstream transfer of reservoir sediment, but the type and rate of geomorphic response often are hard to predict. The situation gets even more complex in systems which have been impacted by multiple dams and a long and complex engineering history. In previous studies one-dimensional (1-D) models were used to predict aspects of post-removal channel change. However, these models do not consider two-dimensional (2-D) effects of dam removal such as bank erosion processes and lateral migration. In the current study the impacts of multiple dams and their removal on channel evolution and sediment delivery were modeled by using a 2-D landscape evolution model (CAESAR-Lisflood) focusing on the following aspects: patterns, rates, and processes of geomorphic change and associated sediment delivery on annual to decadal timescales. The current modeling study revealed that geomorphic response to dam removal (i.e., channel evolution and associated rates of sediment delivery) in multiple dam settings is variable and complex in space and time. Complexity in geomorphic system response is related to differences in dam size, the proximity of upstream dams, related buffering effects and associated rates of upstream sediment supply, and emerging feedback processes as well as to the presence of channel stabilization measures. Modeled types and rates of geomorphic adjustment, using the 2-D landscape evolution model CAESAR-Lisflood, are similar to those reported in previous studies. Moreover, the use of a 2-D method showed some advantages compared to 1-D models, generating spatially varying patterns of erosion and deposition before and after dam removal that provide morphologies that are more readily comparable to field data as well as features like the lateral re-working of past reservoir deposits which further enables the maintenance of sediment delivery downstream.     

黄河伊洛河中下游鱼类多样性及群落结构

为了解伊洛河中下游鱼类多样性、群落结构及其与环境因子的关系,于2016年2-12月对伊洛河中下游5个河段开展鱼类多样性及环境调查.共采集鱼类12361尾,43种,隶属于4目9科37属.伊洛河中下游鱼类群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson指数变化范围分别为1.75~2.38、2.44~3.63、0.59~0.76和0.73~0.86.各指数均以西草甸河段最高.各河段优势种以（Hemiculter leucisculus）、似鳊（Pseudobrama simoni）、鲫（Carassius auratus）、兴凯鱊（Acheilognathus chankaensis）和鳑鲏属（Rhodeus）等小型或广适性鱼类为主.丰度/生物量比较（ABC）曲线显示,除西草甸河段外,各河段优势鱼类群落均受到不同程度的干扰.其中七里铺和黑石关鱼类群落处于严重干扰状态,以小型鱼类或大型鱼类的幼鱼为主.采用冗余分析方法分析了鱼类群落结构与环境因子的关系,发现除了河床、水流、捕捞等因子以外,氨氮、总磷浓度与pH是导致伊洛河中下游鱼类群落结构差异的主要影响因子.针对伊洛河鱼类多样性现状,建议加强流域水质监管,恢复河流连通性,推进保护区全面禁渔,开展生态修复等以恢复伊洛河河流健康.     

河川环境规划之景观生态原则应用——以台湾北部淡水河流域为例

河川是一个复杂的生态系统,河川主支干道即为系统中的主要动脉,各种物质循环、能量流动、物种讯息传输,均依赖河川水系为之.但因人类迁入活动及过度利用水资源,干扰了水的自然循环,土壤与微生物的自然演化,生物的迁徙与演替平衡等.且目前河川治理大多以取水、防洪为优先,忽略了景观生态原则在河川中的作用,致使城市与水环境关系日益疏离,物种的栖息地逐渐被破坏.本研究以台湾北部淡水河流域为例,探讨河川流域中之景观生态功能,并将景观生态原则纳入流域治理的综合目标之一,研拟可持续发展的策略.     

太湖不同形态异味物质含量、相互关系及其与环境因子关系的探讨

根据2009年6月到2010年5月太湖水样中溶解态和结合态异味化合物(2-甲基异茨醇(MIB)、土嗅素(GEO)、β-环柠檬醛、β-紫罗兰酮)的月间采样分析结果,综合考虑各种环境因子以及蓝藻种属,探讨了溶解态和结合态异味化合物之间的关系以及影响太湖中异味化合物的主要环境因子.结果表明溶解态MIB和结合态β-环柠檬醛、β-紫罗兰酮是研究期间湖水中的主要异味化合物,这些物质对于太湖水体发生异味具有较大贡献或较大潜在贡献.通过本文研究和对以往文献讨论推测,太湖中溶解态和结合态异味化合物相关关系较弱的原因可能是,异味化合物生产和释放速率的变化、微生物降解、光解、吸附和挥发等.同时发现微囊藻和叶绿素a与太湖异味化合物关系密切.蓝藻水华对于太湖异味化合物的发生具有重要影响,控制蓝藻水华发生的关键是控制或减缓太湖异味问题.