Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic tectonics of the Malay Peninsula constrained by thermochronology

New thermochronological analyses of granites from the Malay Peninsula record the region’s thermal history during the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and (U–Th–Sm)/He analyses are combined with existing fission track data to provide a comprehensive set of temperature and time data. Fully and partially reset K-feldspar and biotite mica ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analyses indicate a significant period of thermal perturbation between ∼100 and ∼90 Ma, and a second lesser perturbation between ∼51 and ∼43 Ma. Zircon (U–Th–Sm)/He analyses and existing fission track data indicate exhumation of the Malay Peninsula in the Cretaceous, and renewed, localised exhumation in the early Paleogene. Apatite (U–Th–Sm)/He and fission track data indicate rapid exhumation of the region in the Late Eocene and Oligocene. Late Cretaceous tectonism is linked to the reversal of a regional dynamic topographic low following the cessation of subduction along the Sundaland margin in the Late Cretaceous, causing regional uplift and exhumation and the addition of significant heat into the crust via mantle upwelling. Early Paleogene exhumation may reflect the continuation of Cretaceous tectonism or a discrete phase of Paleocene exhumation linked to localised transpressional tectonics. Eocene tectonism is coincident with major subsidence offshore of the Malay Peninsula, interpreted to reflect regional block faulting in response to north–south compression driven by the resumption of subduction along the southern margin of Sundaland in the Eocene.     

Meso-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Talas-Fergana region of the Kyrgyz Tien Shan revealed by low-temperature basement and detrital thermochronology

This study provides new low-temperature thermochronometric data, mainly apatite fission track data on the basement rocks in and adjacent to the Talas-Fergana Fault, in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan in the first place.In the second place, we also present new detrital apatite fission track data on the Meso-Cenozoic sediments from fault related basins and surrounding intramontane basins. Our results confirm multistaged Meso-Cenozoic tectonic activity, possibly induced by the accretion of the so-called Cimmerian blocks to the Eurasian margin. New evidence for this multi-staged thermo-tectonic activity is found in the data of both basement and Meso-Cenozoic sediment samples in or close to the Talas-Fergana Fault.Zircon(U-Th)/He and apatite fission track data constrain rapid Late TriassiceE arly Jurassic and Late JurassiceE arly Cretaceous basement cooling in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan around 200 Ma and 130 -100 Ma respectively. Detrital apatite fission track results indicate a different burial history on both sides of the Talas-Fergana Fault. The apatite fission track system of the Jurassic sediments in the Middle Tien Shan unit east of the Talas-Fergana Fault is not reset, while the Jurassic sediments in the Fergana Basin and Yarkand-Fergana Basin, west of the fault zone, are partially and in some cases even totally reset. The totally reset samples exhibit Oligocene and Miocene ages and evidence the Cenozoic reactivation of the western Kyrgyz Tien Shan as a consequence of the India-Eurasia convergence.     

青藏高原东南缘察隅地区晚新生代岩体差异抬-剥露和高原扩展的裂变径迹证据

对青藏高原东南缘晚新生代抬升扩展的研究是联系青藏高原周缘陆内变形发展特征的重要问题.通过藏东南察隅地区的磷灰石裂变径迹分析揭示,自北向南的德姆拉岩体、阿扎贡拉岩体和察隅岩体受控于断裂构造而表现出的晚新生代差异抬升-剥露是高原向周缘扩展的一种指示.抬升-剥露的时序为15.1～13.7Ma、6.3～4.3Ma、3.5～3.3Ma、1.9～1.7Ma和1.1～1.0Ma.活动性总体上向南扩展和迁移.晚中新世(约6～5Ma)是岩体抬升-剥露速率出现转折的关键时期,在藏东南--滇西北地区具有区域响应,并可能奠定了现今青藏高原东南缘的地势发展格局.从青藏高原东北部到东南部,高原晚新生代陆内变形向周缘的扩展和增生表现出多阶段、准同时和不均衡的发展特性.     

藏南冈底斯岩基东段石炭纪岩浆作用记录

藏南冈底斯岩基记录了大量中生代和新生代以来的岩浆作用信息,虽然晚古生代的岩浆岩报道较少,但对限定拉萨地块在新特提斯洋俯冲之前的构造作用具有重要意义。本文通过综合已有资料,进一步对加查县和朗县晚古生代花岗岩开展了锆石U-Pb地质年代学及全岩元素地球化学组成的研究。加查县和郎县花岗片麻岩的原岩年龄分别为~344.8Ma和344.0~362.0Ma,表明加查和朗县岩体都形成于石炭纪。这些岩石具有较高的SiO₂含量（67.46%~75.33%）,Al₂O₃含量较低（12.66%~15.82%）,CaO含量为0.79%~4.32%,FeO和MgO的含量分别为0.48%~3.00%和0.28%~1.64%。依据它们的K₂O/Na₂O比值,这些岩石可分为富钾和富钠两个演化系列。这些岩石富集轻稀土元素,亏损Nb、Ta和Ti,但Zr和Hf无明显异常。地球化学特征和年代学信息表明：（1）冈底斯岩基东段石炭纪花岗岩形成于弧后伸展环境,可能与古特提斯洋向冈瓦纳大陆北缘的俯冲作用有关;（2）镁铁质岩浆演化形成富钠花岗岩,幔源岩浆和中下地壳岩熔体的混合形成富钾花岗岩;和（3）石炭纪岩浆作用持续时间至少~30Myr。

     

青藏高原东南缘察隅地区晚新生代岩体差异抬升-剥露和高原扩展的裂变径迹证据

对青藏高原东南缘晚新生代抬升扩展的研究是联系青藏高原周缘陆内变形发展特征的重要问题。通过藏东南察隅地区的磷灰石裂变径迹分析揭示,自北向南的德姆拉岩体、阿扎贡拉岩体和察隅岩体受控于断裂构造而表现出的晚新生代差异抬升—剥露是高原向周缘扩展的一种指示。抬升—剥露的时序为15.1～13.7Ma、6.3～4.3Ma、3.5～3.3Ma、1.9～1.7Ma和1.1～1.0Ma,活动性总体上向南扩展和迁移。晚中新世(约6～5Ma)是岩体抬升—剥露速率出现转折的关键时期,在藏东南—滇西北地区具有区域响应,并可能奠定了现今青藏高原东南缘的地势发展格局。从青藏高原东北部到东南部,高原晚新生代陆内变形向周缘的扩展和增生表现出多阶段、准同时和不均衡的发展特性。     

Post-Variscan evolution of the Anti-Atlas belt of Morocco constrained from low-temperature geochronology

International Journal of Earth Sciences - The Anti-Atlas belt of Morocco extends ENE–WSW, over more than 600 km, from the Atlantic margin in the west to the interior of the African...     

New insights from low-temperature thermochronology into the tectonic and geomorphologic evolution of the south-eastern Brazilian highlands and passive margin

The South Atlantic passive margin along the south-eastern Brazilian highlands exhibits a complex landscape,including a northern inselberg area and a southern elevated plateau,separated by the Doce River valley.This landscape is set on the Proterozoic to early Paleozoic rocks of the region that once was the hot core of the Aracuai orogen,in Ediacaran to Ordovician times.Due to the break-up of Gondwana and consequently the opening of the South Atlantic during the Early Cretaceous,those rocks of the Araquai orogen became the basement of a portion of the South Atlantic passive margin and related southeastern Brazilian highlands.Our goal is to provide a new set of constraints on the thermo-tectonic history of this portion of the south-eastern Brazilian margin and related surface processes,and to provide a hypothesis on the geodynamic context since break-up.To this end,we combine the apatite fission track(AFT)and apatite(U-Th)/He(AHe)methods as input for inverse thermal history modelling.All our AFT and AHe central ages are Late Cretaceous to early Paleogene.The AFT ages vary between 62 Ma and90 Ma,with mean track lengths between 12.2μm and 13.6μm.AHe ages are found to be equivalent to AFT ages within uncertainty,albeit with the former exhibiting a lesser degree of confidence.We relate this Late Cretaceous-Paleocene basement cooling to uplift with accelerated denudation at this time.Spatial variation of the denudation time can be linked to differential reactivation of the Precambrian structural network and differential erosion due to a complex interplay with the drainage system.We argue that posterior large-scale sedimentation in the offshore basins may be a result of flexural isostasy combined with an expansion of the drainage network.We put forward the combined compression of the Mid-Atlantic ridge and the Peruvian phase of the Andean orogeny,potentially augmented through the thermal weakening of the lower crust by the Trindade thermal anomaly,as a probable cause for the uplift.     

西藏措勤晚白垩世英安岩的厘定与地球化学特征

野外地质调查和SHRIMP锆石U/Pb地质年代学研究表明,拉萨地块中带措勤地区发育一套形成于晚白垩世中期的英安岩(88.5±1.2 Ma)。该套火山岩具有岛弧火山岩的地球化学特征,为地壳深部岩浆岩部分熔融形成的Ⅰ型岩浆岩,经历了明显的斜长石分离结晶作用。与同时代的侵入岩相比,该套火山岩为高度演化的岩浆,Rb/Sr比值较高,但Sr/Y比值较低。在拉萨地块内部,广泛发育的90～85 Ma的岩浆作用与新特提斯洋的北向俯冲作用相关。     

滇西瑶山杂岩变形特征与新生代剥露隆升的磷灰石裂变径迹证据

瑶山杂岩是位于哀牢山-红河剪切带(ASRR)上最南端的一个杂岩体,即瑶山-大象山杂岩的中国境内部分。为了揭示杂岩体的低温热演化与浅部剥露历史,并正确理解ASRR变质杂岩的剥露与构造演化,本文开展了杂岩体的宏观构造以及深入的显微构造分析,并在平行杂岩延伸方向上和垂直杂岩延伸方向上进行了磷灰石裂变径迹分析。结果显示,瑶山杂岩作为一个宏观线性穹窿,自渐新世以来经历了多阶段热演化过程。磷灰石的热历史反演结果表明,在约30Ma的时候,瑶山杂岩就已经剥露到距地表4.3km处,继而存在三次抬升过程:30~25Ma,是一个快速的抬升过程,冷却速率为8~8.9℃/Myr;25~12.5Ma,是一个相对缓慢的抬升过程,冷却速率为1.5~1.9℃/Myr;从中新世约13Ma至今,抬升速度又开始加快,但小于第一阶段的速度,冷却速率为3.4~4.1℃/Myr。根据磷灰石裂变径迹年龄的分布,在平行杂岩体的延伸方向上,剥露过程不是整体抬升的,而是一个不均匀的剥露过程;而在垂直杂岩体延伸方向上,是一个整体的均匀的剥露过程。区域尺度上,沿着瑶山-大象山杂岩体延伸方向上,从南东到北西,磷灰石年龄有逐渐变新的趋势,说明剥露具有穿时性;而在瑶山杂岩局部,剥露具有不均匀性,类似于波瓦状剥露特点。     

藏南冈底斯岩基日多地区花岗岩体形成时代和地球化学特征

冈底斯岩基广泛发育三叠纪-中新世的岩浆岩,是研究与新特提斯洋北向俯冲和印度-欧亚大陆碰撞相关的构造岩浆作用特征的天然实验室。日多地区花岗岩体位于藏南墨竹工卡县东侧日多乡附近,其主体为花岗岩,被花岗闪长玢岩脉侵入。锆石U-Pb地质年代学表明:主体花岗岩形成于62.7±0.5Ma,侵入其中的花岗闪长玢岩脉形成于59.5±1.5Ma,并捕获了大量的侏罗纪岩浆岩锆石(155.4±1.8Ma)。日多地区花岗岩体的全岩地球化学特征为:(1)高Si O_2、Na_2O、Al_2O_3,低Fe O~T、MgO、Ti O_2;(2)富集轻稀土(LREE),亏损重稀土(HREE)及高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、P元素;(3)具有Eu负异常,总体显示高钾钙碱性、过铝质花岗岩和岛弧型岩浆岩特征。锆石Hf同位素特征暗示其岩浆源区为基性下地壳物质。花岗闪长玢岩脉裹挟大量侏罗纪岩浆型锆石,表明冈底斯岩基拉萨以东地区可能经历了较广泛的晚侏罗世岩浆作用。     

Exhumation history of the Peake and Denison Inliers: insights from low-temperature thermochronology

Multi-method thermochronology applied to the Peake and Denison Inliers (northern South Australia) reveals multiple low-temperature thermal events. Apatite fission track (AFT) data suggest two main time periods of basement cooling and/or reheating into AFT closure temperatures (～60–120°C); at ca 470–440 Ma and ca 340–300 Ma. We interpret the Ordovician pulse of rapid basement cooling as a result of post-orogenic cooling after the Delamerian Orogeny, followed by deformation related to the start of the Alice Springs Orogeny and orocline formation relating to the Benambran Orogeny. This is supported by a titanite U/Pb age of 479 ± 7 Ma. Our thermal history models indicate that subsequent denudation and sedimentary burial during the Devonian brought the basement rocks back to zircon U–Th–Sm/He (ZHe) closure temperatures (～200–150°C). This period was followed by a renewal of rapid cooling during the Carboniferous, likely as the result of the final pulses of the Alice Springs Orogeny, which exhumed the inlier to ambient surface temperatures. This thermal event is supported by the presence of the Mount Margaret erosion surface, which indicates that the inlier was exposed at the surface during the early Permian. During the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic, the inlier was subjected to minor reheating to AFT closure temperatures; however, the exact timing cannot be deduced from our dataset. Cretaceous apatite U–Th–Sm/He (AHe) ages coupled with the presence of contemporaneous coarse-grained terrigenous rocks suggest a temporally thermal perturbation related with shallow burial during this time, before late Cretaceous exhumation cooled the inliers back to ambient surface temperatures.     

西藏冈底斯岩基南木林晚白垩世岩体和脉岩地球化学与岩石成因

青藏高原南拉萨地体晚白垩世岩浆岩是揭示新特提斯洋北向俯冲动力学过程的重要岩浆记录。前人对东西向展布的冈底斯岩基不同区段出露的各类晚白垩世岩浆岩进行了大量研究,但对该时期岩石成因和新特提斯俯冲的深部过程仍存在一些争议。本文报道的冈底斯岩基南缘南木林地区的辉长岩体及侵入其中的基性和酸性脉岩,形成于晚白垩世早期,在辉长岩体(92～94Ma)就位后不久基性和酸性脉岩(91Ma)同时侵入,野外露头较好地展示了它们的穿切关系。寄主辉长岩和基性脉岩均属于高钾钙碱性系列,Si O_2含量不均一(49.60%～57.99%),高铝(Al_2O_3,16.41%～18.67%),无明显Eu负异常,低Cr、Ni,表明可能经历过角闪石分离结晶。酸性脉岩属于弱过铝质钾玄质系列,普遍高硅(Si O_270%)、高全碱(8.06%～9.44%),与岩体无成分演化关系。三类岩石的微量元素均显示弧岩浆的特征,表现为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损,Th、U、K、Pb、Sr等大离子亲石元素相对富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti等相对亏损。辉长岩和酸性脉岩锆石Hf同位素均表现亏损特征(ε_(Hf)(t)为+7.8～+11.4),一阶段模式年龄和地壳模式年龄均低于506Ma。综合辉长岩和基性脉岩的Nb/La、Nb/U和Ce/Pb特征,表明岩浆应来源于受流体交代的弧下地幔楔源区,而酸性岩脉具有高Sr/Y比和(La/Yb)_N比的埃达克质特征,可能来自弧下加厚的新生镁铁质下地壳。考虑到区域上95～85Ma岩浆活动广泛分布于整个冈底斯岩基中,本文认为在冈底斯岩浆弧的中段,晚白垩世早期北向俯冲的新特提斯洋发生了板片回转,同时导致了地幔和下地壳的部分熔融作用。     

青藏高原东南缘晚新生代幕式抬升作用的Ar-Ar热年代学证据

位于青藏高原东南缘的鲜水河断裂带是一条大型的活动左旋走滑断裂带,对该断裂带进行同位素年代学研究,可以为青藏高原东南部物质迁移和构造隆升历史研究提供时代依据.Ar-Ar热年代学研究表明,鲜水河断裂带在晚新生代持续的左行走滑活动过程中,沿断裂带不同区段发生了显著的差异隆升.以黑云母的Ar同位素体系封闭温度作参照点,鲜水河断裂带北西段、中段、南东段抬升冷却穿过350℃温度点的时间分别为10.39～10.13Ma、5.70～4.42Ma和3.60～3.46Ma.这一研究结果证明青藏高原东南缘在晚新生代以来发生了幕式抬升作用,幕式抬升作用发生的时代分别为～10.1 Ma、5.7～4.4Ma和～3.6Ma.     

藏南冈底斯岩基晚白垩世含紫苏辉石侵入岩的地球化学特征及其成因探讨

冈底斯岩基南缘自西向东,从楠木林到米林广泛出露一系列含暗色细粒包体的含紫苏辉石侵入岩。这一系列含紫苏辉石的侵入岩具有斜长石以及紫苏辉石的巨晶（>5mm）,呈现出堆晶结构。锆石U-Pb定年表明,这一系列含紫苏辉石侵入岩的结晶年龄为97~77Ma,并不随侵位位置具有显著的经度上的变化。含紫苏辉石的基性岩具有高的Al₂O₃（17.3%~18.2%）含量,较高的MgO（3.9%~4.1%）含量,FeO^T含量在8.7%~9.0%之间;低的Cr（< 14.8×10^-6）和Ni（< 15.0×10^-6）含量,基本不具有Eu的异常,富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）和LREE,亏损高场强元素（HFSE）。含紫苏辉石的中-酸性岩具有高的Al₂O₃（14.9%~18.8%）含量,高的Mg^#值（>39.7）;变化较大的Cr（5.7×10^-6~260×10^-6）和Ni（10.2×10^-6~78.2×10^-6）含量,具有微弱-强烈的Eu的负异常,富集LILE和LREE,亏损HFSE。暗色细粒包体与含紫苏辉石基性岩相比具有相似的SiO₂含量,FeO^T（8.1%~9.0%）含量,稍高的MgO（4.7%~5.4%）含量,Al₂O₃（18.1%~19.4%）含量以及Mg^#值（51.0~52.6）;具有与含紫苏辉石基性岩相似的微量元素分布和稀土元素配分模式。这一系列含紫苏辉石的侵入岩具有较低的初始Sr同位素比值（⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_（t）=0.7037~0.7044）,较高并变化较大的ε_Nd（t）值（+3.7~+9.4）和ε_Hf（t）值（+9.9~+14.6）。这些特征共同说明,经流体+熔体交代的地幔楔中软流圈部分在俯冲流体存在的情况下发生部分熔融形成母岩浆,其母岩浆随后与俯冲板片熔体发生混合。在岩浆演化过程中经历了单斜辉石、斜方辉石以及斜长石的分离结晶并最终形成了冈底斯岩基南缘出露的含紫苏辉石侵入岩。暗色细粒包体可以代表母岩浆的早期堆晶,是岩浆淬火作用的产物。母岩浆中大量流体的存在,使其结晶顺序为单斜辉石-斜长石（紫苏辉石）,随后的堆晶作用使得这一系列侵入岩得以赋存紫苏辉石。

     

Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Aegean

The Aegean region is a concentrate of the main geodynamic processes that shaped the Mediterranean region: oceanic and continental subduction, mountain building, high-pressure and low-temperature metamorphism, backarc extension, post-orogenic collapse, metamorphic core complexes, gneiss domes are the ingredients of a complex evolution that started at the end of the Cretaceous with the closure of the Tethyan ocean along the Vardar suture zone. Using available plate kinematic, geophysical, petrological and structural data, we present a synthetic tectonic map of the whole region encompassing the Balkans, Western Turkey, the Aegean Sea, the Hellenic Arc, the Mediterranean Ridge and continental Greece and we build a lithospheric-scale N-S cross-section from Crete to the Rhodope massif. We then describe the tectonic evolution of this cross-section with a series of reconstructions from ~70 Ma to the Present. We follow on the hypothesis that a single subduction has been active throughout most of the Mesozoic and the entire Cenozoic, and we show that the geological record is compatible with this hypothesis. The reconstructions show that continental subduction (Apulian and Pelagonian continental blocks) did not induce slab break-off in this case. Using this evolution, we discuss the mechanisms leading to the exhumation of metamorphic rocks and the subsequent formation of extensional metamorphic domes in the backarc region during slab retreat. The tectonic histories of the two regions showing large-scale extension, the Rhodope and the Cyclades are then compared. The respective contributions to slab retreat, post-orogenic extension and lower crust partial melting of changes in kinematic boundary conditions and in nature of subducting material, from continental to oceanic, are discussed.     

青藏高原典型地区的地貌量化分析——兼对高原“夷平面”的讨论

尽管过去150年以来,人们对于喜马拉雅造山带有很长的一段研究历史,但是对其几何特征、运动方式、动力学演化仍然理解不深。这种情况的出现,主要是因为人们持续关注的是喜马拉雅造山带的二维构造空间特性,并将某些研究程度较高地区的地质关系向外推广到造山带其他地区。就地理、地层及构造划分而言,概念的混淆和误解在有关喜马拉雅的文章中也大量存在。为了阐明这些问题,并为那些有兴趣探究喜马拉雅造山带地质演化过程的人们提供一个新的平台,文中系统地综述了以前的基本观察。我的综述主要是强调沿走向变化的喜马拉雅地质格架在喜马拉雅剥露、变质和前陆沉积方面所起的作用。文章的主要目的是阐明占据造山带核部的大喜马拉雅结晶岩带(GHC)的侵位历史。因为喜马拉雅大部分地区是由主中央冲断层(MCT)和藏南拆离系(STD)之间的GHC所组成,所以在地图和剖面观察上确定这些一级喜马拉雅构造之间的关系是非常关键的。中喜马拉雅出露的平面模式表明,MCT具有断坪-断坡的逆断层的几何特征。南部的逆冲断坪携带了一个GHC的板片(Slab)叠置在小喜马拉雅层序之上(LHS),并形成了一个在MCT逆冲断层带之南延续100km的巨大上盘断弯褶皱。在西喜马拉雅造山带地区,东经约77°处,MCT呈现为横向逆冲断坡(Mandi倾向逆冲断坡)。在其西边,MCT将低级变质的特提斯喜马拉雅层序(THS)叠置到低级变质的小喜马拉雅之上;而在其东边,MCT将高级GHC叠置到低级LHS之上。这种沿走向变化的地层叠置和横穿MCT的变质等级表明,逆冲断层的断距向西减小,可能是由于地壳短缩总量沿着喜马拉雅造山带向西减小所致。在所有出露的地方,STD大致都沿着THS底部的同一地层面,呈现出一个长度>100km的上盘断坪。这种关系说明:STD可能沿着一个先期存在的岩石接触面,或者沿中部地壳近水平的脆性—韧性转换带而发生。虽然喜马拉雅造山带藏南拆离系的上盘都有THS发育,但是至今没有找到THS切断STD下盘的证据。这样使得估算STD的滑动距离非常困难。STD最南端地层或与MCT(即,Zanskar)相交,或者位于MCT前端1～2km的范围内(不丹),这两种可能都暗示MCT与STD在它们向南的上倾(up-dip)方向有可能结合。虽然这种几何特征在现有的模型中几乎被忽略,但对于整个喜马拉雅造山带的变形和剥露历史具有重要的指示作用。     

江汉盆地当阳向斜区主要不整合面剥蚀厚度

本文利用磷灰石裂变径迹、(U-Th Sm)/He及镜质体反射率Ro％等古温标方法综合分析了江汉盆地当阳向斜区主要不整合面剥蚀厚度.结果表明:发育于古近纪末期不整合面T1界面累积剥蚀厚度超过1000m,且局部正反转区域如谢家湾断褶带等则遭受更大规模的剥蚀,剥蚀厚度可能超过2000m,而发育于晚侏罗世一早白垩世的不整合面T11界面累积剥蚀厚度超过4000m,且主要是晚侏罗世早白垩世构造事件的结果,表明该期剥蚀量明显大于古近纪末T1界面剥蚀量;晚三叠世—侏罗纪期间,当阳地区发育前陆坳陷带,侏罗纪堆积体具有明显东厚西薄的楔形体特征,位于盆地东部的前渊区沉积厚度可超过5000m;包括现今三叠系和侏罗系出露区以及江陵凹陷局部断隆区在内的前白垩系在侏罗纪前陆坳陷带发育时期达到最大埋深和最高古温度,其Ro％主要是该期获得的;晚白垩世—古近纪发育的断陷盆地范围可能远比现今残留盆地分布广,江陵凹陷上白垩统—古近系厚度超过9000m,其中古近系可能超过7000m,而在河溶凹陷谢家湾断褶带古近系厚度可超过3300m.     

中亚造山带东段西拉木伦构造带的性质与演化：来自变形和低温热年代学的约束

中亚造山带东段何时与何地关闭,从俯冲到关闭的过程以及随后的陆内演化又经历了什么主要事件,目前还存在不同认识。中亚造山带东段林西地区的蛇绿混杂岩及其周围地区的区域地质调查表明,以杏树洼蛇绿混杂岩和双井片岩为代表的西拉木伦河构造带是一个晚古生代的增生楔,在该混杂岩带中发育了典型的岩块被包裹在基质中的构造。该楔体被中、晚二叠世克德河砾岩所覆盖。增生楔中最早的近东西向构造代表了向南俯冲阶段的变形,随后继续经历向北的逆冲推覆,卷入了中、晚二叠世地层,形成了碰撞期的变形;在晚二叠世末期—三叠纪早期,蛇绿混杂岩以及上覆的克德河砾岩又经历了区域性的强烈的右行韧性剪切,并发生应变分解。晚二叠世区域性的右行韧性剪切在中亚造山带南缘普遍发育,代表了中亚造山带已经全部进入陆内环境。双井片岩也经历了与蛇绿混杂岩类似的变形事件,在增生楔下部经历变质作用,并在碰撞期抬升至地表,晚期为区域性的右行剪切。同时,结合锆石与磷灰石低温热年代学测试表明,双井片岩和蛇绿混杂岩共同经历了中、晚侏罗世源自北侧蒙古-阿霍茨克大洋关闭导致的近南北向挤压、早白垩世期间遍及东亚的区域性伸展以及晚白垩世短暂的构造反转事件。     

拉斯曼丘陵新生代剥露作用的裂变径迹证据

在西南极和横贯南极山脉地区,新生代裂谷和剥露作用非常普遍。但是,文献中很少记录东南极地区的新生代剥露作用。文中根据东南极普里兹湾拉斯曼丘陵地质样品的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄和热历史的模拟,认为在东南极海岸边缘存在新生代的隆升和伸展作用,其年龄为始于(49.8±12)Ma。该年龄略晚于西南极裂谷系的启动年龄(约60~50Ma)。由于差异隆升作用,在拉斯曼丘陵地区发育了更新的正断层作用——拉斯曼丘陵拆离断层的新活动,其年龄为约5.4Ma。东南极周缘新生代裂谷和伸展作用的普遍存在,是冈瓦纳裂解以来大陆分离和印度洋形成的结果。