Urban event detection with big data of taxi OD trips: A time series decomposition approach

Big urban mobility data, such as taxi trips, cell phone records, and geo‐social media check‐ins, offer great opportunities for analyzing the dynamics, events, and spatiotemporal trends of the urban social landscape. In this article, we present a new approach to the detection of urban events based on location‐specific time series decomposition and outlier detection. The approach first extracts long‐term temporal trends and seasonal periodicity patterns. Events are defined as anomalies that deviate significantly from the prediction with the discovered temporal patterns, i.e., trend and periodicity. Specifically, we adopt the STL approach, i.e., seasonal and trend decomposition using LOESS (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing), to decompose the time series for each location into three components: long‐term trend, seasonal periodicity, and the remainder. Events are extracted from the remainder component for each location with an outlier detection method. We analyze over a billion taxi trips for over seven years in Manhattan (New York City) to detect and map urban events at different temporal resolutions. Results show that the approach is effective and robust in detecting events and revealing urban dynamics with both holistic understandings and location‐specific interpretations.     

利用角点进行高分辨率遥感影像居民地检测方法

传统的城区检测方法大多是基于影像的全局特征,如纹理、光谱、形状等。当影像出现尺度、光照等条件变化时,将导致这些特征出现变化,造成算法的稳健性下降。而局部不变特征（例如,角点）却不易受到这些因素的影响。为此,本文提出一种无监督的基于角点特征的高分辨率遥感影像城区检测方法。该方法首先在传统的Harris算子的基础上,加入局部和全局约束准则检测影像中的角点,然后根据影像中角点的分布情况,自适应地构建似然函数来度量影像中每一个像素点属于城区的概率,最后采用二值分割的方法提取影像中的城市区域。实验结果表明：该方法可以快速、可靠地检测到影像中的城市区域,具有较高的实际应用价值。     

Visualizing population mobility from spatiotemporally aggregated mobile phone data via a 3D gradient approach

Population mobility patterns are important for understanding a city's rhythms. With the widespread use of mobile phones, population-based trajectories can be utilized to explore such mobility patterns. However, to protect personal privacy, mobile phone data must be de-identified by data aggregation within each spatiotemporal unit. In data acquired from mobile phones, population mobility features are still implicit in the spatiotemporally aggregated grid data. In this study, based on image-processing techniques, a two-step 3D gradient method is adopted to extract the movement features. The first step is to estimate the initial movement pattern in each spatiotemporal grid, and then to estimate the accumulated movement pattern within a time period around a geographical grid. This method can be applied adaptively to multi-scale spatiotemporal grid data. Using geospatial visualization methods, estimated motion characteristics such as velocity and flow direction can be made intuitive and integrated with other multiscale geospatial data. Furthermore, the correlation between the population mobility pattern and demographic characteristics, such as gender and age groups, can be analyzed with intuitive visualization. The implication of the visualization results can be used for understanding the human dynamics in a city, which can be beneficial for urban planning, transportation management, and socioeconomic development.     

边缘约束下的分形网络分割算法

分形网络演化算法（fractal net evolution approach,FNEA）是一种有效的多尺度影像分割算法,但对于具有斑点噪声、局部区域对比度低等特点的高分辨率合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）图像,直接应用FNEA算法得到的分割结果难以用于后续的面向对象影像分析。提出了基于边缘约束的FNEA（edge restricted FNEA,eFNEA）算法,通过加入边缘信息和构建异质性规则来为分割融入更多信息,提高分割效果。实验结果表明,对于微弱边缘和噪声污染严重等情形,eFNEA算法的分割结果均优于FNEA算法。     

城市手机用户移动轨迹时空熵特征分析

利用手机话单数据分析城市个体居民移动活动的时间熵和空间熵特征,一方面探讨了从原始话单记录中进行出行识别的必要性,另一方面提出了一种考虑空间邻近性的轨迹近似熵特征分析方法。其中,出行识别可以克服手机定位数据采样频率较低的缺陷;近似熵分析方法具有强空间鲁棒性,可以减少因手机定位数据空间精度较低带来的影响。实证结果表明,城市居民出行活动既具有强烈的目的地选择倾向,同时也具有强烈的移动路径选择偏好。     

利用小波变换的高分辨率多光谱遥感图像多尺度分水岭分割

为了减少仅用分水岭变换而导致的过分割问题,本文提出利用小波变换的多尺度处理方式用于融合后多光谱QuickBird图像的分割。整个分割过程包括多尺度图像表示、图像分割、区域合并和结果映射等过程。首先,依据原始图像的大小确定分解尺度并用小波变换产生各波段的低尺度图像。采用相位一致模型提取各近似系数的梯度,并逐尺度地融合各梯度图。分析不同尺度下的不同地物的局部梯度方差,以选择最佳的小波分解尺度。然后,通过移动阈值与扩展最小变换,利用多层次标记提取方法标记均质区域。进而,在梯度重建的基础上利用标记分水岭变换得到分割图像。其次,采取空间相邻关系、面积、光谱与纹理等多约束策略,以搜索最小合并代价的方式合并最初分割区域中的邻接区域对。最后,修改细节子图并进行小波逆变换将最初分割结果投影到更高尺度图像,同时处理边界上的像元以保持区域边界直至原始图像。实验结果表明本文方法不仅能够用于高分辨率多光谱遥感图像的分割,而且缓解了过分割问题且取得了较准确的分割效果。     

城市道路的多特征多核SVM提取方法

针对高分辨率遥感影像中城市道路提取的复杂性及SVM的分类性能,提出了一种城市道路的多特征多核SVM提取方法。首先利用FCM算法将原始影像粗分为建成区和非建成区两类,剔除非建成区;然后根据分水岭分割算法分割建成区并提取分割对象的光谱特征与空间特征,以全局核函数和局部核函数加权组合的方式构建多核SVM对建成区进行二次分类,去除建成区中的建筑物等非道路信息;最后利用数学形态学处理,获得最终的道路提取结果。试验结果表明：文中所提方法能够较精确地提取城市道路信息,分类精度高于单核SVM提取及其他对比方法。     

Extraction and motion estimation of vehicles in single-pass airborne LiDAR data towards urban traffic analysis

Airborne LiDAR data are characterized by involving not only rich spatial but also temporal information. It is possible to extract vehicles with motion artifacts from single-pass airborne LiDAR data, based on which the motion state and velocity of vehicles can be identified and derived. In this paper, a complete strategy for urban traffic analysis using airborne LiDAR data is presented. An adaptive 3D segmentation method is presented to facilitate the task of vehicle extraction. The method features an ability to detect local arbitrary modes at multi scales, thereby making it particularly appropriate for partitioning complex point cloud data. Vehicle objects are then extracted by a binary classification using object-based features. Furthermore, the motion analysis for extracted vehicles is performed to distinguish between moving and stationary ones. Finally, the velocity is estimated for moving vehicles. The applicability and efficiency of the presented strategy is demonstrated and evaluated on three ALS datasets acquired for the propose of city mapping, where up to 87% of vehicles have been extracted and up to 83% of moving traffic can be recovered together with reasonable velocity estimates. It can be concluded that airborne LiDAR data can provide value-added products for traffic monitoring applications, including vehicle counts, location and velocity, along with traditional products such as building models, DEMs and vegetation models.     

Detecting vehicle traffic patterns in urban environments using taxi trajectory intersection points

Abstract

Detecting and describing movement of vehicles in established transportation infrastructures is an important task. It helps to predict periodical traffic patterns for optimizing traffic regulations and extending the functions of established transportation infrastructures. The detection of traffic patterns consists not only of analyses of arrangement patterns of multiple vehicle trajectories, but also of the inspection of the embedded geographical context. In this paper, we introduce a method for intersecting vehicle trajectories and extracting their intersection points for selected rush hours in urban environments. Those vehicle trajectory intersection points (TIP) are frequently visited locations within urban road networks and are subsequently formed into density-connected clusters, which are then represented as polygons. For representing temporal variations of the created polygons, we enrich these with vehicle trajectories of other times of the day and additional road network information. In a case study, we test our approach on massive taxi Floating Car Data (FCD) from Shanghai and road network data from the OpenStreetMap (OSM) project. The first test results show strong correlations with periodical traffic events in Shanghai. Based on these results, we reason out the usefulness of polygons representing frequently visited locations for analyses in urban planning and traffic engineering.     

A multi-level context-guided classification method with object-based convolutional neural network for land cover classification using very high resolution remote sensing images

Classification of very high resolution imagery (VHRI) is challenging due to the difficulty in mining complex spatial and spectral patterns from rich image details. Various object-based Convolutional Neural Networks (OCNN) for VHRI classification have been proposed to overcome the drawbacks of the redundant pixel-wise CNNs, owing to their low computational cost and fine contour-preserving. However, classification performance of OCNN is still limited by geometric distortions, insufficient feature representation, and lack of contextual guidance. In this paper, an innovative multi-level context-guided classification method with the OCNN (MLCG-OCNN) is proposed. A feature-fusing OCNN, including the object contour-preserving mask strategy with the supplement of object deformation coefficient, is developed for accurate object discrimination by learning simultaneously high-level features from independent spectral patterns, geometric characteristics, and object-level contextual information. Then pixel-level contextual guidance is used to further improve the per-object classification results. The MLCG-OCNN method is intentionally tested on two validated small image datasets with limited training samples, to assess the performance in applications of land cover classification where a trade-off between time-consumption of sample training and overall accuracy needs to be found, as it is very common in the practice. Compared with traditional benchmark methods including the patch-based per-pixel CNN (PBPP), the patch-based per-object CNN (PBPO), the pixel-wise CNN with object segmentation refinement (PO), semantic segmentation U-Net (U-NET), and DeepLabV3+(DLV3+), MLCG-OCNN method achieves remarkable classification performance (> 80 %). Compared with the state-of-the-art architecture DeepLabV3+, the MLCG-OCNN method demonstrates high computational efficiency for VHRI classification (4–5 times faster).     

Semantic segmentation of high spatial resolution images with deep neural networks

Availability of reliable delineation of urban lands is fundamental to applications such as infrastructure management and urban planning. An accurate semantic segmentation approach can assign each pixel of remotely sensed imagery a reliable ground object class. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end deep learning architecture to perform the pixel-level understanding of high spatial resolution remote sensing images. Both local and global contextual information are considered. The local contexts are learned by the deep residual net, and the multi-scale global contexts are extracted by a pyramid pooling module. These contextual features are concatenated to predict labels for each pixel. In addition, multiple additional losses are proposed to enhance our deep learning network to optimize multi-level features from different resolution images simultaneously. Two public datasets, including Vaihingen and Potsdam datasets, are used to assess the performance of the proposed deep neural network. Comparison with the results from the published state-of-the-art algorithms demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach.     

多维特征自适应MeanShift遥感图像分割方法

针对MeanShift算法分割遥感图像的自动化程度和精度不高的问题,提出一种多特征自适应Mean—Shift遥感图像分割方法。3组实验结果表明,本方法相比EDISON软件能得到更好的分割效果,且能在一定程度上提高遥感影像分割的自动化。     

Utilizing the Potential of World View −2 for Discriminating Urban and Vegetation Features Using Object Based Classification Techniques

With the availability of very high resolution multispectral imagery, it is possible to identify small features in urban environment. Because of the multiscale feature and diverse composition of land cover types found within the urban environment, the production of accurate urban land cover maps from high resolution satellite imagery is a difficult task. This paper demonstrates the potential of 8 bands capability of World View 2 satellite for better automated feature extraction and discrimination studies. Multiresolution segmentation and object based classification techniques were then applied for discrimination of urban and vegetation features in a part of Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. The study demonstrates that scale, colour, shape, compactness and smoothness have a significant influence on the quality of image objects achieved, which in turn governs the classified result. The object oriented analysis is a valid approach for analyzing high spatial and spectral resolution images. World View 2 imagery with its rich spatial and spectral information content has very high potential for discrimination of the less varied varieties of vegetation.     

Rapid mapping of high resolution SAR scenes

This paper describes a semi-automatic procedure for cartographic mapping using high resolution SAR and interferometric SAR data. Various two-dimensional features are extracted and combined in order to achieve a basic yet effective recognition of the elements in the scene. Many relevant elements of the landscape are automatically extracted without requiring any deep interaction with the operator. Being based on geometric models assuming regularity of shapes and patterns, the procedure is well suited for detecting man-made features, such as the road network (outside and inside human settlements) and built-up areas. It can be used, however, to extract natural features, focusing on different geometric models. Moreover, extracted elements of the scene can be grouped into higher level ones, such as crossroads, bridges and overpasses, through data fusion at the feature level, because the procedure is characterized by a multi-scale, object-based approach.     

地理信息系统中几何特征不确定性的通用模型：从1维到N维

本文提出了描述地理信息系统中几何特征位置不确定性的一个通用模型，从１维到Ｎ维，在每１维中，ＧＩＳ中的特征被划分为点，线段及线性特征。由于ＧＩＳ中数据含有误差。这些特征在ＧＩＳ中位置未必与其现实世界中的真实位置一致，而其真实位置只是在围绕着ＧＩＳ中量测位置的某一个区域内，本文提出的模型给出了这些区域的统计描述。     

融合城市行道树特征选取模型的自适应深度学习分类

针对城市行道树的学习多分类问题,本文在综合分析城市行道树多分类特征的基础上,提出一种融合特征自动选取模型的自适应深度学习方法。基于随机森林法,学习行道树的特征重要性,通过特征消除方法舍弃不重要的特征,实现城市行道树多分类特征自动选取;在城市行道树分类特征工程提取的基础上,构建了城市行道树多分类问题的自适应深度学习方法,并采用交叉验证与参数搜索方法,对所提出的深度学习模型进行改进。试验结果表明,本文所提出的融合特征自动选取模型的自适应深度学习方法具有良好性能,解决了城市行道树多分类预测的准确性与泛化问题。     

无人机高空间分辨率影像分类研究

本文利用无人机影像进行土地利用类型研究,面向对象方法对影像分割,获取了最佳分割尺度;根据各土地类别的特征信息建立分类定义,提出了快速、准确获取土地利用类型的方法。研究结果表明,运用面向对象方法能很好地解决无人机高分辨率影像分类问题,其中关键是影像分割尺度的选择和影像对象特征信息的提取。     

基于PCA与不变矩的车标定位与识别

在车牌位置确定的情况下,利用车标边缘特点在车牌上方一定范围内检测车标.提出车标似真度的概念,将检测到的车标图像映入PCA生成的特征车标空间,得到的重构图像与原图像进行车标真实性检测,减少车标的误定位;然后利用不变矩的旋转、尺度及平移均不变的特性,定义不变矩的最小矩距离进行车标识别.通过实测车标图像的定位和识别实验表明,该方法是有效和可行的.     

Fluidity of land use patterns over the last century in and around the Baroda Urban Complex,Gujarat state

The fluidity of land-use patterns over the last century in and around the Baroda Urban Complex has been worked out using Survey of India topographic maps (1876–78, 1959–60) and SPOT satellite imagery (1988). The most striking feature of this study was the alarming loss of non-built up areas comprising agricultural land to urban sprawl. In 1876–78, non-built up land constituted 701.30 sq. km out of a total of 714 sq. km whereas in 1988, it was reduced to 625.27 sq. km. This urban growth pattern would not be conducive for sustainable development.     

A Robust Texture Analysis and Classification Approach for Urban Land‐Use and Land‐Cover Feature Discrimination

Abstract

Attempts to analyze urban features and to classify land use and land cover directly from high‐resolution satellite data with traditional computer classification techniques have proven to be inefficient for two primary reasons. First, urban landscapes are composed of complex features. Second, traditional classifiers employ spectral information based on single pixel value and ignore a great amount of spatial information. Texture plays an important role in image segmentation and object recognition, as well as in interpretation of images in a variety of applications. This study analyzes urban texture features in multi‐spectral image data. Recent developments in the very powerful mathematical theory of wavelet transforms have received overwhelming attention by image analysts. An evaluation of the ability of wavelet transform in urban feature extraction and classification was performed in this study, with six types of urban land cover features classified. The preliminary results of this research indicate that the accuracy of texture analysis in classifying urban features in fine resolution image data could be significantly improved with the use of wavelet transform approach.