数字土地信息中属性数据的质量控制

提出了一种数字土地信息属性数据质量的检验、度量和分析的方法。首先给出了基于简单随机抽样和分层抽样的属性数据缺陷率度量数学模型 ,基于该统计模型 ,以某工业开发区的农村土地利用现状数据为例 ,探讨了土地利用属性数据的质量抽样方案、质量度量和质量分析的具体思路     

Obituary

Abstract

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In the area of volunteered geographical information (VGI), the issue of spatial data quality is a clear challenge. The data that are contributed to VGI projects do not comply with standard spatial data quality assurance procedures, and the contributors operate without central coordination and strict data collection frameworks. However, similar to the area of open source software development, it is suggested that the data hold an intrinsic quality assurance measure through the analysis of the number of contributors who have worked on a given spatial unit. The assumption that as the number of contributors increases so does the quality is known as ‘Linus’ Law’ within the open source community. This paper describes three studies that were carried out to evaluate this hypothesis for VGI using the OpenStreetMap dataset, showing that this rule indeed applies in the case of positional accuracy.     

GB/T 18316-2008的使用探讨

从抽样检验的基本原理出发,结合对空间数据产品特点的理解,针对空间数据产品的抽样检验,从抽样方案、检验内容、质量评价等方面对现行的抽样检验标准GB/T 18316-2008进行了分析。探讨了该标准存在的缺陷对客观、科学、公正评价空间数据产品质量的影响以及解决方法,对GB/T18316-2008的修订有一定借鉴意义。     

Assessing Data Completeness of VGI through an Automated Matching Procedure for Linear Data

New, free and fast growing spatial data sources have appeared online, based on Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). OpenStreetMap (OSM) is one of the most representative projects of this trend. Its increasing popularity and density makes the study of its data quality an imperative. A common approach is to compare OSM with a reference dataset. In such cases, data matching is necessary for the comparison to be meaningful, and is usually performed manually at the data preparation stage. This article proposes an automated feature‐based matching method specifically designed for VGI, based on a multi‐stage approach that combines geometric and attribute constraints. It is applied to the OSM dataset using the official data from Ordnance Survey as the reference dataset. The results are then used to evaluate data completeness of OSM in several case studies in the UK.     

多源数据支持下的城市生态环境评价及其与人类活动的关系

探究城市生态环境与人类活动的关系,是目前城市化进程中的重要研究内容。结合多源数据,提出了采用兴趣点（point of interest,POI）、开放街道地图（OpenStreetMap,OSM）道路网、住宅区数据构建人类活动指标（住宅区可步行测度指数、街道活力指数、城市功能混合度指数）和利用遥感影像构建城市生态环境指标（遥感生态指数）的方法。并结合多项式回归（polynomial regression,PLR）、随机森林回归（random forest regression,RFR）、极限梯度提升回归（extreme gradient boosting regression,XGB）、支持向量回归机（support vector regression machine,SVR）等机器学习模型,对城市生态环境与人类活动指标进行回归分析。以中国江西省南昌市为例开展实例研究,结果显示:（1）人类活动的3项指标均呈现中心高,向四周逐渐递减的趋势,而城市生态环境指标则表现出相反的态势。（2）在探究城市生态环境与人类活动关系的研究中,XGB的效果最好。（3）街道活力指数、城市功能混合度指数与城市生态环境的相关性更强,住宅区可步行测度指数与城市生态环境的相关性更差。（4）在人类活动影响较小的区域,城市生态环境会受到其他因素的干扰导致预测结果精度不高,而在人类活动强烈的区域预测精度较高。     

土地利用现状图中数据缩编的质量控制分析

1∶50000土地利用现状图是土地利用研究的基础数据之一,编制土地利用现状图对制定河南省社会和经济中长期发展规划、土地利用总体规划和城乡规划,全面加强土地管理,促进全省经济发展起着非常重要的作用.本文结合1∶50000土地利用现状要素数据缩编工程质量检查工作实践,总结了质量检查的内容、技术要求及检查方法,提高了作业质量和效率.     

Quality Assessment of the French OpenStreetMap Dataset

The concept of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) has recently emerged from the new Web 2.0 technologies. The OpenStreetMap project is currently the most significant example of a system based on VGI. It aims at producing free vector geographic databases using contributions from Internet users. Spatial data quality becomes a key consideration in this context of freely downloadable geographic databases. This article studies the quality of French OpenStreetMap data. It extends the work of Haklay to France, provides a larger set of spatial data quality element assessments (i.e. geometric, attribute, semantic and temporal accuracy, logical consistency, completeness, lineage, and usage), and uses different methods of quality control. The outcome of the study raises questions such as the heterogeneity of processes, scales of production, and the compliance to standardized and accepted specifications. In order to improve data quality, a balance has to be struck between the contributors' freedom and their respect of specifications. The development of appropriate solutions to provide this balance is an important research issue in the domain of user‐generated content.     

Comparison of sampling strategies for object-based classification of urban vegetation from Very High Resolution satellite images

Vegetation monitoring is becoming a major issue in the urban environment due to the services they procure and necessitates an accurate and up to date mapping. Very High Resolution satellite images enable a detailed mapping of the urban tree and herbaceous vegetation. Several supervised classifications with statistical learning techniques have provided good results for the detection of urban vegetation but necessitate a large amount of training data. In this context, this study proposes to investigate the performances of different sampling strategies in order to reduce the number of examples needed. Two windows based active learning algorithms from state-of-art are compared to a classical stratified random sampling and a third combining active learning and stratified strategies is proposed. The efficiency of these strategies is evaluated on two medium size French cities, Strasbourg and Rennes, associated to different datasets. Results demonstrate that classical stratified random sampling can in some cases be just as effective as active learning methods and that it should be used more frequently to evaluate new active learning methods. Moreover, the active learning strategies proposed in this work enables to reduce the computational runtime by selecting multiple windows at each iteration without increasing the number of windows needed.     

The effect of spatial autocorrelation and class proportion on the accuracy measures from different sampling designs

Four binary thematic maps with combinations of two spatial autocorrelation levels and two different class proportions are simulated to study their effect on the precision of accuracy measures from different sampling designs. A series of eleven sample sizes (from a minimum of 25 to a maximum of 1296) are simulated using three popular sampling designs, including simple random sampling (SRS), systematic sampling (SYS), and stratified random sampling (StrRS) on the four simulated maps. The conventional error matrix and related accuracy measures are calculated for each simulation, and the precision of different estimates of accuracy measures is compared among the three sampling designs.The selection of a particular sampling design and sample size depends on the spatial autocorrelation level, the class proportion difference, and the accuracy indices that a given application requires. In general, the class proportion difference has a greater impact on the performance of different sampling methods than the spatial autocorrelation level does on a map. For estimating the accuracy of individual classes, stratified sampling achieves better precision than SRS and SYS with smaller sample sizes, especially for estimating the small class. For estimating the overall accuracy, different sampling designs achieve very similar levels of precision with fewer samples. To achieve a better estimate of the kappa coefficient, stratified random sampling is recommended for use on a map with a high class proportion difference, while random sampling is preferred for a map with low spatial autocorrelation and a low class proportion difference.     

基于DMSP-OLS和珞珈一号夜光遥感影像的粤港澳大湾区城市空间格局演变

夜光遥感影像数据可有效反映城市空间格局变化。本文基于1992—2012年的DSMP-OLS夜光遥感影像和2018年的珞珈一号遥感影像,利用分层阈值法提取粤港澳大湾区内各城市建成区;通过计算平均灯光强度、平均灯光增长速率、城市建成区面积、城市建成区增长速率、城市重心、城市重心偏移距离等一系列指数,揭示区内各城市的空间格局演变过程。研究结果表明:①1992—2018年,粤港澳大湾区的城市规模大幅增长,沿珠江口两侧形成了以澳门、广州、深圳和香港为核心的倒“U”形城市群,并呈辐射状向周边扩张。②以珠江口为界,粤港澳大湾区东部各个城市的发展水平整体高于西部各个城市,广州、深圳、香港等核心城市发展水平明显高于江门、肇庆、惠州等外围城市。③1992—2018年,粤港澳大湾区建成区的增长速率由小变大,最后逐渐趋于稳定,2002—2007年是城市扩张最迅猛时期。④1992—2018年,粤港澳大湾区的各城市重心迁移方式表现为3种类型:持续向区域中心迁移;持续向相邻城市邻接区迁移;持续向海洋方向迁移。大部分城市的重心迁移方向呈“震荡”特征。     

Evaluating the impact of data quantity, distribution and algorithm selection on the accuracy of 3D subsurface models using synthetic grid models of varying complexity

Testing the accuracy of 3D modelling algorithms used for geological applications is extremely difficult as model results cannot be easily validated. This paper presents a new approach to evaluate the effectiveness of common interpolation algorithms used in 3D subsurface modelling, utilizing four synthetic grids to represent subsurface environments of varying geological complexity. The four grids are modelled with Inverse Distance Weighting and Ordinary Kriging, using data extracted from the synthetic grids in different spatial distribution patterns (regular, random, clustered and sparse), and with different numbers of data points (100, 256, 676 and 1,600). Utilizing synthetic grids for this evaluation allows quantitative statistical assessment of the accuracy of both interpolation algorithms in a variety of sampling conditions. Data distribution proved to be an important factor; as in many geological situations, relatively small numbers of randomly distributed data points can generate more accurate 3D models than larger amounts of clustered data. This study provides insight for optimizing the quantity and distribution of data required to accurately and cost-effectively interpolate subsurface units of varying complexity.     

宜兴市国土空间开发的城镇建设对比及适宜性评价

本文按照自然资源部对国土空间规划"一张图"的建设及现状评估的要求,对宜兴市的城镇建设适宜性进行评价.基于2017年和2018年的基础性地理国情普查监测数据,对宜兴市公共服务设施、医疗服务设施和义务教育资源进行提取、分析和统计,对比两年的变化趋势,得出宜兴市义务教育资源配置较合理,公共服务设施资源和医疗资源的建设有待进一...     

顾及可信度的OpenStreetMap数据清理

OpenStreetMap(OSM)的数据由大众自发标报,因而存在大量虚假、低质量的数据,数据清理是OSM数据走向实用的重要前提。可信度被多位研究者提出作为OSM数据质量的评价手段,但目前OSM数据清理的研究工作中很少顾及众源地理信息的可信度,因此,本文提出了顾及可信度的OSM数据清理模型。该模型首先计算出顾及用户信誉的OSM数据的可信度,再对数据按照属性进行分类,根据不同属性的数据可信度分布情况设置该属性数据相应的阈值并进行清理,对低于阈值的数据进行人工检查,高于阈值的数据则筛选出用户信誉与可信度不相等以及新建的数据进行人工检查,最后采用OSM真实历史数据中的线对象进行实验,实验结果表明:该模型能够有效地清理出绝大部分的虚假以及低质量数据。     

基于智能规则的1∶10000省级基础测绘成果质检模型设计研究

为解决省级基础测绘成果质检问题,提高省级基础地理信息数据库建库质量,提出了基于智能规则的空间数据质检模型。抽象质检模型为质检任务、质检方案、质检项、质检规则四要素,并以智能质检规则为基础,建立了完善的省级基础测绘成果质检规则和算法模型。本文阐述了该质检模型的概念和体系结构,并通过实验验证了质检模型的科学性、有效性和合理性,大大提高了程序在入库数据预处理过程中的检查效率。     

大数据时代下测绘地理信息检验检测面临的问题与思考

大数据时代下,测绘地理信息数据作为承载各类自然资源信息、社会信息、经济信息、人文信息等重要基础数据,其质量作用举足轻重。然而,当前测绘地理信息的质量检验检测从理论基础、方式方法、服务模式等各个方面都不能完全满足时代的需求。本文分析了大数据时代的一些典型特征和思维方式,从质量度量方式、抽样检查评价、检验与检测等方面分析了新时代下测绘地理信息质量检验检测面临的一些问题,并给出了一些思考和建议。     

地理国情监测数据自动化检查研究与实现

目前,地理国情监测数据质量检查主要以人工和简单的人机交互检查为主,效率低下、检查程序不规范,因此,本文提出地理国情监测数据自动化检查解决方法,采用面向对象的软件开发方法,进行了地理国情监测数据自动化检查系统的体系结构与功能模块设计,并对数据管理模块、自动化检查模块和结果管理模块三大功能模块进行详细设计,实现了数据模版、算子库、质检方案库等自动化检查系统关键技术。已在2017年基础性地理国情监测辽宁省任务区等多个项目中得到成功应用。     

Arc／Info平台下综合性规划信息库的建立

分析了规划信息在形式、内容上的复杂性，提出了Ａｒｃ／Ｉｎｆｏ平台下规则信息库的结构，讨论了在充分利用Ａｒｃ／Ｉｎｆｏ平台资源下，各数据文件在空间关系和属性层次上的结构化联系。     

Los Angeles as a digital place: The geographies of user‐generated content

Online representations of places are becoming pivotal in informing our understanding of urban life. Content production on online platforms is grounded in the geography of their users and their digital infrastructure. These constraints shape place representation, that is, the amount, quality, and type of digital information available in a geographic area. In this article we study the place representation of user‐generated content (UGC) in Los Angeles County, relating the spatial distribution of the data to its geo‐demographic context. Adopting a comparative and multi‐platform approach, this quantitative analysis investigates the spatial relationship between four diverse UGC datasets and their context at the census tract level (about 685,000 geo‐located tweets, 9,700 Wikipedia pages, 4 million OpenStreetMap objects, and 180,000 Foursquare venues). The context includes the ethnicity, age, income, education, and deprivation of residents, as well as public infrastructure. An exploratory spatial analysis and regression‐based models indicate that the four UGC platforms possess distinct geographies of place representation. To a moderate extent, the presence of Twitter, OpenStreetMap, and Foursquare data is influenced by population density, ethnicity, education, and income. However, each platform responds to different socio‐economic factors and clusters emerge in disparate hotspots. Unexpectedly, Twitter data tend to be located in denser, more deprived areas, and the geography of Wikipedia appears peculiar and harder to explain. These trends are compared with previous findings for the area of Greater London.     

景观破碎度在冬小麦面积抽样设计中的应用研究

将破碎度指标引入到遥感抽样调查中,重点探讨了面积规模指标与破碎度指标在分层抽样中的适用性。实验结果表明:在种植结构破碎区域,面积规模指标与破碎度指标的相关系数均在0.7以上,可以作为分层标志,随着抽样格网不断增加,面积规模指标的相关系数不断增大,而破碎度指标的相关系数则不断减小。当格网小于100m×100m时,破碎度指标作为分层标志效果要优于面积规模指标;在种植结构规整区域,面积规模指标要始终优于破碎度指标,破碎度指标更适合于种植结构破碎、抽样单元较小的遥感抽样调查方案中作为分层标志进行应用。