Capacity development as a key factor for integrated water resources management (IWRM): improving water management in the Western Bug River Basin,Ukraine

There is growing consensus in the global water community that the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is only the starting point in the IWRM implementation process. This paper proposes that special attention should be drawn to well-elaborated and adapted Capacity Development (CD). It is argued that measures for solving existing water problems can only be sustainable and effective, if the knowledge generated about possible solutions is deeply rooted within the originating region. General guidelines for CD and knowledge transfer are elaborated, and these constitute the basis for region-specific CD strategies as exemplified in the Ukrainian Western Bug River Basin, one of five model regions within the International Water Research Alliance Saxony (IWAS). As a first step towards improving river basin management, situation analysis and capacity assessment are undertaken to evaluate social and political circumstances, identify relevant stakeholders, existing competencies, and antici- pated difficulties in establishing an operational IWRM and appropriate tailor-made measures are proposed. The experiences gained during this process indicate that neither IWRM nor CD can be expected to stand alone when considering sustainable development in water resources management.     

Climate change outlook for water resources management in a semiarid river basin: the effect of the environmental water demand

Iran is a developing country with arid and semiarid regions. Poor management of water resources combined with the effects of climate change is leading to the drying of several rivers and wetlands. Several planned water development projects, primarily for agricultural expansion, will be implemented in the coming years which could worsen impacts on vulnerable aquatic ecosystems. Proper water resources management is essential to meet present and future residential, environmental, industrial, and agricultural demands in semiarid regions. This paper presents projections of how the availability of water resources will change in the Karkheh river basin of Iran for the period 2010–2059 employing sustainability criteria in the form of time-based reliability, volumetric reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability. This paper’s results show that consideration of environmental receptors as a stakeholder of water use places limitations on agricultural development within the Karkheh river basin.     

西辽河(内蒙古)严重缺水区地下水资源及开发利用对策

西辽河(内蒙古境内)严重缺水区位于内蒙古自治区翁牛特旗—库伦旗一带。在地表水严重匮乏的干旱、半干旱地区,地下水一直是该区工业生产、城镇居民生活及农村人畜用水的主要水源,合理开发利用十分重要。通过研究地下水资源的分布特点及开发利用条件,分析地下水资源供需平衡及用水现状,提出合理开发利用地下水资源存在的主要问题及相应的对策与建议。研究表明,只有查明地下水储量,对地下水实行统一规划,统一管理,防止水污染,提倡节约用水,积极推行地表水和地下水联合调度,才能合理开发利用地下水资源。     

Avoiding disasters: The role of systems analysis and an integrated approach in water resources development

Sustainable development of the earth's limited water and land resources is of paramount importance, because of rising populations and often conflicting demands for these resources. Enormous capital investment has been made in developing these resources, but now there is irrefutable evidence that such developments have led to major resource degradation. This includes problems of soil-waterlogging, land and water salinisation and damage to ecosystems. This paper describes some of these developments and argues that an intergrated approach firmly based upon systems analysis is necessary to avoid mistakes of the past and to promote informed use of these essential resources in the future.     

水资源管理模型的研究过程和发展趋势

本文在分析和总结现有资料的基础上，把水资源管理模型的研究过程划分为４个阶段，对各阶段的研究程度、使用方法和存在问题等进行了论述，并总结出水资源和管理模型的３大发展趋势。     

An integrated hydrogeological study to support sustainable development and management of groundwater resources: a case study from the Precambrian Crystalline Province,India

The rapid expansion of agriculture, industries and urbanization has triggered unplanned groundwater development leading to severe stress on groundwater resources in crystalline rocks of India. With depleting resources from shallow aquifers, end users have developed resources from deeper aquifers, which have proved to be counterproductive economically and ecologically. An integrated hydrogeological study has been undertaken in the semi-arid Madharam watershed (95 km²) in Telangana State, which is underlain by granites. The results reveal two aquifer systems: a weathered zone (maximum 30 m depth) and a fractured zone (30–85 m depth). The weathered zone is unsaturated to its maximum extent, forcing users to tap groundwater from deeper aquifers. Higher orders of transmissivity, specific yield and infiltration rates are observed in the recharge zone, while moderate orders are observed in an intermediate zone, and lower orders in the discharge zone. This is due to the large weathering-zone thickness and a higher sand content in the recharge zone than in the discharge zone, where the weathered residuum contains more clay. The NO₃ ^? concentration is high in shallow irrigation wells, and F^? is high in deeper wells. Positive correlation is observed between F^? and depth in the recharge zone and its proximity. Nearly 50 % of groundwater samples are unfit for human consumption and the majority of irrigation-well samples are classed as medium to high risk for plant growth. Both supply-side and demand-side measures are recommended for sustainable development and management of this groundwater resource. The findings can be up-scaled to other similar environments.     

1971-2010年内蒙古干湿变化特征及对水资源影响

利用1971-2010年内蒙古地区96个气象站的月降水量、月平均气温、月平均风速等气象资料,通过FAO Penman-Monteith 潜在蒸散量计算模型作为基础计算干湿指数,采用气候倾向率、滑动平均等数理统计方法,分析了1971-2010年内蒙古地区干湿指数的变化趋势及空间分布规律并划分出5 种干湿地区类型,探讨了干湿指数与降水量、日照时数、相对湿度等气象因子之间的关系。结果表明：近40a内蒙古地区年干湿指数呈略下降趋势,其变化倾向率为-0.003·（10a）^-1,20世纪90年代中期以来年干湿指数呈减少趋势。在地理分布上年干湿指数存在较大的差异性,自东向西逐渐递减,高值中心位于内蒙古大兴安岭东北部,低值中心在内蒙古巴丹吉林沙漠北部。在全球气候变暖的背景下,90年代后干湿指数下降明显,尤其是在内蒙古东部地区,干湿类型明显由湿向干转变,降水减少、区域增温是该地区干旱化的主要原因。内蒙古地区干湿变化主要的气候影响因子是降水量,相关系数在0.9以上,其次是日照时数、相对湿度、潜在蒸散量,相关系数在0.6~0.7之间。近10a来内蒙古地区水资源总量急剧下降,与近些年来地表干湿状况的变化有一定的关系。     

基于投入产出理论的水资源研究进展及水资源管理展望

近年来,气候变化背景下的水资源问题得到日益增加的关注,其研究从水资源短缺、供需平衡等内容转向适应可持续发展的综合研究.基于投入产出理论的水资源研究,从系统循环的角度分析资源的流动性和持续性,能够揭示水资源-经济社会复合系统中各要素的内在数量关系,提出面向可持续发展的水资源价值观和方法论.首先,从模型拓展和实际应用两条主...     

基于工作流和快速开发平台技术的地质矿产调查评价专项项目管理系统设计

在综合分析地质矿产调查评价专项项目管理办法、管理职责与权限、管理内容与要求的基础上,针对传统模式管理弊端和当前管理难题,运用信息化技术手段,构建了基于SOA的纯B/S体系架构,采用工作流技术和快速开发平台搭建了地质矿产调查评价专项项目管理系统。系统实现了项目管理全业务、全生命周期的线上流程管控,具有项目信息管理、立项管理、设计评审审批管理、合同管理、委托业务管理、会议管理、质量管理、成果管理、资料管理、统计分析等功能模块,不仅满足各级别人员的工作需求,提高了工作效率,同时有效推进了项目管理的规范化、系统化、信息化和科学管理水平。该系统的上线运行对相关单位的项目管理工作具有指导和借鉴意义。     

Challenges of an integrated water resource management for the Distrito Federal, Western Central Brazil: climate, land-use and water resources

Land-use/cover change (LUCC) and climate change are major controlling factors for water resources in the Distrito Federal in Western Central Brazil. Dynamic LUCC in the region has severe impacts on water resources, while climate changes during the last three decades is thought to have only moderate effects. LUCC affects water quantity mostly during base flow conditions. River basins with substantial expansion of agriculture since the end 1970s show a dramatic decrease of base flow discharge by 40?C70%, presumably due to irrigation. In contrast, the effects of urbanization on runoff are less distinct, since factors controlling runoff generation might be more variable. For water quality, we found urban areas to have a strong influence on the parameters CSB, NH₄ ⁺, and suspended solids. In addition, we assume emerging pollutants, e.g. organic (micro)pollutants, might play a major role in the future. The project IWAS-áGUA DF focuses on creating the scientific base to face these problems in frame of an IWRM concept for the region. Results of our study will be a contribution to an IRWM concept for the Distrito Federal and will help to maintain high standards in water supply for the region.     

The development of integrated water resource information management system in arid regions

Water and land-use tension are growing with the growing population of the world especially in arid region. To develop an efficient, sustainable, and integrated water and land-use resource management policy, accurate and complex information about available resources and demand centers is required. Geographical information system (GIS) provides a means of representing the real world through integrated layers of constituent spatial information using overlaying and indexing operations. In Abu Dhabi, Water Resources Information System (AWRIS) was developed. AWRIS is a centralized, GIS-based, Web-enabled integrated information management system that allows storage and management of all water resource information. The system integrates a comprehensive set of tools and applications that facilitate the efficient management of the water resources of the Emirate. All historical water resource information from more than ten existing databases and 10,000 Excel workbooks have now been compiled, quality controlled, and migrated into the central database. AWRIS is built as an Integrated Information Management System and hence designed to improve productivity by linking all relevant applications for data handling to a centralized data repository and management system. This paper outlines the main features of AWRIS which are three-folds. First, it provides full support for the Arabic language. Second, it is the first of its kind in bringing unrestricted data types into a centralized information management system, and third, it provides a wide range of tools to effectively manage information on water resources.     

西北地区水资源开发引起的生态环境问题

西北地区处于干旱、半干旱气候带,降水量少,蒸发量大,水资源紧缺,生态环境脆弱。近半个世纪以来,由于对水资源的不合理或过量开发利用,引发诸如水土流失、土地沙化、次生盐渍化等一系列与水有关的多种生态环境问题。针对存在的上述生态环境问题,提出了如下对策和措施:在水资源利用上要以流域为基础,合理调配,计划用水,既要保证发展经济用水,又要保持生态环境不遭受破坏;严格控制地表水库的建设,充分发挥戈壁滩天然地下水库作用;要把水资源评价与如何开发管理联系起来,建立具有超脱地位和跨部门的权威性机构,按流域对水资源实行统一管理。     

基于Agent的水资源管理模型研究进展

基于Agent的模型(Agent-based models,ABM)研究已成为水资源管理研究理论与方法的重要补充。对水资源管理ABM研究进行归纳与展望,有助于探索优化中国水资源管理体制和机制。在阐述水资源管理ABM概念及内涵的基础上,提炼出主体决策规则和互作机制两个建模核心内容,并对其方法进行了归纳分析;从流域水资源优化配置、城镇居民用水管理和灌区水资源管理3个方面,对2009—2018年主要水资源管理ABM研究进行了综述;针对当前研究的难点与不足,提出未来研究重点:①拓展复杂适应理论在水资源管理领域的应用;②加强不确定性水资源管理ABM研究;③探索基于机器学习的决策规则建模方法;④重视参数校准和结果校验及检验方法;⑤加强模型表述格式标准化进程;⑥综合权衡水资源管理ABM框架。     

Implications of wetlands degradation for water resources management: Lessons from Nigeria

Nigeria is a country richly endowed with both coastal and inland wetlands, which altogether cover about 3% of the country's land surface. These wetlands are of ecological, economic, socio-cultural, scientific and recreational significance. Nevertheless, Nigeria's wetland resources are currently being threatened by certain anthropogenic and biogeophysical factors. Notable among such factors are population pressure, rapid rate of urbanization, mining, oil and industrial waste pollution, uncontrolled tilling for crop production, over-grazing, logging, unprecedented land reclamation, construction of dams, transportation routes and other physical infrastructure, marine and coastal erosion, subsidence, ocean water intrusion, invasion by alien floral and faunal species, sand storm, desertification, and droughts. The alarming rate at which the country's wetlands are vanishing obviously portends some dire consequences. In particular, wetlands destruction is affecting water supply and water resources management in various parts of the country. Wetlands perform some vitally important hydrological functions in the country. For instance, apart from being quite instrumental to flood protection, wetlands equally maintain stream flow during the dry season in the semi-arid region of northern Nigeria. Importantly, they also help in regulating surface water quality and volume, as well as in replenishing and sustaining groundwater. There is no gainsaying, therefore, that the degradation of wetland ecosystems in Nigeria increases the task of water resources management in the country. Thus, the country's wetland resources need to be properly identified and mapped. Moreover, the right legislation and policy framework has to be put in place and enforced to safeguard the remaining wetlands from the ongoing wanton destruction. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Aquifer storage and recharge: Innovation in water resources management

Stormwater and treated sewerage effluent, previously regarded as waste, are now being reused in South Australia through the innovative aquifer storage and recharge technique. After pretreatment in wetlands, this water is stored in otherwise unused brackish aquifers for summer irrigation of parklands. Trials are underway using recycled water from the Bolivar Wastewater Treatment Plant for irrigation of market gardens. This paper presents several case studies where the aquifer storage and recharge technique has been successful, with savings in water and infrastructure costs, as well as providing environmental benefits.     

The environmental planning and management approach towards the development and management of the Osun natural spring project,Ibadan, Nigeria

There is a general shortage of potable water in Nigeria, partly through the lack of natural provision and partly because of rapid urban growth that has largely been unplanned. The paper describes the recent redevelopment of a public water facility in a run-down area of Ibadan which is part of the Sustainable Ibadan Project. Despite funding from national and international bodies, the development is strongly based at community level. The local inhabitants feel they have control over their own water supply through their representatives on the various planning and managing committees. This aims to reduce vandalism and to increase pride and involvement in the community. The project is a pilot for other projects around Ibadan, some of which have begun and others are being planned. This paper describes the administrative structures and management principles that have been employed. It forcefully advocates community-based planning and management which respects both the environment and the water-users, and involves a major “bottom-up” element. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Vulnerability of water resources in northern Cameroon in the context of climate change

Water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years. Many studies have suggested two principal causes: (1) human activities such as poor farming practices, unsustainable use of water resources, increased demand of water, deforestation, land-use change, etc., (2) human-induced climate change. Northern Cameroon in this study includes: the Adamawa, North and Far North regions located closer to the Sahel regions of Africa. These regions are already water stressed because of their location and any further change in climate with rising temperature would impact water resource either positively or negatively. Time series analysis and a 12-month standardized precipitation index (SPI12) with digital data between 1957 and 2006 were used to investigate the variation of water resources in northern Cameroon. Results obtained varies between the different regions with an increased annual trend in temperature and precipitation for Ngaoundere (Adamawa region) and Garoua (north region), whereas Maroua (far north region) had a decreased annual trend in both precipitation and temperature. Further variability results obtained from a SPI12 show that wetter period out number drought period in all three regions. The study concluded that water resources vary with the changing climatic condition and the severity of the impact varies from region to region. Furthermore, water deficiency in northern Cameroon might not be due to climate change. The reasons might be a combination of poor water management and other factors such population growth, the environmental condition, etc.     

海河流域二元水循环模型开发及其应用——Ⅱ.水资源管理战略研究应用

综合考虑水文气象、南水北调工程、地下水超采控制、入海水量控制目标等因素,以及现状(2005年)、2010年和2020年3个水平年,设置了9个情景方案,应用海河流域二元水循环模型(简称"二元模型")进行了水资源管理战略情景模拟分析.采用GDP、粮食产量、ET(蒸散发量)、入海水量、总用水量、减少地下水超采量等评价指标对9个情景方案的模拟结果进行了评价,给出了各规划水平年的推荐方案.在此基础上,对今后海河流域水资源管理战略问题如ET控制、地下水超采量控制和入渤海水量控制等进行了讨论.研究表明,未来虽然有南水北调工程对本流域的补水,但需要严格控制流域用水量和耗水量,才能做到逐步减少地下水超采量、增加入渤海水量,实现国民经济与生态环境的和谐发展.     

调水工程水价模式分析研究——以“引大济湟”工程为例

从保证调水工程可持续运行并尽可能发挥最大效益、促进节约用水的角度出发,提出了适合调水工程的一种新的水价模式,并根据可操作性强的要求进行了简化、改进。最后以青海省一号工程——"引大济湟"工程的水价研究为实例,对所提出的新的水价模式——两部制丰枯水价下的水价方案进行了设计。