Distribution and characters of the mud diapirs and mud volcanoes off southwest Taiwan

In order to identify the mud diapirs and mud volcanoes off SW Taiwan, we have examined ∼1500 km long MCS profiles and related marine geophysical data. Our results show ten quasi-linear mud diapirs, oriented NNE–SSW to N–S directions. Thirteen mud volcanoes are identified from the multibeam bathymetric data. These mud volcanoes generally occur on tops of the diapiric structures. Moreover, the active mud flow tracks out of mud volcanoes MV1, MV3 and MV6 are observed through the high backscatter intensity stripes on the sidescan sonar images. The heights of the cone-shaped mud volcanoes range from 65 m to 345 m, and the diameters at base from 680 m to 4100 m. These mud volcanoes have abrupt slopes between 5.3° and 13.6°, implying the mudflow is active and highly viscous. In contrast, the flat crests of mud volcanoes are due to relative lower-viscosity flows. The larger cone-shaped mud volcanoes located at deeper water depths could be related to a longer eruption history. The formation of mud diapirs and volcanoes in the study area are ascribed to the overpressure in sedimentary layers, compressional tectonic forces and gas-bearing fluids. Especially, the gas-bearing fluid plays an important role in enhancing the intrusion after the diapirism as a large amount of gas expulsions is observed. The morphology of the upper Kaoping Slope is mainly controlled by mud diapiric intrusions.     

新疆乌苏泥火山地球化学特征及其泥浆源

泥火山是地质流体活动的结果,喷发需具备泥浆源、泥浆运移通道和水补给3个条件。对乌苏泥火山8个喷口泥浆进行岩石地球化学分析,轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损,轻、重稀土元素平均比值为6.81,泥浆中富集大离子亲石元素Ba、Rb等,高场强元素Nb、Ta强烈亏损,Th弱亏损,(La/Yb)_N值为5.47,Ce/La值为2.22,球粒陨石标准异常值δEu显示中等负异常(0.760~0.805);Sr/Ba值为0.33~1.01(平均值0.60),表明源岩为陆相沉积且古盐度较低,Ce/La(2.22)、Ce_(anom)(-0.007)、V/(V+Ni)(0.78)值均指示源岩形成于还原环境。稀土、微量元素分析及地层对比分析表明,乌苏泥火山源岩来自于下侏罗统八道湾组、三工河组,为河流沼泽相-半深湖相含煤地层代表的弱还原-还原沉积环境,源岩的最大埋藏深度为7~8km。泥火山源岩的研究为指示油页岩、烃类物质的位置提供了证据。     

煤田钻孔泥浆的应用与堵漏

本文主要叙述了在煤田地质钻探中泥浆的应用,粘土和各种试剂的选择以及在野外通过实验的方式来进行泥浆组分的配比,描述了调节泥浆性能的正确方法。本文还阐述了在煤田钻探中出现的浆液漏失现象,和用水泥堵漏的方法。     

赤泥渗沥液对黏性土和固化赤泥影响的试验研究

赤泥渗沥液具有强碱性,首先对赤泥渗沥液的碱性进行分析,利用碱溶液模拟赤泥渗沥液,研究了山西某赤泥堆场黏性土样在强碱的腐蚀作用下物理性质的变化及其微观结构特征,重点考察不同的作用时间效应的影响。对利用水泥(或粉煤灰)固化的赤泥样的受碱腐蚀所引起的强度变化规律进行研究表明,在碱溶液作用下不同的固化时间时固化样的强度变化过程主要体现在整个过程的早期,固化样在经过较长时间的凝结过程和腐蚀效应的共同作用后强度逐渐趋于稳定,无侧限抗剪切强度不会有明显的衰减,利用水泥和粉煤灰对赤泥进行固化处理是可行的。     

武汉地区建筑废弃泥浆泥水分离试验研究

针对武汉地区不同地层、不同工艺产生的建筑工程废弃泥浆,通过光谱仪分析了其主要化学成分,并通过过滤、真空抽滤、离心以及不同絮凝剂的正交试验,以上清液浊度和清液率为主要指标对废弃泥浆泥水分离效果进行评价。试验发现：废弃泥浆固相颗粒以有机质为主;采用过滤方式取得的清液浊度较低,但清液率较少;采用真空抽滤方式处理废弃泥浆可以获得较多的上清液;采用离心方式能处理除含特细颗粒外的多数废弃泥浆;正交试验表明阳离子絮凝剂（PAM）处理废弃泥浆效果较好。     

铝土矿赤泥的开发利用

赤泥耕层土是一种大量消纳赤泥,同时又将其转化为二次资源的赤泥产品。该技术以农作物废弃物为改性剂,通过改性剂在赤泥中发酵腐化的产物改性赤泥成适宜植物生长的土壤。该技术应用不受赤泥组分、结构差异等因素限制,具有广泛适用性,尤其是有价金属元素含量低、又不适宜于制作建材的赤泥以及堆场防渗、防溃（堤）能力弱,需迅速消减的赤泥库的赤泥土可优先选用该技术处理。     

火山、泥火山/泥底辟及含气陷阱与油气运聚关系

火山、泥火山/泥底辟及含气陷阱这些特殊的地质体,不仅是揭示地球深部构造运动的窗口和地球深部流体活动特点的表征,而且其与油气运聚关系密切,具有非常重要的油气地质意义。火山与泥火山/泥底辟的主要差异及区别是所形成的物质基础及源动力不同,前者主要反映地壳深部地球动力学过程,其物资基础来源于火山幔源活动上侵和喷发的岩浆物资;后者则是在结晶基底以上的沉积盆地中,由快速沉积充填的欠压实泥页岩发生塑性流动而产生底辟上拱所形成的产物,其物质基础为巨厚欠压实泥页岩。含气陷阱则为气侵或富含气地层所形成的地震反射畸变之痕迹。火山、泥火山/泥底辟发育演化及展布与油气运聚成藏存在明显的成因联系和耦合关系,且控制和制约了沉积盆地中油气分布与聚集。     

The mud volcanoes of Pakistan

Marine-geologic investigations on the Arabian Sea by Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in 1995 and 1998, and land expeditions in 1998 and 1999 to the coastal regions of the Makran Desert/Pakistan have extended the knowledge of the aerial distribution of mud volcanoes. These structures rise from under-compacted formations within the regional accretionary prism, which is built by the subduction of the oceanic crust of the Arabian Sea and its km-thick sedimentary load. The occurrence of mud volcanoes is limited to the abyssal plain near the accretionary front, to the coastal region of the Makran Desert and to a region in the interior of the Desert to the south to southeast of the so-called Hinglay Synform. The location of mud volcanoes in Pakistan is clearly tied to fault systems. Mud volcanoes are conspicuously absent on the lower slope of the accretionary prism, where thick gas hydrate layers have developed. The presence of large gas plumes emerging from the seafloor landward of the gas hydrate stability zone at water depths of less than 800 m points to a redirection of fluids from depth, which might explain the absence of mud volcanoes along the lower slope.     

海底泥流的流变试验及强度模型

海底泥流是海底斜坡发生失稳滑动后,经复杂的水土交换作用演变成的稀式海底滑坡体,表现出土体和流体的双重特征,而现有的测试方法难以获得低剪切应变率下连续变化的强度值,不能很好地揭示其综合强度特性。利用新型全流动贯入仪和RST流变仪,对模拟海底泥流在不同剪切应变率下的流变和强度特性进行了多组试验研究,并基于试验结果分析了不排水剪切强度、屈服应力和表观黏度与含水率的相关性。基于剪切稀化理论,提出分阶段拟合模式来描述海底泥流从低剪切应变率到中高剪切应变率的流变关系;通过多种常规流变模式拟合结果的对比分析,显示出新流变模式的适用性和优势。考虑强度软化的影响,建立了全剪切应变率范围内海底泥流的不排水剪切强度模型,为海底泥流运动过程的数值模拟和灾害评价提供科学依据。     

Distribution and formation conditions of salt diapirs and mud volcanoes

Analysis of the distribution of salt diapirs and mud volcanoes in the Earth’s continental block reveals their frequent spatial coincidence. These structures are also characterized by similar morphological and geological structures indicating their elisional origin. The appearance of zones with anomalously high formation pressures (AHFP) is the main factor responsible for the development of mud volcanoes and salt diapirs. The anomalously high formation pressure reflects transformation of the phase composition of salts, clay minerals, and dispersed organic matter under the influence of thermolysis and thermocatalysis in closed physicochemical systems.     

Bioerosion and carbonate mud production on high-latitude shelves

Low-latitude carbonate muds often are composed either of entire units of skeletons (e.g., algal muds) or of precipitates, whereas high-latitude carbonate muds are bioerosional or result from maceration. Bioerosion at high latitudes is most intense in the photic zone, particularly down to 25 m depth. Shelly substrata may be crushed, bitten, drilled, bored or scraped. Clionid sponges, endolithic algae, acmaeid gastropods and regular echinoids are the most significant agents. Clionids produce distinctive facetted carbonate silt chips when boring, which have been described from both high- and low-latitudes. Faecal pellets break down to yield mud-sized carbonate particles that are more irregular than those produced by maceration. Exhumed infaunal bivalves are often preferred to epifaunal organisms as substrata. Bioerosion occurs very rapidly; shells may be totally infested with boring algae in three months. A “moth-eaten” appearance therefore does not denote a relict grain. Reliable rates of fine sediment production are not yet available.

The mud fraction of northwest European shelf sediment generally contains 10–20% CaCO₃, though an inshore and offshore belt with higher values may be identified. Some Holocene supratidal mud-flats exceed 50% CaCO₃. Much of the shelf represents a modern-day equivalent of the “calcareous shale” facies common in the geological record. Instances of synsedimentary cementation are not uncommon, particularly in association with heavily burrowed muds.     

Litho- and biofacies analysis of postglacial marine mud using CT-Scanning

Marine silty clay deposited during the Late-Wisconsinian postglacial marine transgression of eastern Québec (Goldthwait Sea) is ubiquitous in the sedimentary column of intertidal zones of the St-Lawrence Estuary. This mud is very compact and limits the penetration of organisms composing the modern Macoma balthica community. In order to describe the characteristics of intertidal sediments containing Goldthwait Sea mud, axial tomography (CT-Scan) is used. CT-Scan is a non-destructive method that can be used to describe sediment characteristics (grain size, mineralogy, primary and secondary sedimentary structures, fabric, shape and roundness, bedding contact), and to obtain high resolution, 3D representations of structures within sediment cores. Based on differences in the densities of analysed materials, the different lithologies, lithofacies, and organisms within the core can be discriminated, and a quantification of the volume occupied by the different components of the material can be made. Here, CT-Scan images provide information on the distribution, orientation and interweaving of thanatocœnosis shell beds that alternate with massive or faintly laminated postglacial marine mud beds, as well as on ichnofacies characteristics. In addition, we show 3D images of bioturbation structures within the recent sediment layer, which is distinguished from the underlying Goldthwait Sea mud. When coupled with conventional sedimentary (grain size statistics) and radiochronological (¹⁴C) analyses, these data provide information which is valuable for identifying depositional processes within sedimentary environments.     

矿用泥浆脉冲无线随钻测量装置研发及应用

针对现有煤矿井下随钻测量系统信号传输必须依赖通缆专用钻杆而不能采用常规钻杆的技术限制,提出泥浆脉冲无线传输技术,以钻杆柱内环空间为信号传输通道,通过对孔内轨迹参数测量、泥浆脉冲载波信号传输、间歇工作模式设计与控制、孔口信号接收与解调处理等关键技术研究,研制了基于泥浆脉冲的矿用无线随钻测量装置YHD3-1500,并在山西晋城寺河和成庄煤矿进行了试验。试验结果表明:泥浆脉冲无线随钻测量装置信号幅度大、传输距离远、工作时间长、工作稳定性强。装置使用过程中不受钻杆限制,不但可提高钻孔深度,又可实现钻孔轨迹实时控制,进一步拓宽了定向钻进应用领域,具有极大的推广应用价值。      

Classification,formation, and transport mechanisms of mud clasts

Mud clasts are common in non-marine to marine sedimentary records, however, why lack a widely accepted classification scheme? We propose that it is the relative balance of volumetric abundance, sorting, roundness, and grain size that controls the texture and fabric of mud clasts. Nine distinct types of mud clasts are identified in the study based on quantitatified properties, and fall into two groups coarse-grained and fine-grained. The generation of mud clasts can be assigned to failure, erosion, and/or bioturbation of muddy sediment. These clasts are transported within fluid flows including Newtonian fluids, non-Newtonian fluids, and Bingham plastics (gravity flow and turbidity flow), showing various physical characteristics depended upon the density and viscosity of flows. Newtonian flows with less density and viscosity commonly form mud clasts with mature textures. In non-Newtonian (gravity-driven) flows, mud clasts are normally transported in laminar flows with high density and viscosity, developing matrix-supported mud clasts with immature textures. The study of classification, formation, and transport mechanisms of mud clasts has implications for identifying and interpreting sedimentary environments.     

白泥超轻陶粒的制备与性能研究

以一种即将工业化的固体废弃物白泥为原料,一种膨胀性黏土黑棉土为助熔剂,油页岩半焦为发泡剂成功制备出一类新型陶粒,产品满足GB/T17431-2010中给定的超轻陶粒标准。给出实验优化条件,即:原料配比为7:7:6(白泥:黑棉土:油页岩半焦),最佳烧结制度为450℃下预烧15 min后升温至1230℃,烧结15 min。探究了膨胀陶粒的烧结工艺与原始物料成分适用关系,烧结过程中的物相转变规律,并修正了Riley相图有关制备发泡陶粒的成分范围。实验结果表明:所制备的陶粒堆积密度为355 kg/m^3、密度等级400级、吸水率为10.22%、孔隙率为49.06%。采用了热重(TG)、偏光显微镜(OLYMPUS)和扫描电镜(SEM)等表征方法对陶粒孔的形成过程进行了研究。     

KP泥浆在八面石矿区的实际应用与改进

八面石矿区的地层比较复杂,在钻孔施工中,易发生坍塌、掉块、缩径等现象,我们通过对KP泥浆的不断改进,在保证钻孔质量的前提下,有效地控制了孔内事故,提高钻进效率、降低钻进成本。     

An experimental investigation of sand–mud suspension settling behaviour: implications for bimodal mud contents of submarine flow deposits

The settling behaviour of particulate suspensions and their deposits has been documented using a series of settling tube experiments. Suspensions comprised saline solution and noncohesive glass‐ballotini sand of particle size 35·5 μm < d < 250 μm and volume fractions, φ_s, up to 0·6 and cohesive kaolinite clay of particle size d < 35·5 μm and volume fractions, φ_m, up to 0·15. Five texturally distinct deposits were found, associated with different settling regimes: (I) clean, graded sand beds produced by incremental deposition under unhindered or hindered settling conditions; (II) partially graded, clean sand beds with an ungraded base and a graded top, produced by incremental deposition under hindered settling conditions; (III) graded muddy sands produced by compaction with significant particle sorting by elutriation; (IV) ungraded clean sand produced by compaction and (V) ungraded muddy sand produced by compaction. A transition from particle size segregation (regime I) to suppressed size segregation (regime II or III) to virtually no size segregation (IV or V) occurred as sediment concentration was increased. In noncohesive particulate suspensions, segregation was initially suppressed at φ_s ～ 0·2 and entirely inhibited at φ_s ≥ 0·6. In noncohesive and cohesive mixtures with low sand concentrations (φ_s < 0·2), particle segregation was initially suppressed at φ_m ～ 0·07 and entirely suppressed at φ_m ≥ 0·13. The experimental results have a number of implications for the depositional dynamics of submarine sediment gravity flows and other particulate flows that carry sand and mud; because the influence of moving flow is ignored in these experiments, the results will only be applicable to flows in which settling processes, in the depositional boundary, dominate over shear‐flow processes, as might be the case for rapidly decelerating currents with high suspended load fallout rates. The ‘abrupt’ change in settling regimes between regime I and V, over a relatively small change in mud concentration (<5% by volume), favours the development of either mud‐poor, graded sandy deposits or mud‐rich, ungraded sandy deposits. This may explain the bimodality in sediment texture (clean ‘turbidite’ or muddy ‘debrite’ sand or sandstone) found in some turbidite systems. Furthermore, it supports the notion that distal ‘linked’ debrites could form because of a relatively small increase in the mud concentration of turbidity currents, perhaps associated with erosion of a muddy sea floor. Ungraded, clean sand deposits were formed by noncohesive suspensions with concentrations 0·2 ≤ φ_s ≤ 0·4. Hydrodynamic sorting is interpreted as being suppressed in this case by relatively high bed aggradation rates which could also occur in association with sustained, stratified turbidity currents or noncohesive debris flows with relatively high near‐bed sediment concentrations.     

废泥浆净化与固结方法的试验研究

动力总成液力悬置是国外７０年代末在汽车上开始应用的新型隔振元件，是国际汽车隔振技术的重大突破。由于它具有优良的动特性，可明显降低汽车振动和车内噪声，因而它取代传统的橡胶悬置是未来发展的必然趋势。本文回顾淳液力悬置的发展历史，对其进行了分类，阐述了各种典型的液力悬置的结构工作原理和性能特点及其发展趋势。     

钻井废弃泥浆无害化和固化处理技术的应用

简要介绍我国目前钻井废弃泥浆无害化处理的现状,废弃泥浆对环境的影响,目前常用钻井废弃泥浆无害化固化处理技术。通过实例对勘探矿区内的钻孔产生的废弃泥浆进行无毒和无害化评价,并进行一次无害化和固化处理技术及工艺的大胆尝试,取得点滴体会供同行们分享,推动岩心钻探环境保护工作。