Integrated mass balance of some heavy metals fluxes in Yaakob village,south Sohag,Egypt

The pollution of soil with heavy metals has direct or indirect adverse effect on human health. The present work was conducted to identify all the expected sources and sinks for heavy metals by applying mass balance model to identify the retention rate of metals by soils in Yaakob village, south Sohag Governorate, Egypt. The studied inputs (sources) include P-fertilizers, irrigation water and dustfall, while the main outputs (sinks) are drainage water and harvested plants. The measurements indicate that soil, clover, dustfall and P-fertilizers contain considerable concentration of Cd, Cr, Co, Cu and Pb. The mass balance measurements indicate that the accumulation rate of Cd, Cr and Co in soil was 5.4, 54.6 and 16.3 g ha^?1 year^?1, respectively. However, depletion trend of Pb and Cu was about 1.4 and 5.2 g ha^?1 year^?1, respectively. The main source of Cd, Pb, Cr and Co in the study area is P-fertilizers with input flux 14.9, 89.9, 198.6 and 18.5 g ha^?1 year^?1, while Cu source was dustfall with 19.33 g ha^?1 year^?1. The index of geoaccumulation calculations indicates different degrees of contamination with Cd, Cr, Co and Cu. On the other hand, the main sink for the studied heavy metals was the Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) which can be considered a good bioaccumulator of heavy metals.     

Source and distribution of metals in urban soil of Bombay,India, using multivariate statistical techniques

Simplification of a complex system of geochemical variables obtained from the soils of an industrialized area of Bombay is attempted by means of R-mode factor analysis. Prior to factor analysis, discriminant analysis was carried out taking rock and soil chemical data to establish the anthropogenic contribution of metals in soil. Trace elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) are expressed in terms of three rotated factors. The factors mostly indicate anthropogenic sources of metals such as atmospheric fallout, emission from different industrial chimneys, crushing operations in quarries, and sewage sludges. Major elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, and Fe) are also expressed in terms of three rotated factors indicating natural processes such as chemical weathering, presence of clay minerals, and contribution from sewage sludges and municipal refuse. Summary statistics (mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) for the particle size distribution were interpreted as moderate dominance of fine particles. Mineralogical studies revealed the presence of montmorillonite, kaolinite, and illite types of clay minerals. Thus the present study provides information about the metal content entering into the soil and their level, sources, and distribution in the area.     

Geochemical mobilization of some heavy metals in water resources and their impact on human health in Sohag Governorate,Egypt

Geochemical mobilization of heavy metals in water has been cited as an important factor in many diseases of Sohag Governorate, Egypt. Forty-two groundwater samples were collected from the Quaternary aquifer and eight samples from surface water of Sohag governorate. The results recorded high contamination with cadmium and lead. Besides, about 50 % of samples are contaminated with iron and manganese at an alert level. All the metals under study exhibited an asymmetric statistical distribution in the investigated area. The study identified positive relationship between contaminated water (surface and groundwater) of Sohag with Cd (r _s?=?0.43) as well as Pb (r _s?=?0.21) and renal failure rate (R.F.R.?=?26 patients/10⁵ capita). The spatial distribution of these two metals (Cd and Pb) showed that they accumulated in the southern part of Sohag Governorate around Albalina District and in the northwestern part at Gehina District, which have the highest R.F.R. This study highlighted the need for more detailed research to assess the different pollutants and their relation to chronic diseases.     

石家庄城市土壤重金属空间分布特征及源解析

文章对石家庄市土壤重金属含量水平进行了研究,通过采集的220个城市土壤样品,分析了Al2O3、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn等8个元素。结果表明,与土壤背景值相比,石家庄市土壤中除As和Al2O3外的重金属含量总体明显升高。采用相关分析和主成分分析,对土壤重金属元素来源进行解析,认为有3种主要来源:一是Cu、Zn、Pb与人类的工业生产、汽车尾气排放有关。二是Ni、Cr、Cd除与工业生产有关外,还与燃煤活动排放有关。三是As、Al2O3主要与土壤母质有关(自然来源)。石家庄城市土壤的重金属含量高值区与工业区域、交通分布相吻合。     

Floods in Greece, a statistical and spatial approach

Flooding is one of the most important types of disasters in southern Europe recording many victims and extended damages over the last century. The increased pressure for urban expansion together with the high population density has increased flood risk considerably in the region. Greece is not an exception in this regime, having a very rich flooding record since the ancient times. In this work, an extensive catalogue of flooding phenomena during the last 130?years in Greece has been compiled based on numerous sources. Based on this record the temporal and spatial distribution of flood events and victims was examined. In total, 545 events were identified, causing 686 human casualties and inflicting extensive damage across the country. Results showed seasonality patterns with more events clustering in November. They also showed that urban environments tend to present a higher flood recurrence rates than mountainous and rural areas. An increasing trend in reported flood event numbers during the last decades was discovered, even though the number of human casualties remains relatively stable during the same period. Moreover, spatial patterns were identified highlighting areas and administrational entities with higher flood recurrence rates across the country.     

Application of multivariate statistical approach to identify heavy metal sources in sediment and waters: a case study in Yangzhong,China

Multivariate statistical approach is used to identify the sources of heavy metals (Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Pb, U, V, and Zn) in surface water and freshly deposited riverine sediment samples in Yangzhong city, China. The metal concentration data for the water and sediment samples are reported in terms of basic statistical parameters and metal-to-metal correlations. In both surface water and sediment samples, significant correlations are observed between some metals. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis distinguishes factors of lithogenic and anthropogenic origin. Bismuth, Cd, Co, and Pb (Co only for water samples) contents are controlled by the regional lithogenic high background factor; Co, Mn, U, and V (Co only for sediment samples) are interpreted to be mainly inherited from soil parent materials, while Cr, Zn, and Mn in the two kinds of samples are recognized as the tracer of industrial pollution. Obvious similarity between factor loadings of the two kinds of samples is observed, evidencing that metal variability in the two kinds of samples is controlled by the same sources. Statistical analysis agrees with discussion based on background value and field survey of point-source pollutant affected sediment, making this statistical discussion more convincing.     

元素空间分布插值方法的对比研究:以铜陵地区土壤中的重金属元素为例

文中以铜陵地区As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Tl、Zn等6种土壤污染元素为例,选取常用且具有代表性的反距离加权法、径向基函数法、普通克里格法、多维分形法4种空间插值方法,进行土壤元素空间插值,并对其结果进行验证分析和评价。各方法均选取最优参数进行插值对比,土壤样本数共372个,其中337个用于插值计算,35个不参与插值计算而用于验证插值结果。对比研究显示,普通克里格法对刻画区域土壤元素的空间分布趋势效果最佳,但其半变异函数模型及参数的优选仍有待进一步研究;多维分形法对刻画土壤元素局部异常和污染效果最佳,但其对土壤元素分布普遍特征的反映仍需深入研究;反距离加权法和径向基函数法对土壤元素分布的空间插值精度一般,但其简单易用、插值最优参数易于选择。     

Evaluation of spatial and seasonal variations in surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques

In this study, spatial and seasonal variations of water quality in Haraz River Basin were evaluated using multivariate statistical techniques, such as cluster analysis, principal component analysis and factor analysis. Water quality data collected from 8 sampling stations in river during 4 seasons (Summer and Autumn of 2007, Winter and Spring of 2008) were analyzed for 10 parameters (dissolved oxygen, Fecal Coliform, pH, water temperature, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, total phosphate, turbidity, total solid and discharge). Cluster analysis grouped eight sampling stations into three clusters of similar water quality features and thereupon the whole river basin may be categorized into three zones, i.e. low, moderate and high pollution. The principle component analysis/factor analysis assisted to extract and recognize the factors or origins responsible for water quality variations in four seasons of the year. The natural parameters (temperature and discharge), the inorganic parameter (total solid) and the organic nutrients (nitrate) were the most significant parameters contributing to water quality variations for all seasons. Result of principal component analysis and factor analysis evinced that, a parameter that can be significant in contribution to water quality variations in river for one season, may less or not be significant for another one.     

Geochemistry of spilites from South-West England: a statistical approach

Summary A suite of spilitic rocks from S.W. England has been analysed for 27 major and trace elements. Factor analysis was used to resolve the effects of primary magmatic variation and secondary spilitic alteration in determining the distribution of each element. The variation of REE, Nb, Zr, Fe, Ti, Sc and V is mainly attributed to igneous fractionation, whereas the variation of the other elements mainly reflects the results of spilitization. Spilitization is considered to be due to reaction between basalts and seawater soon after their original eruption, rather than the result of later regional metamorphism.

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Geochemie von Spiliten aus SW England: Eine statistische Annäherung

Zusammenfassung Spilitische Gesteine aus Südwest-England wurden auf 27 Haupt— und Spurenelemente untersucht.Faktorenanalysen wurden benützt, um zu unterscheiden, inwieweit die Variation einzelner Elemente durch primäre magmatische bzw. sekundäre Spilitisierungsprozesse bedingt ist. Die Verteilung der SEE, Nb, Zr, Fe, Ti, Sc und V wird hautsächlich von der magmatischen Fraktionierung, die der anderen Elemente von der spilitischen Alteration kontrolliert.Die Spilitisierung wird eher auf eine Reaktion der frisch eruptierten Basalte mit dem Meerwasser, als auf spätere regional-metamorphe Prozesse zurückgeführt.

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With 5 Figures     

Contamination and distribution of heavy metals in urban soil in Zhangzhou City, Fujian, China

The urban environment quality is of vital importance as the majority of people now live in cities. Due to the continuous urbanization and industrialization with rapidly increasing economy in China, metals are continuously emitted into soils, imposing a great threat on human health. Urban soils might be affected by industrial activities, transport, agricultural practice, and waste disposal. An extensive survey was conducted in the highly urbanized Zhangzhou City （Fujian Province, China） using a systematic sampling strategy. Concentrations of Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, As, Cr and Ni were measured on 108 topsoil samples collected from parks （0-15 cm）, residential areas and suburban agricultural soils. Statistic approach （cluster analysis） was adopted for identification of natural and anthropogenic influence on heavy metal contents. The maps of metal concentrations in surface soils were made based on geographical information system （GIS） data. All of these aim at assessing the distribution of these heavy metals in the urban environment.     

江都市土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

江都市土壤重金属含量分布及污染现状评价结果显示,江都市土壤环境质量总体良好,但局部地区土壤污染严重,其中通扬运河以北地区土壤环境质量优于通扬运河以南地区。土壤中镉、汞、锌含量空间分布不均匀,局部土壤含量超过国家土壤二级标准,由点源污染所致,其中镉、汞为江都市土壤主要致污染因子,导致局部土壤严重污染。建议对不同污染程度土壤土地采取不同利用方式,需进行合理调整规划。     

Mobility and bioavailability of selected heavy metals in coal ash- and sewage sludge-amended acid soil

A sequential extraction procedure has been used to study the changes in the distribution and mobility of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in an acid lateritic soil amended with alkaline coal ash and neutral sludge individually and with their mixture of equal proportions at 25, 50 and 75 Mg/ha application rates and grown in a crop with peanuts. A separate set of experiments consisting of the same treatments was repeated with the addition of lime at 2 Mg/ha. Increases in total heavy-metal levels with application of various amendments were mainly associated with increases in the insoluble and less mobile forms of metals except for Cd, which showed an increase in its exchangeable form. An increase in pH of the amended soil restricted the metal mobility in their labile forms and was more pronounced after liming the treatments. Positive yield responses were observed in the amended soil, the magnitude being higher in only sludge-applied treatments. The vegetative plant parts showed maximum accumulation of metals indicating a physiological barrier in the transfer of metals from the root to the kernel. Linear relationships of total concentrations of heavy metals in soil with that in the crop were observed. Lime addition to the treatments further reduced the transfer and accumulation of metals from the soil to the plant, even though the relationship remained linear.     

承德市土壤重金属空间结构与分布特征

基于地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,对承德全域表层土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn、微量元素Se正态分布特征、主导分布趋势及相互作用规律进行了分析,确定了不同元素最适宜的地统计插值模型并厘定出其空间分布规律。结果表明：As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的质量含量平均值分别为8.28,0.200,60.85,24.37,0.034,27.76,26.65,77.10 mg/kg,Cd、Cu、Hg和Pb变异系数分别为385%、143%、350%、118%,分异性强。Zn含量均值受土壤类型影响显著,Cr、Cu、Ni含量均值则受土地利用类型影响显著。经过不同趋势阶数元素插值误差的综合对比,确定As、Cr、Pb、Zn、Ni、Se适宜选择无趋势参数,Hg和Cu适宜选择一阶趋势参数,而Cd适宜选择二阶趋势参数。As的理论模型为指数模型,主要受到结构性因素的影响;Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn、Se的理论模型为线性模型,主要受到随机性因素的影响。通过普通克里格插值图可见区内9种元素具有北低南高的特点,中部地区形成了一条较宽的Pb高值带,与Cd相似。按照含量分布特点,土壤中Cr和Ni、Cu和Hg、Zn和Pb、Se和Cd之间的高值空间展布区具有相似性且来源相同,仅As具有个性,分析结果与传统统计学结果数据保持部分一致性。     

Geochemistry of surface sediments in the Archipelago Sea,SW Finland: a multiparameter and multivariate study

This study investigates the geochemistry of soft, organic-rich brackish-water surface sediments in the Archipelago Sea (SW Finland). The area is one of the world’s largest archipelagos, and, although it is scarcely populated, frequent ship and boat traffic along with fish farming occurs. From 76 sites, 47 chemical elements were determined after aqua regia digestion. Other parameters determined were grain size, water, organic and nitrogen contents. At sampling, the sediments were visually classified into groups representing oxic, anoxic and fluctuating (intermediate) oxic seafloor conditions. The results show that the element concentrations are quite similar to other studies in the region but with clear signs of lower anthropogenic loading. Point source pollution was identified in one sample taken nearby a fish farm and a cable ferry. This site was strongly enriched in Cu, Zn and Sn derived from chemicals used in either, or both, activities at the site. Overall, the sediments can be divided into two groups that separate chemically and geographically. One group contains more fine-grained sediments that occur near shore, while the other group contains more anoxic, organic and sulfur-rich sediments occurring more offshore. The second group is interpreted to reflect material reworked from previous deposits as a result of shoaling of the area due to glacio-isostatic land uplift. The visual classes were included in both partial least squares regression (PLSR) and PLS discriminant analysis. These analyses showed that the oxic and anoxic seafloor sediments can be predicted from the chemical variables and grain-size distribution.     

雄安新区土壤重金属和砷元素空间分布特征及源解析

研究雄安地区土壤重金属和砷元素空间分布特征及其来源,对于支撑新区土地资源和环境管理具有重要意义。基于雄安新区土壤环境调查,运用地统计学方法和ArcGIS 技术分析模拟了土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr等8种元素空间分布特征,综合运用空间分析、多元统计学方法和正定因子矩阵模型解析这些元素的主要来源。结果表明：（1）区内土壤质量总体良好,4.35 %的土壤样品Cd和Cu含量超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,但均低于农用地土壤污染风险管控值;与河北省背景值相比,Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Hg存在不同程度中度和显著富集。（2）As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr含量呈现出由北部向南部逐渐增高的趋势,高值区主要分布在新区西南部;Hg元素分布分散,高值区主要分布在城镇及工业企业周边。（3）不同土地利用类型土壤剖面重金属和砷元素垂向分布受pH值、有机碳和铁铝氧化物等理化性质影响显著。（4）研究区土壤重金属和砷元素富集受人类活动影响明显,人为来源贡献率达67.12 %,Hg元素主要来源于人为排放的大气沉降富集,As元素富集受到废渣堆放和利用的影响,Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn元素富集受工业生产、污水灌溉以及尾气排放等活动影响。研究成果可为雄安新区合理制定土地资源开发利用和生态保护措施提供技术支撑。     

Geotechnical investigation of sewage wastewater disposal sites and use of GIS land use maps to assess environmental hazards: Sohag, upper Egypt

Land application is the only currently available technique for sewage wastewater disposal along the Nile Valley in Upper Egypt. Wastewater disposal projects have been established in the lowland desert zone extending between the cultivated floodplain and the Eocene Limestone plateau. The plan is to use the treated wastewater in irrigating woody farmlands. Some wastewater disposal sites are already operating, and several others will be established in the near future. The proposed wastewater disposal sites are located in a sensitive desert zone that is extremely narrow and situated very close to vital resources including the cultivated floodplain, reclaimed lands, residential areas, and surface water resources. In addition, the subsurface sediments of this zone (Pleistocene sand–gravel succession) constitute a significant part of the Quaternary aquifer of the valley. The objective of this study is to characterize and investigate the wastewater disposal sites and assess their probable environmental hazards. The study showed that the available lands are insufficient to accommodate the projected quantities of wastewater. At the currently operating sites, excess raw wastewater is accumulating on the ground surface forming large uncontrolled ponds. Such wastewater ponds represent a potential environmental hazard and might cause disastrous health effects, where chemical and bacteriological pollution of soil, crops and water resources may occur.