Spatial assessment and redesign of a groundwater quality monitoring network using entropy theory, Gaza Strip, Palestine

Using entropy theory, a methodology was developed for the evaluation and redesign of groundwater quality monitoring wells in the Gaza Strip in Palestine. Essential to the methodology is the development of a Transinformation Model (TM) which yields the amount of information transfer and the dependency between the wells as a function of distance. The TM parameters, such as the minimum transinformation and the range, were employed for evaluating the network which revealed that most of the distances between wells were less than the range. It also indicated that a high percentage of redundant information existed in the network. Therefore, the network was reduced by superimposing a square pattern over the monitored area and selecting one well per square block in a stratified pattern. The methodology was tested using the chloride data collected from 1972–2000 from 417 groundwater quality monitoring wells in the Gaza Strip. The number of the groundwater quality monitoring wells in the Gaza Strip was reduced by 53%, while there was 26% redundant information based on the minimum existing distance between wells. This methodology is meant to help monitor the groundwater quality (salinity) in the Gaza Strip.     

A LabVIEW-based fire monitoring software using multi-criteria AHP approach for detecting geolocation of wildfire

Natural Hazards - High Conservation Value Forests or botanical parks are critical forested areas that need to be appropriately managed and protected against fire, as they contain large...     

区域地下水位监测网优化设计方法

区域地下水位监测提供了定量评价含水层地下水位持续下降及其对环境影响必不可少的信息.历史上的地下水位监测网是为了评价地下水资源或监测水源地降落漏斗而设立的,目前它们已经不能适应为流域水资源综合管理提供必需的信息.本文在综述国际地下水位监测现状的基础上,介绍了区域地下水位监测网优化设计的方法.采用地理信息系统编制的地下水动态类型图为地下水位监测井位置的选择提供了坚实的水文地质基础;克里金插值法能定量评价监测网观测值绘制的地下水位等高线的精度,因而可以用来定量设计地下水位监测网;时间序列分析和统计检验提供了优化地下水位监测频率的定量标准.这些方法已被应用于北京平原、乌鲁木齐河流域和济南岩溶泉域,其成果将在本刊分期发表.     

岩土工程施工监测信息系统初探

岩土工程施工监测信息系统（GeoMIS）主要以隧道、基坑和边歧工程施工监测为应用现象，运用工程可视化技术与地理信息系统GIS的全新思想，将数据库管理、分析预测与测点图形功能三者无缝集成，实现了以测点地图为中心的查询和数据输入输出的双向可视化，并提供监测概瞀和图形报表等完整的实用工具。系统功能齐全，交互灵活，无需其它应用软件系统支撑，对工程施工设计与科学研究具有实用价值。     

In-ground environmental radioactivity monitoring in the Culpeper Basin,Virginia, using LiF thermoluminescence dosimeters

A new environmental in-ground radioactivity monitoring technique using LiF thermoluminescence dosimeters was tested in the Culpeper Basin, Northern Virginia. The dosimeters were buried at a depth of 0.45 m (∼ 18 in.) for approximately four months. There was a significant positive correlation (at the 99.9% confidence level) between the total accumulated radioactivity signal from the dosimeters and the on-site 100 second gamma-ray spectrometer measurements. The minimum-maximum dose rate from the buried thermoluminescence dosimeter measurements was 0.06 to 1.08 mR per day (or 2.5 to 44.5μR per hour). There are two factors which permit better background levels of radioactivity to be established by thermoluminescence dosimeters compared with other methods for environmental monitoring programs. First is the great sensitivity of thermoluminescence dosimeters in terms of minimum dose rate that can be registered (mR per month orμR per hour). Second is the fact that accumulation of radioactivity signal over a long period of time tends to eliminate short-term environmental changes that affect measurements with gamma-ray spectrometers and scintillation counters.     

基于RS与GIS技术的西藏多龙矿集区生态环境监测研究

西藏多龙矿集区铜多金属矿产资源丰富,铜储量约2500万吨,排名中国第一。矿集区矿产资源的开发能带来巨大的社会经济效益,但青藏高原地区生态环境承载力有限,矿山开发容易造成生态环境的不可逆破坏。本文基于高分二号、Landsat8等遥感影像数据,采用人机交互解译方法提取多龙矿集区有关人类活动、水文、荒漠化、金属氧化物污染及草地覆盖等信息,进而分析研究区生态环境现状。分析结果表明:研究区生态环境整体仍处于较原始状态,未遭受过大型工业活动及人为活动破坏;区内主要植被类型为高原草原和高原草甸,高草地覆盖区面积较小且分布较集中;研究区荒漠化形势较为严峻,主要荒漠化类型包括沙漠化、石漠化及盐碱化等;矿区地表出现大面积褐铁矿化及孔雀石化,周边土壤及水系金属及重金属矿物含量超标;区内砂金矿盗采、超载放牧及地质勘探等人类活动均对当地生态环境造成一定影响。利用RS与GIS技术开展多龙矿集区生态环境调查研究,可为矿山的绿色选址及绿色矿山开发建设提供建议及技术支持。     

基于GPS滑坡监测系统的软件设计

滑坡监测系统软件是滑坡监测系统的重要组成部分。针对目前传统滑坡监测存在受地质条件限制,不能适时监测,通透性差等缺点,选择比较先进的GPS卫星定位技术及静态差分算法,作为滑坡监测的手段和解算方法,在硬件方面的支持下,利用无线通讯技术实现了无人值守全天候监测。针对监测的要求,软件在操作界面、图形显示、自动智能化监测方面作了很多有益地尝试。软件系统采用以C 语言作为编程语言的VC 6.0为编译环境。整个滑坡监测系统软件是一个实用的、操作简单的、人性化的监测软件。     

MAPGIS软件在绘制激电测深断面图方面的应用

本文主要介绍了SURFER图件到M APG IS图件的转换,使用M APG IS软件中的图象转换、控制点文件及图件“误差校正”等功能绘制激电测深断面图的详细方法和步骤,解决了剖面地形起伏不平和AB/2供电极距不等间距情况下计算机制作激电测深断面图方面的难题。     

利用Excel和MAPGIS软件生成化探剖面图的方法

MAPGIS地理信息系统,是地质勘查行业使用最为广泛的数字制图软件,Execl是常用的办公软件,有强大的数据处理功能。工作中,结合这两个软件的功能,不但能实现快速、高效、高精度、数字化的化探剖面折线图的制作,而且可以直接生成符合归档要求的MAPGIS格式图形文件,便于电子资料汇交和归档。     

Automatic classification of volcanic earthquakes by using Multi-Layered neural networks

The application of neural networks as classifiers of seismic events is described with the aim of developing an automatic system for the classification of explosion quakes at the Stromboli volcano. The architecture of the network that we trained to identify four different classes of shocks was a Multi-Layer Perceptron, using the Back Error Propagation algorithm. Five different approaches for representing the information embedded in the seismograms, both in the time and in the frequency domain, were considered, and the results compared. The direct use of the time series of the shocks was not satisfactory. The auto-correlation function worked well, but in some cases it was misleading. A better performance was obtained with a frequency domain representation. Finally, the use of the envelope function did not work well. Combining parameters such as the auto-correlation and envelope functions can improve one source of error, but it may introduce new ones. The performance obtained highlights the importance of the data attributes used for the training of the network. Topologies with eight neurons in a single hidden layer gave, on average, the best results among the considered neural network structures. The overall results provide a large number of events (89% with the best performance) correctly classified, indicating that this automatic technique is reliable, and encouraging further applications in the field of volcanic seismology.     

基于三维设计软件的矿用测斜仪结构优化设计

利用SolidWorks的Simulation工具对某种测斜仪的主要零件进行了有限元分析,并在满足使用要求的前提下对该零件进行了优化,最终使得该零件的质量减少了近22%,安全系数为36.27,且受力下的变形也在安全范围内,结构参数更加合理。     

Modelling inorganic aluminium with WHAM in environmental monitoring

Due to the varying toxicity of different Al species, information about Al concentration and speciation is important when assessing water quality. Modelling Al speciation can support operational monitoring programmes where Al speciation is not measured directly. Modelling also makes it possible to retroactively speciate older samples where laboratory fractionation was not undertaken. Organic-rich waters are a particular challenge for both laboratory analysis and models. This paper presents the modelling of Al speciation in Swedish surface waters using the Windermere Humic Acid Model (WHAM). The model was calibrated with data from operational monitoring, the Swedish national survey of lakes and rivers, and covers a broad spectrum of physical and chemical conditions. Calibration was undertaken by varying the amount of DOC active in binding Al. A sensitivity analysis identified the minimum parameters required as model input variables primarily to be total Al, organic C, pH, F⁻, and secondly Fe, Ca and Mg. The observed and modelled Ali had no significant differences (Spearman rank, p < 0.01), however, lake samples modelled better than rivers. Samples were placed in the correct toxicological category in 89–95% of the cases. The importance of the size of the calibration data set was assessed, and reducing the calibration data set resulted in poorer correlations, but had little impact on the toxicological placement. Overall, the modelling gave satisfactory results from samples covering a broad spectrum of physical and chemical conditions. This indicates the potential value of WHAM as a tool in operational monitoring of surface waters.     

长乐地震前兆监测系统软件研究

本文通过对长乐土壤氡观测资料进行系统分析。并在资料分析的基础上 ,开发出针对长乐地震前兆监测系统软件。     

Caspian Sea level prediction using satellite altimetry by artificial neural networks

The demand for accurate predictions of sea level fluctuations in coastal management and ship navigation activities is increasing. To meet such demand, accessible high-quality data and proper modeling process are critically required. This study focuses on developing and validating a neural methodology applicable to the short-term forecast of the Caspian Sea level. The input and output data sets used contain two time series obtained from Topex/Poseidon and Jason-1 satellite altimetry missions from 1993 to 2008. The forecast is performed by multilayer perceptron network, radial basis function, and generalized regression neural networks. Several tests of different artificial neural network (ANN) architectures and learning algorithms are carried out as alternative methods to the conventional models to assess their applicability for estimating Caspian Sea level anomalies. The results derived from the ANN are compared with observed sea level values and with the forecasts calculated by a routine autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model. Different ANNs satisfactorily provide reliable results for the short-term prediction of Caspian Sea level anomalies. The root mean square errors of the differences between observations and predictions from artificial intelligence approaches can be significantly reduced by about 50 % compared with ARMA techniques.     

随采地震监测数据采集控制软件开发

随采地震能够对工作面前方地质异常体进行连续探测和实时预报,成为近几年的研究热点,但是目前还没有能够在煤矿井下开展随采地震长期连续监测的装备及配套软件。为了解决这个问题,基于Microsoft Foundation Classes（MFC）开发框架,开发了一套随采地震监测数据采集软件,在室内、野外进行了为期3个月的联调测试,并且在贵州岩脚煤矿与井下随采地震监测设备开展了为期3个月的全面试运行。测试表明,软件实现了随采地震信号的高效采集、完全存储和处理软件的实时通信功能,具有运行稳定、操作便捷、处理高效、便于维护、无人值守等优点。     

广西廉州湾海水环境质量综合监测

随着广西最大的河口三角洲廉州湾海洋环境压力的不断加大,地质环境综合监测评价工作难以满足经济发展和环境保护需求。结合前人研究成果和岸段排污特征,在廉州湾布设了20个监测站位,于夏、冬两季通过取样分析、现场测量等手段相结合进行数据采集,并分析了需氧量、营养盐、重金属等要素的时空分布以及变化特征。结果表明: 受径流输入和沿岸排污共同影响要素而变化较大,要素等值线呈现带状或者小尺度半闭合状分布,在南流江出海口等值线较为密集; 氮营养盐以硝酸盐(NO₃-N)为主,平均含量0.066~4.35 mg/L,含量较高的重金属有Pb、Zn、Cd、As; 与历史数据对比显示营养盐增加明显,且化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)较高的状况并未有改善; 以滩涂养殖区污染最为严重,夏、冬两季几乎均为富营养化和重污染级,重污染等级比例两季平均值超过50.00%。总体上来看,该湾成为河流污染输入和周边陆源污染物的承纳海盆,并受到地质环境条件的限制而导致海水交换能力较差,现有污染状况同时还与人类对海岸利用开发加大有关。监测成果为进一步实施广西重点规划区海岸带立体化地质监测提供基本资料,并为当地海岸带防灾减灾等提供依据。     

运用MAPGIS软件在进行误差较正中几种常见错误的剖析及改正措施

作者基于几年来的实践 ,总结出了运用MAPGIS软件进行误差校正中几种常见错误类型及其形成的原因 ,以及针对相应问题的改正措施。     

GPS PPP技术用于滑坡监测的试验与结果分析

为了研究全球定位系统(GPS)精密单点定位(PPP)技术用于滑坡等地质灾害监测时可能达到的精度和可靠性等问题,结合某类滑坡的大型物理模型试验,在滑坡体上布设了若干GPS监测点进行连续实时动态监测,利用PPP技术对该滑坡从稳定、开始滑动直至产生破坏的全过程监测数据进行了处理与分析,并与GPS单历元差分定位、载波相位实时差分定位技术监测结果进行了对比。结果表明:GPS PPP技术监测结果的内符合精度约为10 mm,外符合精度约为40 mm,且GPS PPP技术具有一些差分GPS无法比拟的优势,如无需基准站支持、作业成本低、效率高、可直接获取监测点在国际地球参考框架下的绝对坐标等。该技术完全可用于滑坡等地质灾害的实时动态监测和预警。