三峡沉积物中重金属污染累积及潜在生态风险评估

分析了三峡库区主要支流表层沉积物样品中15种重金属元素（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Tl、V、Mn、C、Ni、Sr、Ag、Sb、Sn和Mo）的含量水平和分布规律,并采用内梅罗污染指数、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法,初步评价了沉积物中重金属污染状况和潜在生态风险。研究结果表明：（1）三峡库区支流表层沉积物中重金属Cd、Zn和Cu等呈现污染加剧态势,其含量范围分别为0.36-1.22 mg/kg、55.8-182 mg/kg、24.0-93.1 mg/kg;（2）内梅罗单因子污染指数（Ii）和地累积指数（Igeo）指示研究区域中Ag、Sb和Sn等多种重金属污染累积效应显著;（3）研究区域中多种重金属内梅罗多因子污染指数（Pn）和潜在生态风险指数（RI）分别为3.41-11.1和204-568,表明研究区域为重度重金属污染,潜在生态风险较高;（4）三峡库区主要支流表层沉积物呈现出以Cd为主的多种重金属复合污染特征。     

Carbon dioxide emissions from the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission from the river-type reservoir is an hotspot of carbon cycle within inland waters. However, related studies on the different types of reservoirs are still inadequate. Therefore, we sampled the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), a typical river-type reservoir having both river and lake characteristics, using an online system (HydroCTM/CO₂) and YSI-6600v2 meter to determine the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO₂) and physical chemical parameters in 2013. The results showed that the CO₂ flux from the mainstream ranged from 26.1 to 92.2 mg CO₂/m² h with average CO₂ fluxes of 50.0 mg/m² h. The CO₂ fluxes from the tributary ranged from ?10.91 to 53.95 mg CO₂/m² h with area-weighted average CO₂ fluxes of 11.4 mg/m² h. The main stream emits CO₂ to the atmosphere the whole year; however, the surface water of the tributary can sometimes act as a sink of CO₂ for the atmosphere. As the operation of the TGR, the tributary became more favorable to photosynthetic uptake of CO₂ especially in summer. The total CO₂ flux was estimated to be 0.34 and 0.03 Tg CO₂/year from the mainstream and the tributaries, respectively. Our emission rates are lower than previous estimates, but they are in agreement with the average CO₂ flux from temperate reservoirs estimated by Barros et al. (Nat Geosci 4(9):593–596, 2011).     

Mechanism of the Anlesi landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Many gentle dip translational rock slides have taken place in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. In order to study the mechanism of these translational rock slides, the authors use the Anlesi landslide as a typical case study to investigate in detail. Field investigations show that the slip zones of the Anlesi landslide were formed from a white mudstone in Jurassic red strata. X-ray diffraction and infrared ray analysis showed that the main mineral components of the slip zones are montmorillonite, illite, feldspar and quartz. Laboratory tests indicate that the slip zone soils are silty clay, of medium-swelling potential, the shear strength decreasing significantly as the slip zone attracts water and saturates.The main factors contributing to the Anlesi landslide are recent tectonic activity, incompetent beds, and intensive rainfall. Recent tectonic activity had caused shear failure along the incompetent beds, and joints within the sandstone. With the effect of intensive rainfall, water percolates to the incompetent beds along tectonic fissures, resulting in swelling of the soil material and high groundwater pressures within fissures in the strata. As a consequence, the Anlesi slope is prone to slide along these incompetent beds.Flac3D software was used to simulate the mechanism of the Anlesi landslide considering the rheological properties of soil and rock. The simulation results demonstrate that the stress, displacement and failure area changes with simulated creep time. The maximum displacement in the X direction reaches 7.59 m after 200-year simulated creep. Therefore, the mechanism of the Anlesi landslide can be illustrated considering the rheological properties of Jurassic red strata.     

Displacement prediction in colluvial landslides, Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The prediction of active landslide displacement is a critical component of an early warning system and helps prevent property damage and loss of human lives. For the colluvial landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir, the monitored displacement, precipitation, and reservoir level indicated that the characteristics of the deformations were closely related to the seasonal fluctuation of rainfall and reservoir level and that the displacement curve versus time showed a stepwise pattern. Besides the geological conditions, landslide displacement also depended on the variation in the influencing factors. Two typical colluvial landslides, the Baishuihe landslide and the Bazimen landslide, were selected for case studies. To analyze the different response components of the total displacement, the accumulated displacement was divided into a trend and a periodic component using a time series model. For the prediction of the periodic displacement, a back-propagation neural network model was adopted with selected factors including (1) the accumulated precipitation during the last 1-month period, (2) the accumulated precipitation over a 2-month period, (3) change of reservoir level during the last 1 month, (4) the average elevation of the reservoir level in the current month, and (5) the accumulated displacement increment during 1 year. The prediction of the displacement showed a periodic response in the displacement as a function of the variation of the influencing factors. The prediction model provided a good representation of the measured slide displacement behavior at the Baishuihe and the Bazimen sites, which can be adopted for displacement prediction and early warning of colluvial landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir.     

Mechanism and failure process of Qianjiangping landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

The Qianjiangping landslide is a large planar rock slide which occurred in July 14, 2003 shortly after the water level reached 135 m in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. The landslide destroyed 4 factories and 129 houses, took 24 lives, and made 1,200 people homeless. Field investigation shows that the contributing factors for the landslide are the geological structure of the slope, the previous surface of rupture, the water level rise, and continuous rainfall. In order to reveal the mechanism and failure process of the landslide, numerical simulation was conducted on Qianjiangping slope before sliding. Based on the characteristics and the engineering conditions of the landslide, the topography and the geological profiles of Qianjiangping slope before sliding is reconstructed. The seepage field of Qianjiangping slope before sliding was simulated with the Geostudio software. The results show that ground water table rises and bends to the slope during the rise of water level, and the slope surface becomes partially saturated within the period of continuous rainfall. Using the ground water table obtained above, the failure process of Qianjiangping slope is simulated with the Flac3D software. The results demonstrate that the shear strain increment, displacement, and shear failure area of the slope increased greatly after the water level rose and continuous rained, and the landslide was triggered by the combined effect both of water level rise and continuous rainfall. The development of shear strain increment, displacement, and shear failure area of the slope shows that the landslide was retrogressive in the lower part of the slope and progressive in the upper part of the slope.     

Ammonia adsorption and nitritation in sediments derived from the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

The influences of suspended particles (SPs) on NH₄ ⁺ adsorption and nitritation occurring in the water system of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) were evaluated in this study. The results indicated that the adsorption of NH₄ ⁺ was significantly affected by the SPs concentration under the conditions typically present in the TGR. The amount of ammonia adsorbed per unit weight of suspended particles was inverse proportional to the concentration of suspended particles. However, the influences of the particle size and the organic matter concentration existing in SPs were insignificant under the experimental conditions. The effects of suspended particles on nitritation were determined by the use of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) strain SW16, identified as Nitrosomonas nitrosa, which was isolated from sediment samples of the TGR. Suspended particle concentration in water–sediment solution played an important role in the nitritation process. The rate of nitritation enhanced with the increase of the suspended particle concentration. It was found that the critical factor controlling ammonia oxidizing rate was the AOB biomass resulting from the AOB growth rate. Moreover, results demonstrated that both particle size and organic matter content showed little effect on the nitritation process under the experimental conditions.     

三峡水库运行初期的泥沙淤积特点

针对三峡蓄水运行后的泥沙淤积问题,基于实测资料,采用输沙率法和断面法分析了三峡水库运行初期的泥沙淤积特点.结果表明:三峡水库2003—2013年泥沙淤积总量为15.31亿t,平均排沙比为24.5%,均较论证阶段降低;库区泥沙淤积主要分布在常年回水区的宽谷和弯道河段,宽谷段全断面发生淤积、弯道断面流速较小一侧淤积、峡谷无累积性淤积;常年库区近坝段泥沙淤积速度逐年减小,而上段泥沙淤积速度则呈增大趋势;淤积物粒径沿程分选不明显,常年回水区淤积物中值粒径多在0.01 mm以下.库区峡谷段深泓线无明显变化、尚未出现泥沙淤积三角洲、库尾泥沙淤积上延和尾水抬高不明显,据此初步推断峡谷河段存在富余挟沙力而成为局部侵蚀基准面,整个库区将无统一平衡比降的趋势.     

三峡水库区陈家沟滑坡地质特征与防治措施

在研究了三峡水库区奉节县陈家沟滑坡的工程地质条件及滑坡体基本特征的基础上，介绍了该滑坡的结构及变形特征。从滑坡形成条件、诱发变形因素两方面分析了滑坡形成的原因及诱发坡体失稳的主要因素；据岩土样品的试验值、现场大剪值，结合地区经验值及反算值，确定计算滑坡稳定性及剩余滑坡推力的抗剪强度参数，考虑到未来三峡水库蓄水，在不同工况下对滑坡体进行稳定性计算。结果表明：在天然及暴雨情况下，滑坡整体均处于稳定状态；次级滑坡体在饱水及水库蓄水后，处于临界蠕滑或失稳状态。结合工程实际对滑坡治理进行初步研究，提出回填压脚专档为幸捕以排水的综合治理措施。     

The July 14, 2003 Qianjiangping landslide,Three Gorges Reservoir,China

The Qianjiangping landslide occurred after the first impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir in July 2003. Field investigation revealed that failure occurred when the reservoir reached 135 m, but the stability of the affected slope was already reduced by pre-existing bedding-plane shears, quarrying of mudstone from the landslide toe, and previous heavy rain. A possible explanation of the rapid and long runout mechanism of the landslide is that movement on a bedding-plane shear ruptured the calcite cement and rapidly reduced the sandstone strength to residual shear strength.     

三峡库区巫山金鸡岭滑坡成因机制与变形特征

三峡库区新城区迁建多采用就地后靠方式,工程扰动叠加强降雨往往诱发滑坡失稳。基于重庆巫山江东小区金鸡岭滑坡,对其影响因素和成因机制进行探讨。工程扰动不仅是传统认为的后缘加载、前缘削脚作用,更重要的是坡体表层土方堆填阻断了滑坡体地表水泄流通道,使地表水向地下水转化。强降雨作用下滑坡体内地下水位明显升高,导致金鸡岭滑坡2018年8月1日前后发生较大变形。采取降水井抽排地下水等应急处置后,滑坡变形明显趋缓,可见工程扰动导致的地下水升高是该滑坡诱发的关键因素。数值模拟表明,工程扰动后稳定系数明显降低,对应堆填区渗流场变化明显,渗流加剧,孔隙水压力、水力梯度、总水头上升,结合达西定律与有效应力原理可知渗透力增加,抗剪强度削弱,诱发滑坡变形。     

三峡库区石榴树包滑坡近期变形特征与机理分析

石榴树包滑坡是黄蜡石滑坡群中的一个重要滑坡,一直以来备受瞩目,其持续变形对长江航运及人民生命财产安全造成严重威胁。本文通过对石榴树包滑坡的勘探得到其详细的物质组成及结构,通过近两年的GPS表面位移、地下水位、降雨量等自动化监测数据分析,对该滑坡的变形特征、变形机理进行研究。结果表明：（1）石榴树包滑坡最初以前缘变形为主,现阶段以中后部变形为主。（2）降雨是石榴树包滑坡复活的主要原因,受库水位升降与降雨联合作用使石榴树包滑坡持续变形。前缘变形较小主要是由于前缘渗透性大,水力梯度较小的原因;中后部变形大主要是中后部渗透性小,水力梯度相对较大的原因。（3）降雨对滑坡地下水影响较大,使地下水水力梯度增大可达5～9倍。本研究可为三峡库区滑坡灾害监测预警及防治提供重要参考。     

三峡库区藕塘滑坡变形特点及复活机制研究

为深入研究库区古滑坡变形特征及其复活机理,文章以三峡库区藕塘滑坡为研究对象,通过对钻孔、探槽及平硐等现场勘查资料和监测资料的深入分析,并结合数值模拟方法,探讨了藕塘滑坡的时-空变形特点及影响因素,并揭示其复活机制。电子自旋共振试验和现场勘查结果表明藕塘滑坡由三个次级滑体组成。监测数据显示:总体上,地表累计位移-时间曲线呈阶跃状变化,即雨季滑坡变形速率急剧加快,旱季则骤减;在空间上滑坡的变形速率随高程的增加而增加。库水和降雨是导致藕塘滑坡变形破坏的主要因素:滑坡下部区域变形主要受库水影响,而滑坡中、上部区域变形主要受降雨影响。数值模拟结果也进一步揭示了影响滑坡孔隙水压力响应的主控因素随滑坡高程的变化而变化。库水骤降使得坡体前部渗透压增大,同时强降雨使得坡体中部及上部孔隙水压力升高,二者共同作用下导致滑坡复活。此外库水位下降或降雨量增加,均会不同程度降低边坡的稳定性。以上结论对于指导实际工程及深化库区古滑坡的研究具有一定的理论意义,同时加强古滑坡的研究有助于丰富滑坡稳定性评价及预测预报方法,为古滑坡的治理提供一定的理论依据。     

三峡水库区千将坪滑坡活动性质及运动特征

2003年7月13目三峡水库区秭93县千将坪村发生大规模滑坡。依据遥感解译航片显示的“7．13”滑坡前地貌形态、古滑坡遗迹调查及滑坡发育的地质环境条件分析，认为千将坪原为一整体呈簸箕形的古滑坡。实地调查表明该滑歧的范围在古滑坡的西侧堆积垅和东部沟“7”之间的部分，活动性质为千将坪古滑坡的大规模复活。“7．13”滑坡的东、西侧壁及后壁特征清楚。后壁加滑体斜长1050m，平均宽525m，滑坡总破坏投影面积约0．5km^2；堆积体总体形态与古滑坡相似。据不同的堆积特征，大致可分为4个部分：后缘、滑体后部、中前部及滑坡坝。由各要素特征及其上的地物状态分析，滑坡的中部、前部为深层推移武高速整体滑动，滑坡前缘以反翘姿态飞速冲向对岸，堵断青干河；滑坡的两测，滑体高速下滑时与东西侧壁问作高速剪切运动；滑坡堆积后部，受其下中前部滑体快速滑动而产生的强大牵引力影响，沿古滑面下滑并倾倒、崩落。通过现场调查及综合分析实际资料，认为三峡库区第一期蓄水是触发该滑坡的主要厚因，雨季强降水为辅助因素。另外，根据现场公路断开两点GPS测量估算出公路被切断后下滑了235．91m，估算该滑坡在主滑方向的滑距约为250m，滑坡总体积约为2400万m^3。总体而言，“7．13”千将坪滑坡活动释放能量比较充争，目前整体稳定。但滑体上局部调整活动暂时不会停止。边界以外的古滑体堆积受到严重干扰，会不断发生牵引及塌滑。     

三峡水库区岩土体高切坡的基本特点与防灾方法

在总结分析三峡水库区岩层稳定性及地质灾害基本特征的基础上,根据岩性和结构特征,提出三峡水库区存在较为严重失稳隐患的边坡主要有顺层边坡、平缓软硬岩层互层边坡、松散堆积体边坡、岩溶角砾岩边坡和层状碎裂岩边坡等5种类型,其中分布于奉节至巴东段的松散堆积体边坡危险性最大,是需工程防护的重中之重.对存在不稳定隐患的高切坡,应因地制宜,有针对性地分类采取削坡、锚喷、格构锚、挡墙、抗滑桩、排水等工程防护措施.     

三峡库区侏罗系泥岩CT损伤特性试验研究

结合CT-三轴试验研究了三峡库区侏罗系泥岩破坏过程中的细观损伤特性。获得了泥岩受破坏时的实时CT图像、CT数均值及方差等结果。通过CT图像中泥岩内部的主裂纹区域和非主裂纹区域在变形破坏过程中出现的特征,采用截面整体分析和选取区域分析相结合的方法探讨了岩样各变形阶段的损伤演化规律。研究表明:宏观裂纹一般最早出现在到达屈服点后,形成于红层泥岩承载能力较弱的区域,即原生孔隙、微裂纹较集中的区域,根据岩石内部区域CT数的变化规律可以判断裂纹的出现阶段和损伤程度。基于此,提出将不同围压下泥岩在屈服点的应变值作为岩石损伤的门槛应变值,低于该应变值时,侏罗系泥岩无明显损伤,高于该应变值时,损伤加剧。