Limit analysis of the stability of slopes reinforced with anchors

An approach based on the category of upper bound theorem of limit analysis is proposed in this article to consider the reinforcing effect of one row of anchors on slope stabilization. The shear strength reduction technique is used in the determination of the safety factor of the slope. The effect of anchor reinforcement is assumed to be an external axial force applied on the slope, and in the formulas of kinematic limit analysis, the work rate done by the anchor can be calculated. So, the stability analysis can be conducted without any assumptions on the acting position and decomposition of the axial force of anchors. Results were compared with those obtained using both the limit equilibrium method and numerical method. A parametric study was carried out to illustrate the effect of anchor orientation and position on slope stabilization. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reinforcing mechanism of anchors in slopes: a numerical comparison of results of LEM and FEM

This paper reports the limitation of the conventional Bishop's simplified method to calculate the safety factor of slopes stabilized with anchors, and proposes a new approach to considering the reinforcing effect of anchors on the safety factor. The reinforcing effect of anchors can be explained using an additional shearing resistance on the slip surface. A three‐dimensional shear strength reduction finite element method (SSRFEM), where soil–anchor interactions were simulated by three‐dimensional zero‐thickness elasto‐plastic interface elements, was used to calculate the safety factor of slopes stabilized with anchors to verify the reinforcing mechanism of anchors. The results of SSRFEM were compared with those of the conventional and proposed approaches for Bishop's simplified method for various orientations, positions, and spacings of anchors, and shear strengths of soil–grouted body interfaces. For the safety factor, the proposed approach compared better with SSRFEM than the conventional approach. The additional shearing resistance can explain the influence of the orientation, position, and spacing of anchors, and the shear strength of soil–grouted body interfaces on the safety factor of slopes stabilized with anchors. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Limit equilibrium analysis of seismic stability of slopes reinforced with a row of piles

An approach based on the category of limiting equilibrium analysis is proposed to consider the reinforcing effect of one row of vertical piles on slope under seismic conditions. The approach is based on an uncoupled formulation in which the pile response and slope stability are considered separately. Closed‐form equations are derived, allowing the yield acceleration coefficient to be determined for giving pile characteristics. Results were compared with those obtained using another limit equilibrium method. The effects of pile location on the effectiveness of increasing seismic stability of the slope–pile system were elucidated. It was found out that the piles should be installed in the middle–upper part of the slope to achieve greatest safety, but the pile length and other possible failure modes should be checked carefully in design. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非饱和土边坡稳定分析方法探讨

在对非饱和土边坡进行稳定分析时,应该全面地考虑基质吸力对边坡稳定的贡献。首先,分别探讨了基于Fredlund非饱和土强度表达式和Bishop非饱和土有效应力强度公式将强度折减有限元法推广到非饱和土边坡稳定分析中的具体方法;然后,开发了可以考虑基质吸力两种处理方法的强度折减有限元计算程序;最后,给出了一个非饱和土边坡稳定分析的对比算例,说明了二者的不同特点。     

活树桩固坡对边坡稳定性影响的数值分析

作为一种经济、环保的植物固坡方法,活树桩在发达国家得到了较为广泛的应用.笔者介绍了活树桩固坡方法的应用和施工方法,讨论了其加固机理.采用弹塑性有限元分析活树桩固坡对边坡稳定性的影响,研究了活树桩的入土长度、加固位置、数量、角度及其根系发展等因素对边坡安全系数影响的规律.     

地震效应下三维非均质土坡稳定性极限分析

基于极限分析上限定理,采用拟动力法研究了地震效应下非均质土坡的三维稳定性,并通过重度加大法（GIM）推导出边坡安全系数的显式表达式。此外,采用遗传算法进行优化,将所得结果进行对比验证,详细分析了地震条件下相关参数对边坡稳定性的影响。分析结果表明：边坡高度一定时,宽高比、边坡倾角的增大以及土体内摩擦角、非均质系数的减小均会造成安全系数的降低;拟静力法获得的结果相比于拟动力法较大,两种方法结果的差值会随着水平地震系数、有效内摩擦角的增大而增大,随着边坡倾角的增大而减小;土体放大系数的增大会导致安全系数减小,而地震波周期及波速的变化几乎对安全系数没有影响;滑动面轨迹受水平地震系数的影响较大,而受非均质系数的影响相对较小。     

极限分析有限元法讲座—— Ⅰ岩土工程极限分析有限元法

经典岩土工程极限分析方法一般采用解析方法，有些还要对滑动面作假设，且不适用于非均质材料，尤其是强度不均的岩石工程，从而使极限分析法的应用受到限制。随着计算技术的发展，极限分析有限元法应运而生，它能通过强度降低或者荷载增加直接算得岩土工程的安全系数和滑动面，十分贴近工程设计。为此，探讨了极限分析有限元法及其在边坡、地基、隧道稳定性计算中的应用，算例表明了此法的可行性，拓宽了该方法的应用范围。随着计算机技术与计算力学的发展，岩土工程极限分析有限元法正在成为一门新的学问，而且有着良好的发展前景。     

考虑张剪破坏的边坡下限原理有限元法

在工程中发生的很多边坡破坏模式不仅表现为剪切破坏,还表现为在边坡后缘产生一定深度的张拉破坏。这种既考虑剪切破坏又考虑张拉破坏的屈服准则,是经典的Mohr-Coulomb（简称M-C）屈服准则难以模拟的。从空间方位离散的角度出发,对经典的M-C屈服面线性化的方式进行改造,建立了基于方位离散的线性化屈服准则,同时在屈服准则中考虑了张拉破坏准则,并引入伪黏聚力,保证在每一个离散方位平面上既不违背屈服准则,又不违背张拉破坏准则,建立了同时考虑张拉及剪切破坏的下限原理有限元法。算例表明了该方法的有效性,同时也证明了仅考虑剪切破坏时,会过高地估计边坡的安全系数。     

震裂边坡稳定性极限分析

地震导致山体大范围开裂松动,使岩体裂缝（隙）张开、扩展进而形成危险的震裂边坡。裂缝是控制震裂边坡变形破坏的切割边界和滑移边界,为此,考虑裂缝扩展、裂缝充水和地震影响,采用极限分析上限法对汶川地震震中附近的一实地震裂边坡的稳定性变化进行分析。计算结果揭示了随裂缝扩展延伸,在雨水、地震作用影响下震裂边坡稳定性变化规律,为类似边坡的分析评价与工程治理提供了理论依据。     

顺层岩质边坡稳定性极限分析上限法

基于极限分析上限法理论,运用体积力增量法,考虑单层滑动面极限分析模型的缺陷,建立考虑含结构面的多岩层错动的任意块体模型,利用岩块体在外荷载作用下达到极限破坏时,外荷载做的功与岩体消耗的功相等为基础建立等式方程,由此推导得到此类边坡稳定系数的计算公式。在分析典型边坡算例的基础上,对比离散元数值模拟结果,验证了该方法的可行性和适用性。对云南省普宣高速公路某顺层岩质边坡进行计算,其稳定系数接近离散元数值模拟结果,数值稍有偏大,边坡稳定。其研究结果为此类边坡稳定性评价提供了一种新的计算方法。     

Stability determination for layered soil slopes using the upper bound limit analysis

By using the upper bound limit analysis, a method has been proposed in this article to compute stability numbers for layered soil slopes. The rupture surface was assumed to be a combination of different logarithmic spiral arcs with a common focus. The analysis ensures the kinematic admissibility of the collapse mechanism with respect to the rigid rotation of the bounded soil mass about the focus of the logarithmic spiral. For the sake of illustration, the computations, however, were exclusively performed only for a two layered soil slope. The effect of the pore water pressure and horizontal earthquake body forces was also incorporated in the computations. The computational procedure was validated by making a comparison of the obtained stability numbers with those reported in literature.     

岩石边坡稳定的块体单元极限分析上限法

将块体单元法与极限分析上限法相结合,提出了岩石边坡稳定的块体单元极限分析上限法。借助于块体单元法离散计算区域,通过块体系统速度场在结构面上满足Mohr-Coulomb屈服条件、关联流动法则、速度边界条件以及块体系统虚功原理,构成求解边坡强度储备安全系数上限解的非线性规划模型,模型的求解采用复合形法。最后研究了一个岩质楔形体边坡算例和小湾水电站进水口边坡实例,通过将块体单元法上限分析计算结果与刚体极限平衡法相比较,验证了该方法的正确性。     

某电厂铁路边坡稳定性分析

本文以某电厂铁路沿线边坡为研究对象,采用有限元法结合极限平衡法分析了边坡稳定性。通过有限元分析,给出了边坡岩体应力及应变分布,分析表明,边坡岩体加荷后未发现大剪应变的贯通区。刚体极限平衡法评价了沿节理滑动的边坡稳定性,三个剖面边坡稳定性系数均大于1.4。安全系数均符合相关规范要求,计算结果为边坡加固设计提供了重要依据。     

土坡稳定极限分析上限法中的多解性分析

土坡稳定极限分析上限法中采用了完全塑性区假定,即假定土坡内存在一个处处位于屈服面上的滑动体。将滑动体内部条块界面上的强度发挥系数视为优化变量,利用功能平衡方程得到了对于给定滑动面的多个安全系数,基于和声算法和潘家铮极值原理选择其中最大的安全系数作为该滑动面的抗滑稳定安全系数,利用该方法对于两个典型土坡算例进行了分析,将其结果与常规极限分析上限法结果进行了比较,给出了完全塑性区假定对计算结果的影响。     

黄河下游堤防非饱和土边坡渗流分析

根据室内非饱和土的渗透试验得出的非饱和土的渗透参数,针对黄河下游堤防典型的非饱和土边坡,采用有限单元法系统地分析了堤防非饱和土边坡在降雨和洪水作用下的非饱和渗流场特征,并得出降雨与洪水对非饱和粉质黏土边坡渗流场的改变范围,该范围的大小为浸润线移动前方2 m之内。进一步分析了降雨与洪水共同作用对黄河下游堤防边坡非饱和渗流场的影响,分析结果表明降雨程度的大小和持续时间的长短直接影响着洪水对非饱和渗流场改变的难易程度。     

Numerical and analytical observations on long and infinite slopes

Interest in the mechanics of landslides has led to renewed evaluation of the infinite slope equations, and the need for a more general framework for estimating the factor of safety of long and infinite slopes involving non‐homogeneous soil profiles. The paper describes finite element methods that demonstrate the potential for predicting failure in long slope profiles where the critical mechanism is not necessarily at the base of the soil layer. The influence of slope angle is also examined in long slopes, leading to some counter‐intuitive conclusions about the impact of slope steepness on the factor of safety. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Probabilistic analysis of reinforced slopes using RFEM and considering spatial variability of frictional soil properties due to compaction

Probabilistic stability analyses of constructed wrapped-face reinforced slopes (or embankments) using frictional soils were carried out using the random finite element method (RFEM). Soil properties reported in the literature for unsaturated frictional fills compacted to different densities were used in the simulations. Bar elements were added to the RFEM code to simulate extensible geosynthetic reinforcement layers and the Davis approach was used to improve numerical stability for purely frictional soil slopes at collapse. The influence of isotropic and anisotropic spatially variable soil strength was investigated and shown to have a large influence on the variation of maximum mobilised tensile forces in reinforcement layers for the steep 5 m-high slopes in the study. The influence of fill placed at different layer thickness and compacted to different levels was simulated by adjusting the soil strength and unit weight, and the vertical strength correlation length in the anisotropic spatially variable strength field used in each slope realisation. Numerical results showed that vertical strength correlation lengths approaching the magnitude of fill lift heights can control the probability of failure for reinforced slopes constructed with weak fills placed in lift heights close to but less than the wrapped reinforcement spacing used in the study.     

基于稳定性耦合分析法的余王扁边坡稳定性分析

边坡稳定性分析的极限平衡法与有限元法(FEM)的耦合分析法,首先利用有限元法分析获得边坡岩土体的整体应力场,在此基础上利用极限平衡法进行边坡的稳定系数求解。该方法既反映了边坡的稳定和变形之间的关系,又克服了极限平衡法与有限元法的不足,使二者的优点相互补充,获得的稳定系数基于极限平衡理论体系,可以同传统的稳定系数评价体系接轨。以西安市雁塔区余王扁削坡后边坡为例,用稳定性耦合分析法对其进行了稳定性分析,并把分析结果与各种极限平衡法的计算结果进行了比较,证明了耦合分析方法的可靠性和可行性。     

Reliability bearing capacity analysis of footings on cohesive soil slopes using RFEM

Reliability analysis of bearing capacity of a strip footing at the crest of a simple slope with cohesive soil was carried out using the random finite element method (RFEM). Analyses showed that the coefficient of variation and the spatial correlation length of soil cohesion can have a large influence on footing bearing capacity, particularly for slopes with large height to footing width ratios. The paper demonstrates cases where a footing satisfies a deterministic design factor of safety of 3 but the probability of design failure is unacceptably high. Isotropic and anisotropic spatial variability of the soil strength was also considered.     

Stability analysis of rock slopes with a modified Hoek–Brown failure criterion

The original Hoek–Brown (HB) failure criterion was used to analyse the stability of rock slopes. For highly fractured rock, the original HB failure criterion has been modified, but its effect on the stability of rock slopes has not been studied. Within the framework of the kinematical approach of limit analysis, this paper computes the rigorous upper bounds of stability factors of homogeneous rock slopes with the modified HB failure criterion under the plane strain condition, by employing a ‘generalized tangential’ technique. In such technique, instead of using the modified HB failure criterion, a series of linear failure surfaces tangent to the actual non-linear failure surface are utilized to derive the upper bound solutions, incorporating a new parameter n ranging from 0.5 to 0.65. The numerical results are compared with other published solutions for the case of n=0.5. The effects of the n on the stability factors of rock slopes are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.