加锚节理岩体的复合单元法研究

加锚节理岩体有着复杂的细部结构和力学行为,常规的数值模型很难满足模拟这种力学行为的要求。进一步发展了笔者建立的加锚岩体的复合单元法,提出加锚节理岩体的复合单元法研究。在不考虑锚杆、节理等细部结构的情况下划分网格,分别定义了加锚岩体复合单元、不连续岩体复合单元和加锚节理岩体复合单元,并建立了其数值模型。同时,在复合单元中还定义了不同材料介质的子单元用来模拟加锚节理岩体内复杂的细部构造。对加锚节理复合单元法进行了理论推导和算例研究,通过与常规有限单元法计算结果的比较,表明了加锚节理岩体复合单元法的合理性,同时也突出体现了其前处理简便的优势。     

Boundary setting method for the seismic dynamic response analysis of engineering rock mass structures using the discontinuous deformation analysis method

Large deformations and discontinuous problems can be calculated using the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method by solving time steps, and this method is suitable for simulating the seismic dynamic response of engineering rock mass structures. However, the boundary setting must be carefully analyzed. In this paper, four boundary settings for the DDA method are investigated. First, the contributions to the DDA equations for nonreflecting boundaries (including the viscous boundary and the viscoelastic boundary) are deduced based on the Newmark method. Second, a free‐field boundary is introduced in the DDA method with boundary grid generation and coupling calculation algorithms to accurately simulate external source wave motion, such as earthquakes. Third, seismic input boundary treatments are intensively examined, and the force input method is introduced based on nonreflecting boundaries. Finally, the static‐dynamic unified boundary is implemented to ensure consistent boundary transformation. The boundary setting method in the DDA method is discussed, and the suggested treatments are used to analyze the seismic dynamic response of underground caverns. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于统一强度理论分析不连续面对岩体强度的影响

基于统一强度理论,对含有结构面的岩体,在平面形式下引入材料统一强度参数ct,φt,推导了含单个节理裂隙岩体材料的统一强度公式,即考虑中间主应力的岩体破坏强度公式,并分析了其有效范围。运用硅藻质软岩和石膏的三轴试验结果,验证了所建立的公式的正确性,并分析了具有不连续面岩体的强度随中间主剪应力作用系数b的变化。结果表明,岩体强度随b值的增大而增大。根据岩土材料统一强度参数的确定方法,计算并分析了b值对强度参数的影响,从而说明强度参数随着b值的变化而变化。     

Comparative study of Sarma's method and the discontinuous deformation analysis for rock slope stability analysis

This paper presents a comparative study of two methods, Sarma's method and the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA), for rock slope stability analysis. The comparison concerns the stability analysis of two classic rock slopes. The study shows that the DDA, which accounts for the block kinematics, provides a very different factor of safety as compared with Sarma's method. More realistic reaction forces around each rock block can be obtained by the DDA, including the thrust forces between rock blocks and the forces between the base and the blocks. The DDA's result shows two possible directions for the relative movement between two contiguous blocks at the initiation of slope failure. It also indicates that the limit equilibrium condition may not occur along the interfaces of rock blocks at the initiation of slope failure. The determination of realistic interaction forces around each block will be very important in rock slope stability analysis if nonlinear failure criteria are considered.     

A development of the discontinuous deformation analysis for rock fall analysis

Discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA), a discrete numerical analysis method, is used to simulate the behaviour of falling rock by applying a linear displacement function in the computations. However, when a block rotates, this linear function causes a change in block size called the free expansion phenomenon. In addition, this free expansion results in contact identification problems when the rotating blocks are close to each other. To solve this problem of misjudgment and to obtain a more precise simulation of the falling rock, a new method called Post‐Contact Adjustment Method has been developed and applied to the program. The basic procedure of this new method can be divided into three stages: using the linear displacement function to generate the global matrix, introducing the non‐linear displacement function to the contact identification, and applying it to update the co‐ordinates of block vertices. This new method can be easily applied to the original DDA program, demonstrating better contact identification and size conservation results for falling rock problems than the original program. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rigid block based lower bound limit analysis method for stability analysis of fractured rock mass considering rock bridge effects

A rigid block based lower bound limit analysis method for analyzing stability of fractured rock mass in 2D and 3D conditions is proposed. The rock bridge effects are considered in the general formation. No assumptions are imposed on the inter-element forces, and the solution obtained is statically admissible. The proposed method is theoretically rigorous and simple. The validation and efficiency of the proposed method have been demonstrated through three typical types of slopes, indicating that apart from the fractures, rock bridge plays a key role in stabilizing rock blocks, which should be greatly concerned in stability analysis of rock mass.     

Modeling discontinuous rock mass based on smoothed finite element method

This paper aims at developing a method for modeling rock mass with preexisting multiple discontinuities within the framework of the smoothed finite element method (SFEM). The discontinuity is simulated by an interface element with zero thickness, the stiffness matrix of which are derived explicitly based on the SFEM. An elastic damage constitutive relation with residual strength is introduced in order to describe the nonlinear mechanical behavior of the discontinuities. The computation codes of the present method were developed. The present method has been verified to be a sound approach for modeling discontinuous rock mass, inheriting the advantages of the SFEM.     

Estimation of critical convergence and rock load in coal mine roadways — an approach based on rock mass rating

Summary Based on field instrumentation in eight different coal mines representing varying depths and strata conditions, a relation for obtaining the critical convergence value has been established. In development heading for bord and pillar workings this relation can be used successfully to control the premature collapse of the roof. An empirical relation for rock load has been established. This can be utilized for optimum design of support system. The roofs have been categorized as stable, short-term stable and unstable. Proper attention should be provided for an unstable roof and the support design is to be changed before the convergence reaches the critical value.     

基于均匀化理论与上限分析的膨胀土滑坡稳定性分析

在膨胀土和滑坡共同作用下,隧道洞口段施工更容易引发地表开裂甚至滑坡等工程灾害,在隧道内采用微型桩群防治滑坡比抗滑桩具有优势。本文基于均匀化理论与上限分析对某高速公路隧道洞口段膨胀土滑坡的稳定性进行计算,并评价微型桩群和削方卸载不同组合方式的处置效果,计算时将微型桩群及桩周土通过均匀化理论等效为符合摩尔库仑强度准则的等效加固体来,以此提高计算效率,最后通过对现场削方+微型桩群加固处置后的滑坡变形监测来验证计算的合理性,得出如下结论：相较于土的强度参数,等效加固体内摩擦角保持不变,黏聚力从26 kPa提高到85.36 kPa。处置前后的滑坡稳定性评价结果表明,不做处理时,滑坡滑动面从滑坡上方岩土交界面延续到隧道洞口前;仅采用微型桩群加固时,滑坡安全系数在1.17左右,滑动面从岩土交界面延续到隧道洞口后;同时采用微型桩群加固和削方卸载时,滑坡安全系数提高到1.26~1.28,滑动面上缘由土石交界面前移。现场变形监测表明地表变形与深层土体变形均不超过3 mm,该措施能保障滑坡的稳定性,同时也验证了计算方法的合理性,可为同类工程提供参考。     

顺层岩质边坡稳定性极限分析上限法

基于极限分析上限法理论,运用体积力增量法,考虑单层滑动面极限分析模型的缺陷,建立考虑含结构面的多岩层错动的任意块体模型,利用岩块体在外荷载作用下达到极限破坏时,外荷载做的功与岩体消耗的功相等为基础建立等式方程,由此推导得到此类边坡稳定系数的计算公式。在分析典型边坡算例的基础上,对比离散元数值模拟结果,验证了该方法的可行性和适用性。对云南省普宣高速公路某顺层岩质边坡进行计算,其稳定系数接近离散元数值模拟结果,数值稍有偏大,边坡稳定。其研究结果为此类边坡稳定性评价提供了一种新的计算方法。     

不连续岩体扩展有限元法的前处理

扩展有限元法是针对不连续问题提出的一种改进的有限元法,由于其计算网格独立于结构内不连续面,该方法十分适用于处理不连续问题,因此,该方法需能将不连续面和计算网格的几何信息转化为计算分析所需的单元拓扑信息的前处理。针对扩展有限元法在不连续岩体问题中的应用,系统地研究了二维扩展有限元解决不连续问题时单元拓扑信息生成等前处理问题,给出了单元拓扑信息自动生成算法,将不连续面和计算网格几何信息转化为计算所需要的单元拓扑信息,并在此基础上开发了不连续岩体二维扩展有限元法前处理程序。结果表明该算法和程序的适用性和正确性,同时还表明扩展有限元法在不连续岩体问题求解中有较好的应用前景     

节理岩质边坡变形的DDA模拟

对原非连续变形分析方法（DDA方法）中边界约束方法进行了推广，将其应用于节理岩质边坡变形规律的数值模拟，并利用模型实验结果验证了推广方法的正确性。     

基于岩体结构面分布分形维的岩体质量评价

尽管岩体结构面具有空间上的不规则性和结构网络上的复杂性,但由于它又具有自相似的特征,可以运用分形理论来对其进行研究。运用盒计维数法对某矿山巷道围岩体结构面分布的分维数进行计算,验证了岩体结构面分布的分形特征。通过对岩体结构面分布分形维值分布规律的分析发现,分形维数越大、结构面分布越密集,结构面迹线越长,岩体质量越差,表明可将岩体结构面分布的分形维作为岩体质量评价的指标。将计算所得的岩体结构面分布的分维数与按工程岩体分级标准对相应岩体分级所得的岩体质量等级进行对比,提出了一个以岩体结构面分布的分形维作为分级指标的岩体质量评价方案。     

一种基于安全因子判据的坝肩裂隙岩体动力抗滑稳定分析方法

基于某混凝土拱坝,结合现行拱坝设计规范,研究提出了一种基于安全因子判据的坝肩岩体动力抗滑稳定安全度分析方法。该方法综合利用有限元和（刚体）极限平衡两种方法的优点,考虑了凝聚力和摩擦力是不同的抗力,其不确定性具有较大差异性,定义了抗滑稳定安全因子,据此来判别坝肩岩体的抗滑稳定安全度,安全因子随着凝聚力与摩擦力所占权重不同而变化,这种方法既考虑了坝肩岩体与坝体的联动作用,又能够反映拱坝体系真实的工作性态。通过某混凝土高拱坝工程实例,分析了坝肩裂隙岩体的抗震稳定性,结果表明,该方法具有较高的实用价值。     

围岩破坏模式识别的支持向量机研究

围岩的破坏受到多种因素的影响,并且各破坏模式之间没有明显的界限,因此其破坏模式的识别是一种模糊、非线性、小样本、高维数的模式识别问题。支持向量机（SVM）是最近发展起来的一种新机器学习技术,已在模式识别领域有很多成功地应用。基于支持向量机的思想,提出了围岩破坏模式识别的支持向量机方法,很好地表达了围岩破坏模式与其影响因素之间的复杂非线性关系。具体算例表明,该方法是可行的,具有一定的准确性。     

Modified predictor-corrector solution approach for efficient discontinuous deformation analysis of jointed rock masses

The high computational costs associated with the implicit formulation of discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) have been one of the major obstacles for its implementation to engineering problems involving jointed rock masses with large numbers of blocks. In this paper, the Newmark-based predictor-corrector solution (NPC) approach was modified to improve the performance of the original DDA solution module in modeling discontinuous problems. The equation of motion for a discrete block system is first established with emphasis on the consideration of contact constraints. A family of modified Newmark-based predictor-corrector integration (MNPC) scheme is then proposed and implemented into a unified analysis framework. Comparisons are made between the proposed approach and the widely used constant acceleration (CA) integration approach and central difference (CD) approach, regarding the stability and numerical damping features for a single-degree-of-freedom model, where the implications of the proposed approach on open-close iteration are also discussed. The validity of the proposed approach is verified by several benchmarking examples, and it is then applied to two typical problems with different numbers of blocks. The results show that the original CA approach in DDA is efficient for the simulation of quasi-static deformation of jointed rock masses, while the proposed MNPC approach leads to improved computational efficiency for dynamic analysis of large-scale jointed rock masses. The MNPC approach therefore provides an additional option for efficient DDA of jointed rock masses.     

考虑降雨入渗的非连续性岩体边坡稳定分析

由于断层和节理切割,边坡岩体一般具有非连续特性,降雨入渗是影响其稳定的重要因素之一。应用饱和与非饱和渗流理论建立了岩体边坡的非稳定饱和与非饱和渗流分析模型,并采用块体系统的非连续变形分析建立了降雨入渗非饱和渗流场影响的岩体边坡稳定分析和评价模型。作为应用实例,对某高速公路岩体边坡在降雨入渗条件下的非稳定饱和与非饱和渗流场及其对边坡稳定性的影响进行详细分析,并对边坡的稳定性进行评价。     

基于改进遗传算法的粘弹性岩体力学参数反演

把模式搜索嵌入目前广为应用的遗传算法中,使之和神经网络有机结合,提出了搜索—遗传—神经网络算法。该方法用经过最佳预测学习算法训练的神经网络来表达粘弹性岩体力学参数和位移之间的映射关系,除具有一般遗传算法的优点外,还提高了参数反演的精度,节省了参数反演的计算时间。结合某工程实例,验证了该方法在粘弹性岩体力学参数反演中的优越性。     

多尺度节理岩体力学特性的颗粒流分析

以白云鄂博露天铁矿东矿岩质高边坡为工程背景,结合现场地质调查、室内岩石和节理力学试验等数据,采用等效岩体技术,构建能充分反映节理分布特征的实验室、现场原位试验和工程尺度等多尺度等效岩体模型。通过对各类等效岩体模型进行单轴压缩试验,研究岩体单轴抗压强度、弹性模量等力学特性的尺寸效应和各向异性。研究表明：节理的存在使岩体表现出尺寸效应和各向异性,且随着尺寸的增大,这种特性基本呈逐渐减弱的趋势;研究区域岩体的表征单元体积、单轴抗压强度和弹性模量分别为20 m×10 m×10 m、1.46 MPa和3.91 GPa;岩体单轴抗压强度、弹性模量与轴向尺寸的关系,近似符合渐进式指数函数关系,且该函数能直观地给出工程尺度岩体的力学特性。