半无限含水层中带衬砌隧洞渗流解析研究

现有关于半无限含水层中隧洞渗流的解析解不能考虑衬砌部分排水的特性。假定土体和衬砌均为饱和均匀连续介质,采用土体与衬砌分算;利用复变函数解决孔口问题基本方法,对土体采用共形映射坐标变换,将土体中的渗流方程转换为与衬砌部分类似的二维Laplace方程圆环域的Dirichlet问题;通过Fourier解法,根据边界条件并利用流量连续条件,求得半无限空间中带衬砌隧洞渗流量和衬砌周边水头解析解答。分析了径深比、土体与衬砌渗透系数相对值、内壁水压力等因素对渗流量和衬砌周边水头的影响,并与数值算例进行了比较。结果表明,对浅埋隧洞该解析解仍具有较好的精度,是简便、实用的计算方法。     

隧道开挖问题中的流固耦合模型及数值模拟

隧道工程中的地下水问题是富水地层中普遍存在的重要问题,地下水流动对隧道围岩稳定性有重要影响。给出了描述隧道开挖过程中力学与水力特征及表征方法,根据岩体的基本结构特征及代表性单元体（REV）是否存在提出了流固耦合模型的建立方法;提出了隧道水力耦合数值分析中的耦合计算模型的建立方法;利用数值法研究了隧道开挖渗流与应力耦合问题,得到变形和渗流场的变化规律。结果表明,隧道开挖引起的渗流影响边界大于力学影响边界,由于渗流引起的渗流力增加了围岩的应力、位移,从围岩-支护结构共同作用原理考虑,进行隧道支护结构设计时是应该考虑渗流效应的。     

增湿条件下膨胀土隧道衬砌破坏数值分析

针对小河沟膨胀土隧道降雨增湿塌方现象,以围岩含水率分布变化引起膨胀应力场为主要研究内容,展开增湿对隧道支护结构的影响研究。首先,利用热传导热能量平衡方程与孔隙渗流连续方程数学描述相似性,推导出热传导膨胀模拟增湿膨胀的替代方程。然后,结合室内试验和文献资料,率定膨胀土膨胀力及渗流参数。最后,在正确考虑地质构造影响的基础上运用有限差分软件FLAC3D热-力耦合模块进行建模计算,分别对不同膨胀力模型的增湿过程进行仿真模拟,得出支护结构受力变形随含水率分布及膨胀力大小的变化规律。分析得到了对隧道支护结构造成不良影响的关键含水率和膨胀力值。研究成果可以有效指导膨胀性黄土隧道支护设计和变形控制。     

Elasto‐plastic seepage‐induced stresses due to tunneling

When tunneling is carried out beneath the groundwater table, hydraulic boundary is altered, resulting in seepage entering into the tunnel. The development of flow into the tunnel induces seepage stresses in the ground and the lining is subjected to additional loads. This can often cause fine particles to move, which clog the filter resulting in the long‐term hydraulic deterioration of the drainage system. However, the effect of seepage force is generally not considered in the analysis of tunnel. While several elastic solutions have been proposed by assuming seepage in an elastic medium, stress solutions have not been considered for the seepage force in a porous elasto‐plastic medium. This paper documents a study that investigates the stress behavior, caused by seepage, of a tunnel in an elasto‐plastic ground and its effects on the tunnel and ground. New elasto‐plastic solutions that adopt the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion are proposed for a circular tunnel under radial flow conditions. A simple solution based on the hydraulic gradient obtained from a numerical parametric study is also proposed for practical use. It should be noted that the simple equation is useful for acquiring additional insight into a problem on a tunnel under drainage, because only a minimal computational effort is needed and considerable economic benefits can be gained by using it in the preliminary stage of tunnel design. The proposed equations were partly validated by numerical analysis, and their applicability is illustrated and discussed using an example problem. Comments on the tunnel analysis are also provided. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical investigation of rainfall-induced fines migration and its influences on slope stability

Rainfall-infiltration-induced fines migration within soil slopes may alter the local porosity and hydraulic properties of soils, and is known to be a possible cause of the failure of slopes. To investigate the intrinsic mechanisms, a mathematical formulation capable of capturing the main features of the coupled unsaturated seepage and fines migration process has been presented. Within the formulation, an unsaturated erodible soil is treated as a three-phase multi-species porous medium based on mixture theory; mass conservation equations with mass exchange terms together with the rate equations controlling fines erosion and deposition processes are formulated as the governing equations and are solved by the FEM method. The influences of both the fines detachment and deposition on the stability of slopes under rainfall infiltration have been investigated numerically. The results show that depending on whether the fines move out or get captured at pore constrictions, both desired and undesired consequences may arise out of the fines migration phenomenon. It is suggested that more attention should be paid to those slopes susceptible to internal erosion whose safety analysis cannot be predicted by traditional methods.     

非饱和渗流问题的自适应欠松弛变量变换方法

在使用有限元方法求解非饱和土渗流问题时,土-水特征曲线和渗透率函数的强烈非线性经常会造成计算中出现迭代不收敛、计算误差大等问题。基于变量变换的思想,结合时间步长自适应技术提出了一种求解非饱和渗流问题的新方法--欠松弛RFT变换方法（ATUR1）。ATUR1方法通过变量变换,大大降低了Richards方程中未知数在空间和时间上的非线性程度,从而改善这种非线性所带来的计算收敛困难和精度差等问题。欠松弛技术的引入减少了迭代过程中的振荡现象,进一步提高了非线性迭代计算的效率。时间步长自适应技术则有效地控制整个计算过程的误差。数值算例结果说明,ATUR1可以有效地提高计算效率和精度,是一种准确有效的计算方法。     

软土地层浅埋圆形隧道非达西渗流场解析研究

软土在低水力坡降下的渗流会偏离达西定律,即为非达西渗流模式。假设孔隙水渗透服从指数渗流模式,采用镜像法原理推导了浅埋单孔和双孔圆形隧道非达西渗流场的解析解。结合算例,对浅埋圆形隧道非达西渗流解析解与达西渗流解析解进行了对比分析与验证,并对非达西渗流指数、隧道周围土体与衬砌渗流系数比值对隧道渗流场的影响进行了讨论。结果表明：非达西渗流指数、渗流系数比值对隧道渗流量和周围土体孔压均有较大的影响;随着渗流指数逐渐增大,土体内水头损失加快,隧道周围土体孔压及渗流量逐渐减小;随着土体与衬砌渗流系数比值逐渐增大,衬砌排水能力增强,隧道渗流量逐渐增大,隧道周围土体孔压减小更大。     

钱塘江冲海积粉土渗透破坏试验研究

钱塘江冲海积粉土以砂质粉土为主,呈“高粉性、低黏性”的地区特点,在地下水动水压力作用下极易产生渗透破坏。粉土是介于砂性土和黏性土之间的一种过渡类型土,工程性质既与砂性土不同又与黏性土有较大区别。采用自行研制的粉土抗渗强度测定设备,对钱塘江冲海积粉土5种典型样本和微层理原状样本进行了渗透稳定试验。结果表明,钱塘江冲海积粉土渗透稳定性差,抗渗强度低;砂质粉土临界水力比降icr为1.01～1.25,破坏形式为局部流土,从临界水力比降icr发展到破坏比降iF的过程是瞬间的,基坑开挖遇到该类土层极易产生渗透破坏;黏质粉土临界水力比降icr随黏粒含量增加而增加,从临界水力比降icr发展到破坏比降iF有个短暂的过程,是整体流土破坏;钱塘江冲海积粉土渗透稳定各向异性;渗流垂直微层理方向的临界水力比降icr最大,是渗流沿微层理方向icr的2.5倍左右。研究结果为粉土地基渗透破坏防治提供参考。     

均质非饱和土一维稳态流水头垂直分布的解析解

渗流场水头分布计算是进行渗流量和渗流水力坡降计算的基础,准确、有效地求取渗流场水头分布是渗流计算的关键环节。对均质非饱和土体一维稳态流的流动方程进行分析,考虑到渗透系数是与基质吸力相关的函数,通过数学变换,给出了稳定渗流场的解析通式,并基于渗透性函数中的Gardner模型,给出了非饱和土一维稳态流水头垂直分布的解析解。该解析通式表明,均质非饱和土一维稳态流水头垂直分布主要受地表水头、深度和流动率3个因素控制。分别计算了一维稳态蒸发条件下粉土和黏土两种典型土类水头沿垂直方向的分布。计算结果表明：稳态蒸发条件下粉土层和黏土层内的水头分布表现出相似的变化规律,即自地表至地下水位处随着土层深度的增加,水头分布呈现出加速递减的趋势;在相同的蒸发条件下,对于相同深度处的黏土和粉土而言,黏土层内水头更高些;对同一种土类而言,在较大的蒸发状态下同一深度处土层内水头更高。反之,则较低。     

A numerical formulation with unified unilateral boundary condition for unsaturated flow problems in porous media

This paper proposed a numerical formulation for unsaturated flow problems with nonlinear boundaries of seepage face and soil–atmosphere interface via the concept of parabolic variational inequality (PVI) method. A unified unilateral boundary condition was first proposed to represent the conditions on the seepage face and soil–atmosphere interface boundaries within the partial differential equation (PDE) formulation. A PVI formulation mathematically equivalent to the PDE formulation was then proposed, which automatically transforms the flux part of the unified unilateral boundary condition into the natural boundary condition and eliminates the singularity at seepage points. By discretizing the PVI formulation, a finite element procedure together with an iterative algorithm was suggested. An existing experiment of unsaturated flow in a layered hillside and a laboratory test of unsaturated flow through sand flume performed in this study were used to validate the proposed method, with a good agreement between the measured and computed results and a satisfactory balance of mass being maintained during the simulations. The numerical results also indicated that the problem of mesh dependence associated with unsaturated flow simulations is well addressed with the proposed numerical method. Finally, the process of unsaturated flow in a soil slope with layers of horizontal drains subjected to rainfall/evaporation was further examined. The numerical results reveal that the deployment of drains in a soil slope can significantly lower the pore water pressure around the drains, with the bottom layer drains being most effective in controlling the seepage flow.     

Stability analysis of the slope around flood discharge tunnel under inner water exosmosis at Yangqu hydropower station

The stability of the slope around a flood discharge tunnel is influenced by the space topography, the geological structure, the seepage of the flood discharge tunnel, the rainfall and so on, which introduce complexity and uncertainty to the problem of slope engineering. For slope stability analysis at the outlet of a flood discharge tunnel affected by high interior hydraulic pressure, the inner water exosmosis (IWE) phenomenon will become obvious, the rock’s mechanical properties will be changed, and the seepage effects of the flood discharge tunnel should be focused on. In this paper, a complicated three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation and safety assessment of the slope around the flood discharge tunnel at Yangqu hydropower station is implemented in FLAC^3D, and 3D slide arcs of good shape are obtained. When calculating the safety coefficient of slopes, the Shear Strength Reduction Technique (SSRT) is adopted, and a factor of safety (FOS) is then found. It is found that the FOS of the natural slope is 1.43 in its original condition, and in this case, the slope is in a stable state. The safety factor of the slope is 1.30 after the slope excavation without considering IWE. Under the condition of normal seepage from inside the tunnel to the outside, the safety factor is 1.29. For investigating the influence of IWE on the slope stability, we design three types of scenarios – minimal seepage, normal seepage and serious seepage – for the fluid–solid coupling calculation. Under the serious seepage condition, the safety factor of the slope is 1.26, and it is in a critical failure state. It should be pointed out that uncertainties in input parameters are not researched in this paper. There is not big difference among safety factors under different scenarios mainly because the maximum of inner water head of the flood discharge tunnel is only about 80 m. It still can be found that seepage action has an effect on the stability of the whole slope from calculation results. The stress concentrated region (SCR) near the surrounding rock grows from inside to outside as the seepage intensity increases. The surrounding rock will experience more water pressure and seepage pressure, and, at the same time, the area of the plastic zone grows. Suitable treatments and suggestions are discussed to eliminate the adverse effects of IWE. The research results in this paper can provide a reference for construction, reinforcement and drainage design of the slope in similar hydropower slope engineering scenarios.     

Study of the effect of seepage through the body of earth dam on its stability by predicting the affecting hydraulic factors using models of Brooks–Corey and van Genuchten (Case study of Nazluchay and Shahrchay earth dams)

Stability of an earth dam is affected by different factors of which the most important is seepage. One of the factors in defining the seepage rate is hydraulic conductivity coefficients in suctions and various moistures in earth dam body in which different models of soil–water retention curves are used to be defined. In this study, first the soil–water retention curves of van Genuchten and Brooks–Corey models are used to predict the soil–water retention of different body layers of 2 dams. Then, hydraulic conductivity coefficients are calculated through Mualem and Burdine’s models. Water seepage rate and the stability of dams were calculated in two phases: I. construction finalization prior to intaking water and II. rapid drawdown of water. Bishop and Morgenstern–Price methods are used to analyze the stability of dams. The stability and seepage results demonstrate that simultaneous use of Brooks–Corey’s soil–water retention curve with Mualem’s method results in the highest seepage rate in comparison with van Genuchten’s model in case of variable n, m and Burdine hydraulic conductivity. Safety factors achieved from both cases of construction finalization prior to intaking water and rapid drawdown of water demonstrated the accuracy and reliability of hydraulic coefficient prediction.     

土石坝边坡稳定性分析的温控参数折减有限元法

将土石坝渗流的有限元计算和坝坡稳定分析的强度折减有限元法相结合,对土石坝坝坡的稳定性进行分析。考虑渗流作用时,首先采用有限元法计算坝体渗流场,通过迭代计算出稳定渗流的逸出点和浸润线位置,并根据水力梯度计算坝体所受的渗透力;然后将渗流分析所确定的渗流力与土体自重、浮力、地震力等荷载共同施加在坝体上,采用温控参数折减有限元法计算土石坝坝坡的临界失稳状态及其所对应的安全系数。分析结果表明,采用此方法进行土石坝坝坡稳定分析是合理的,且大大提高了计算效率     

膨润土防水毯破损条件下渗流特性试验研究

为了从渗流量和渗透稳定角度深入研究膨润土防水毯破损处的防渗问题,开发了由压力控制系统和模型试验系统两部分组成的渗流试验装置,建立了针对坝体防渗工程中的防水毯破损情况的渗流物理试验方法,并通过膨润土防水毯不同破损工况下的渗流试验,初步探讨了影响破损防水毯与坝身土体联合抗渗的因素。结果表明,对破损防水毯和土体的综合渗透系数的影响,孔洞大小比破损率要敏感;对于孔洞修复能力,主要的敏感的因素包括孔洞直径D及防水毯规格（材料本身性能）。在工程中要做好以下两点：（1）工程中刺破孔洞直径D小于0.5 cm,超过0.5 cm的孔洞应当做修补;（2）局部刺破率不宜大于0.5%,尽量保证防水毯接触面的平整。     

Finite-element analysis of time-dependent large-deformation problems

An updated Lagrangian finite-element formulation has been developed for time-dependent problems of soil consolidation involving finite deformations. Large plastic strains as well as rotations occur in such problems and nominal stress measures are introduced in the formulation to redefine stresses. This leads to corrective terms for equilibrium and yield violations in addition to geometric stiffening terms in the governing integral equations. The soil is considered to be either a linear elastic or an elastoplastic, critical-state material. Some simple numerical examples are studied to validate the formulation, followed by a detailed analysis of the problem of penetration of a pile into soil. The results of this problem are viewed with emphasis on the physical interpretation and practical significance.     

Transient infinite elements for seepage problems in infinite media

In this paper, a time-dependent infinite element which can be used to simulate transient seepage problems in infinite media is presented. The hydraulic head distribution function of the element has been derived in detail and the property matrices of the element have been well formulated. Since both space and time variables are used in the course of constructing the hydraulic head distribution function of the element, the present infinite element can be referred to as a transient one. Using the present infinite element to model the far field of a system, the mechanism of transient seepage problems in infinite media can be rigorously simulated because the property matrices of the element are evaluated at any time of interest in the analysis. Since explicit expressions can be written for the property matrices of the infinite element, they may be evaluated quite easily and this can be carried out by writing a simple subroutine in a computer program. In order to examine the accuracy and efficiency of the present infinite element, both a one-dimensional (ID) transient seepage problem in a semi-infinite medium and a 2D transient seepage problem in a full plane have been solved using the finite and infinite element technique. It has been demonstrated that the present infinite element is very useful for the numerical simulation of transient seepage problems in infinite media.     

Numerical investigation of tunneling in saturated soil: the role of construction and operation periods

This paper numerically investigates the slurry shield tunneling in fully saturated soils with different hydraulic conductivities in short- and long-term scales. A fully coupled hydromechanical three-dimensional model that accounts for the main aspects of tunnel construction and the hydromechanical interactions due to tunneling process is developed. An elasto-plastic constitutive model obeying a double hardening rule, namely hardening soil model, is employed in the numerical simulations. The research mainly focuses on assessing the influence of soil hydraulic conductivity and the method to simulate backfill grouting in the tail void on the evolution of ground subsidence, excess pore water pressure and lining forces. Two different consolidation schemes have been taken into account to computationally address the tunnel construction in soil with low and high hydraulic conductivities. In addition, different methods are employed to simulate the tail void grouting as a hydromechanical boundary condition and to study its effects on the model responses. Finally, the influences of infiltration of the fluidized particles of grouting suspension into the surrounding soil and its corresponding time–space hydraulic conductivity evolution on the displacements and lining forces are studied.     

Limit analysis for saturated porous media without fluid flow calculation

Application of yield design to porous media usually requires a preliminary calculation of the fluid flow net. The stability analysis is then carried out with seepage forces associated with the flow. We assume here that the flow is steady and that the yield criterion is defined by a function of the effective stress tensor. The formulation that we propose here allows taking into account seepage force in the expression of the kinematic stability conditions by means of hydraulic boundary conditions without calculation of the fluid flow. One obtains a formulation of the kinematic condition similar to the case of classic, non-porous media. The method is illustrated by two examples: a cylinder subjected to fluid flow and a vertical cut. It can be adapted to various boundary conditions and to the case of a criterion defined by a function of a generalized effective stress tensor. We also give a method to derive rigorous lower bounds using approximate fluid pressure field. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非饱和渗流Richards方程数值求解的欠松弛方法

非饱和土渗流理论是岩土工程问题的基础理论,在土石坝渗流、污染物传输、冻土渗流相变和边坡稳定分析等领域有着广泛的应用。非饱和土渗流Richards方程的数值求解过程中,某些参数如水力传导系数计算不当可能引起非线性方法,如Picard方法或Newton方法的迭代收敛震荡,从而导致非线性迭代方法收敛缓慢和精度降低。为了消除或降低迭代收敛震荡对求解精度和计算性能的影响,目前主要采用欠松弛方法。通过一维入渗算例和二维非均质土坝渗流算例演示已有欠松弛方法的局限性,进而提出新的短项混合欠松弛法,并对其实用性和可靠性进行验证。