损伤谱在结构抗震性能评估中的应用

改进能力谱法可以较好地评估结构抗震性能,在工程中得到了广泛的应用.本文在此基础上指出,由改进能力谱方法求得的延性是结构的延性需求,并不是结构的实际延性能力,不能以此代表结构在罕遇地震作用下的实际抗震能力.其次,基于弹塑性损伤反应谱(简称"RD谱"),结合模态Pushover分析,提出了基于RD谱的能力谱分析方法,通过R...     

结构地震弹塑性反应谱——损伤谱

首先,本文基于各国广泛使用的由Park和Ang提出的双参数损伤模型,研究基于损伤性能的弹塑性反应谱（损伤谱）的分析方法。其次,文中考虑结构极限状态设计,并通过自编DBDS程序,研究得到了损伤反应谱（简称“RD谱”）,尺。谱综合考虑了结构最大弹塑性位移和结构累积滞回耗能的耦合影响,更加合理地反映结构在罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性行为。第三,通过大量时程分析和拟合得到回归公式及其相关系数,研究成果可供抗震性能评估使用。最后,由本文提倡的RD谱和已有研究的Rμ谱做了定性比较分析,说明了考虑地震动持时的必要性和重要性。     

基于公路工程规范地震需求谱研究

从解决桥梁结构的实际问题出发,根据桥梁结构的抗震能力及计力法的需要,由于强度折减系数R与延性系数μ的关系建立弹塑性反应谱的原理,建立了基于《公路工程抗震设计规范》(JTJ 004-89)给出的弹性反应谱的非弹性地震需求谱,为桥梁结构抗震性能评价的研究提供参考意见。     

应用ATC-40能力谱法评估结构目标位移

基于性能的抗震设计思想已得到国际上的普遍认可,其发展的一种趋势是建立简单的非线性方法确定结构非线性行为。非线性静力方法作为计算结构非线性行为的一种方法在工程界已得到普遍应用,其中ATC-40使用的能力谱法及改进的能力谱法是简化的非线性静力分析的主要方法。本文通过实例详细介绍并对比研究了这两种方法,发现ATC-40能力谱法低估了结构变形,改进的能力谱法(用非弹性设计谱建立需求谱)提供了相对较为准确的值。     

Cumulative damage‐based inelastic cyclic demand spectrum

The estimation of cyclic deformation demand resulting from earthquake loads is crucial to the core objective of performance‐based design if the damage and residual capacity of the system following a seismic event needs to be evaluated. A simplified procedure to develop the cyclic demand spectrum for use in preliminary seismic evaluation and design is proposed in this paper. The methodology is based on estimating the number of equivalent cycles at a specified ductility. The cyclic demand spectrum is then determined using well‐established relationships between seismic input energy and dissipated hysteretic energy. An interesting feature of the proposed procedure is the incorporation of a design spectrum into the proposed procedure. It is demonstrated that the force–deformation characteristics of the system, the ductility‐based force‐reduction factor R_μ, and the ground motion characteristics play a significant role in the cyclic demand imposed on a structure during severe earthquakes. Current design philosophy which is primarily based on peak response amplitude considers cyclic degradation only in an implicit manner through detailing requirements based on observed experimental testing. Findings from this study indicate that cumulative effects are important for certain structures, classified in this study by the initial fundamental period, and should be incorporated into the design process. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于改进能力谱方法的位移反应估计

本文阐述了Pushover分析中改进能力谱方法的概念和实施步骤；对不同场地条件下四个中、低层框架结构采用改进能力谱方法估计的目标位移和非线性时程反应分析结果进行了比较，分析，并提供了不同场地条件下两种方法的相对误差，为该方法的实际应用提供了一些参考依据。     

Development of duration‐dependent damage‐based inelastic response spectra

A simple relationship is proposed in this paper to construct damage‐based inelastic response spectra including the effect of ground motion duration that it can be used for damage control in seismic design of structures. This relation is established for three groups of ground motions with short‐duration, moderate‐duration, and long‐duration ranges. To develop the model, the duration effect is included in the cyclic ductility of structures by an energy‐based method, and then strength reduction factors are computed based on this modified ductility (named ). The strength reduction factors were calculated for 44 stiffness‐degrading oscillators having vibration periods between 0.05 and 4.0 s, four ultimate ductility capacities, and five damage levels subjected to 296 earthquake records. The results showed that ductility capacity, damage level, and ground motion duration are effective parameters in the energy dissipation of structures, which affect the spectra. The values of short‐period oscillators (e.g., low‐rise structures) under short‐duration records are generally greater than those under moderate‐duration and long‐duration records. Residual analysis has been made in terms of magnitude and distance to examine the validity of the proposed simple expression. Finally, the introduced spectra were compared with three previously published proposals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nonlinear elastic and inelastic spectra with inherent and supplemental damping

During severe seismic events, structures designed according to current standards yield and develop inelastic deformations. While the acceleration responses are limited by the yielding strength, these structures develop permanent deformations (and possible damage) due to such yielding. Spectra developed for inelastic structures can help in determining the desired yield levels and the associated inelastic deformations. Some structures made of special materials or equipped with innovative structural systems may yield, but can recover the deformation upon unloading and, thus, may avoid permanent deformations. These structures are known as nonlinear elastic. Often the post yielding excursions are very large and may exceed their toughness (or deformability). By introducing damping in form of supplemental devices, it is possible to control such deformations and keep them within acceptable limits. Spectra for such nonlinear elastic structures and inelastic structures are developed herein, by considering both inherent and supplemental damping. The difference between the two types of damping is addressed both theoretically and numerically. Design examples of several simple structures using the newly developed spectra are presented, which illustrate the importance of lower strength and damping in these nonlinear elastic or inelastic systems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

应用弹塑性反应谱对IDA方法的改进研究

针对传统IDA方法中结构的加速度反应远高于SPO分析结果的现象,采用弹塑性反应谱作为IDA的烈度度量,同时给出随地震烈度改变而不断变化的屈服强度系数,提出了改进的IDA方法,更有效地考虑了结构的非线性地震反应特征。实际工程分析表明,改进的IDA方法能够体现结构的非线性受力反应,同时兼顾结构的动力反应特征,与SPO曲线和由规范计算得到的结构承载力有更好的可比较性。     

弹塑性位移谱法的振动台模型试验验证

弹塑性位移谱法求解结构在指定强度地面运动作用下的位移需求是一种简便合理的方法。本文将弹塑性位移谱法就具体地震波计算的楼层位移需求、层间位移角需求与一比例为1／10的12层钢筋混凝土模型框架振动台试验结果作了比较。设计的12层钢筋混凝土模型框架结构在振动台上经历了7种强度等级地震波的作用,输入峰值加速度依次为：0．090g、0．258g、0．388g、0．517g、0．646g、0．775g和0．904g。求出了弹塑性位移谱法计算的楼层位移和层问位移角需求与振动台试验结果的比值,研究了二者比值的均值及方差沿楼层的分布情况。结果表明：弹塑性位移谱法的计算结果与振动台得到的位移需求值吻合较好,在基于性能的抗震设计中具有较好的应用前景。     

Incorporating low‐cycle fatigue model into duration‐dependent inelastic design spectra

Seismic performance of structures is related to the damage inflicted on the structure by the earthquake, which means that formulation of performance‐based design is inherently coupled with damage assessment of the structure. Although the potential for cumulative damage during a long‐duration earthquake is generally recognized, most design codes do not explicitly take into account the damage potential of such events. In this paper, the classical low‐cycle fatigue model commonly used for seismic damage assessment is cast in a framework suitable for incorporating cumulative damage into seismic design. The model, in conjunction with a seismic input energy spectrum, may be used to establish an energy‐based seismic design. In order to ensure satisfactory performance in a structure, the cyclic plastic strain energy capacity of the structure is designed to be larger than or equal to the portion of seismic input energy contributing to cumulative damage. The resulting design spectrum, which depends on the duration of the ground motion, indicates that the lateral strength of the structure must be increased in order to compensate for the increased damage due to an increased number of inelastic cycles that occur in a long‐duration ground motion. Examples of duration‐dependent inelastic design spectra are developed using parameters currently available for the low‐cycle fatigue model. The resulting spectra are also compared with spectra developed using a different cumulative damage model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A method for the direct estimation of floor acceleration spectra for elastic and inelastic MDOF structures

This paper deals with floor acceleration spectra, which are used for the seismic design and assessment of acceleration‐sensitive equipment installed in buildings. In design codes and in practice, not enough attention has been paid to the seismic resistance of such equipment. An ‘accurate’ determination of floor spectra requires a complex and quite demanding dynamic response history analysis. The purpose of the study presented in this paper is the development of a direct method for the determination of floor acceleration spectra, which enables their generation directly from the design spectrum of the structure, by taking into account the structure's dynamic properties. The method is also applicable to inelastic structures, which can greatly improve the economic aspects of equipment design. A parametric study of floor acceleration spectra for elastic and inelastic single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) and multiple‐degree‐of‐freedom structures was conducted by using (non)linear response history analysis. The equipment was modelled as an elastic single‐degree‐of‐freedom system. The proposed method was validated by comparing the results obtained with the more accurate results obtained in a parametric study. Due to its simplicity, the method is an appropriate tool for practice. In the case of inelastic structural behaviour, the method should be used in combination with the N2 method, or another appropriate method for simplified nonlinear structural analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of site‐dependent constant‐damage design spectra for reinforced concrete structures

An investigation on the validity of the conventional design approach known as constant displacement ductility is carried out. The hysteretic behaviour described by the Modified Takeda model is taken to represent the characteristics of reinforced concrete structural systems. The results presented in the form of seismic damage spectra indicate that the conventional design approach may not be valid because cumulative damage is excessively high. The inelastic design spectra based on the constant‐damage concept are proposed in terms of simplified expressions. The expressions are derived from constant‐damage design spectra computed by non‐linear response analysis for SDOF systems subjected to ground motions recorded on rock sites, alluvium deposits, and soft‐soil sites. The proposed expressions, which are dependent on the local soil conditions, are functions of target seismic damage, displacement ductility ratio and period of vibration. The seismic damage of structures that have been designed based on this new design approach is also checked by a design‐and‐evaluation approach. The results are found to be satisfactory. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

能力谱方法在桥梁抗震性能评估中的应用研究

位移延性是桥梁抗震性能的重要指标之一,以Pushover分析为基础的能力谱方法能够考察结构在地震下的弹塑性位移响应,是抗震性能评估的一种有效手段.文中阐述了能力谱法的基本原理,说明了基于弹塑性反应谱的能力谱方法在求解性能点时不需要进行迭代计算;基于弹性设计反应谱建立了相对应的弹塑性反应谱,结合某实桥,将能力谱方法和增量动力分析方法进行了对比,并根据不同的地震基本烈度和场地土类型进行了抗震性能评估.分析认为,能力谱方法计算简便,对结构1阶振型的地震响应占主导时,具有较好的精度,并能够基于设计反应谱来考察结构的弹塑性抗震性能,可用于桥梁抗震性能的评估.     

Seismic demand based on damage control model—considering basin effect and source effect

The Park and Ang damage model was used as the "Structural Damage Control Model" to study the seismic design parameters. This damage control model included the displacement ductility and hysteretic energy in the analysis of elastic-perfect-plastic single-degree-of-freedom system. Based on this damage control model, the reduction factor and yield base shear coefficient are discussed. Seismic data collected from Taipei basin were used to examine the code-provided yield base shear coefficient which reflects the influence of using a damage control model in the seismic design parameter. Effects of seismic source as well as Taipei basin topography are also considered in examining the variation of yield base shear coefficient.     

弹塑性地震反应谱的长周期特性研究

在基于性能抗震设计中弹塑性反应谱在计算结构地震位移反应方面越来越受到重视。利用统计分析方法研究了等强度的延性需求谱和等延性的强度折减系数谱的长周期(至5 s)区段的特性,关注的重点是等位移准则和场地条件影响。给出了若干具有工程价值的结论:一是周期介于1.5Tg(地震动特征周期)和2.5 s之间的结构可近似认为等位移准则成立且与场地条件关系不大,这样确定的强度折减系数当位移延性系数小于等于4时结果将是偏于安全的;二是结构周期大于2.5 s后以硬土场地等延性强度折减系数谱或等强度延性需求谱代替软土场地谱求解系统强度需求或延性需求,将会得到偏于安全的结果。     

一种直接基于位移的抗震设计方法

与传统基于力的抗震设计方法相比,基于位移的抗震设计方法更适合实现基于性能抗震设计。本文在若干文献的基础上,提出了一种直接基于位移的抗震设计方法。该方法建立在结构屈服位移可由几何尺寸确定的基础上,根据不同水平地震作用下的目标设计位移,计算相应的延性系数,采用一定的Rμ-μ-Tn关系建立相应的非线性反应谱,以二折线模型模拟结构的性能曲线,然后根据结构不同的目标位移以及对应的非线性反应谱确定相应的有效周期,从中选择最小值作为设计结构的有效周期,根据有效周期计算结构的刚度,然后乘以屈服位移得到结构的屈服强度。根据结构屈服强度以及结构的超强系数,得到结构的设计基底剪力。该方法避免了设计中采用迭代计算,且一次设计就可以完成多水平设防的目的。     

能力谱方法在梁桥抗震性能评估中的比较研究

本文在阐述了能力谱方法的基本原理和实施步骤的基础上,比较了五种不同的改进能力谱方法在计算原理和实施步骤上的差异,并对它们的特点进行了剖析。然后,用这五种能力谱方法分别对9个中短周期的梁桥纵桥向的简化模型进行6条地震波下目标位移的估计,并以非线性时程分析结果为标准,比较了这五种方法的计算精度。结果显示,前三个短周期体系方法的误差离散性比较大,周期大于0．65s后的误差基本稳定在±30％以内,使用非弹性反应谱的方法计算结果误差在±30％以内的个数多于对应使用弹性反应谱的方法,此外,精度较好的两条波,对应反应谱加速度峰值较小,且附近加速度变化较平缓。     

延性需求谱在基于性能的抗震设计中的应用

基于性能的抗震设计理论涉及如何简便而合理地确定结构在指定强度地震下的弹塑性位移需求。本文给出了利用延性需求谱求解结构位移需求的一般步骤:借助模态Pushover分析将多自由度体系分解为几个非线性单自由度体系,以考虑各阶振型的影响;利用延性需求谱计算对应模态的等效单自由度体系的延性及位移需求,并以一定方式组合转化为多自由度体系位移需求。最后,通过算例分析表明:利用延性需求谱求解结构位移需求是一种具有一定精度可为工程接受的简便方法,在基于性能的抗震设计中具有较好的应用前景。     

考虑高振型影响的结构层间位移能力谱分析方法

工程界普遍采用的能力谱分析方法是建立在结构单自由度简化假设基础上，利用结构基本振型来进行能力分析。虽然此简化假设可以为工程界提供一种简便的分析方法，但从其分析效果来看，简化方法并不能很好地反映结构真实地震反应。高振型对结构局部变形的影响在分析结构动力反应特性中是很重要的因素，不应忽略掉。基于上述对现有能力谱分析方法不足之处的考虑，从提高结构能力谱分析方法的准确性出发，本文在Chopra能力谱分析方法的基础之上，根据我国振型分解反应谱思想，在能力谱分析方法中引入了结构高振型的影响分析，并提出了考虑结构高振型影响的结构层间位移能力谱分析方法的一般步骤。通过平面框架结构体系的算例分析，说明上述推荐方法在改进能力谱分析精度上的有效性。