河北省顺平县李思庄滑坡稳定性分析

李思庄滑坡为河北省顺平县境内潜在危险性最大的一残坡积堆积层滑坡,近年由于削坡建房,滑坡稳定性降低,极端降雨条件下存在复活可能。在野外调查确定滑坡结构特征的基础上,采用改进Mein-Larson降雨入渗模型分析不同降雨强度及持时对李思庄滑坡安全系数影响,运用有限差分软件FLAC3D计算分析该滑坡在天然和极端降雨工况下的稳定状态。研究结果表明:天然状态下,边坡潜在滑移面为基岩与残坡积层分界面,边坡安全系数为1.18,未发生失稳破坏;随降雨历时增加,潜在滑移面由基岩与残坡积层分界面转移到湿润峰面,当湿润峰达到基岩与残坡积层分界面,边坡安全系数为0.83,属不稳定状态。并对李思庄滑坡初步提出设置挡土墙和截排水沟的治理建议。      

Landslide studies along the national highway (NH 39) in Manipur

The present study investigates the factors associated with the occurrence of landslides along with the National Highway (NH 39) connecting Assam-Manipur (India) to Myanmar. Kinematics and slope stability analyses were used to gain an understanding of the causes of slope failure despite the terrain comprising material with a high safety factor. The study area falls within a high seismic zone along the regional Churachandpur-Mao Thrust (CMT) situated west of the Indo-Myanmar subduction zone. Based on these studies of seismicity, slip rates, creeping, among others, it was inferred that CMT is a creeping regional fault running parallel to the subduction zone boundary creeping segment of CMT and that the CMT requires further monitoring to assess the landslide hazard in the region.     

基于动态残余强度的不同含水率条件下滑坡稳定性研究

长时降雨会引起斜坡发生累进性破坏,在此过程中,滑带土将随含水率的变化达到不同含水状态下的残余强度。传统应变软化模型不能准确表达这一变化过程中滑带土残余强度的动态特征, 而引入动态残余强度的应变软化模型能更加真实地模拟含水率变化时滑坡稳定性的发展。基于此,文章对四川中江县垮梁子滑坡开展了野外调查工作,通过现场竖井获取滑带土,采用环剪试验研究了滑带土力学参数与含水率的关系,在此基础上建立了基于动态残余强度的应变软化模型,模拟了垮梁子滑坡在滑带土处于不同含水率阶段的发展情况。结果表明:含水率的增加使得滑带土抗剪性能显著衰减,峰值及残余抗剪强度呈近乎线性降低,残余强度参数则表现出三次函数型衰减特征。应用基于残余强度参数衰减规律建立的应变软化模型模拟了垮梁子滑坡的变形破坏过程,结果表明在滑带土含水率低于20%时,斜坡仅在前缘局部产生塑性区;当含水率达到22%时,斜坡中上部开始产生塑性区及未贯通滑动面;当含水率达到24%时,塑性区趋于贯通,滑坡进入加速变形状态,并于坡表产生张拉裂缝;当含水率达到26%时,滑坡处于失稳状态,坡表张拉塑性区及破坏面的发展与滑坡现状破坏特征高度吻合。该成果可为相关滑坡的稳定性研究提供一定的理论依据。     

含水率对滑带土强度参数的影响

滑带土是滑坡体的重要组成部分,滑带土的强度特征对于边坡稳定具有重要的控制作用。三峡库区的黄土坡滑坡因常年经受库水位变化与降雨的影响,滑带土的含水率总是处于不断变化的过程中,因而对其强度参数产生了较大的影响。针对这一问题,在三峡库区黄土坡临江二号滑坡上采集了滑带土样,对不同含水率下的滑带土进行了不排水快剪试验。试验结果显示:含水率的变化对滑带土的抗剪强度影响较为敏感;试验数据拟合发现,滑带土的黏聚力C及内摩擦角φ均随含水率增大近似呈线性减小,且φ值降低的线性规律更趋明显。      

基于正交分析法的滑坡稳定性敏感性分析

对一给定的滑坡(即滑坡坡率、坡高等已确定),稳定系数的影响因素有滑带土粘聚力、内摩擦角、滑体容重和孔隙水压力等。由于各因素对稳定系数的影响程度不同(即敏感性大小不同),因此,需要以定量的标准来找出其中影响较大的因子,作为滑坡治理重点研究的对象,有效提高滑坡整治效果。本文以延安市宝塔区青化寺滑坡为例,采用正交分析法对滑坡稳定性的影响因子进行了分析,并计算出各种组合的滑坡稳定系数,然后采用方差分析法对因子进行敏感性评价。     

Field monitoring of groundwater responses to heavy rainfalls and the early warning of the Kualiangzi landslide in Sichuan Basin,southwestern China

The Kualiangzi landslide was triggered by heavy rainfalls in the “red beds” area of Sichuan Basin in southwestern China. Differing from other bedrock landslides, the movement of the Kualiangzi landslide was controlled by the subvertical cracks and a subhorizontal bedding plane (dip angle < 10°). The ingress of rainwater in the cracks formed a unique groundwater environment in the slope. Field measurement for rainfall, groundwater movement, and slope displacement has been made for the Kualiangzi landslide since 2013. The field monitoring system consists of two rainfall gauges, seven piezometers, five water-level gauges, and two GPS data loggers. The equipments are embedded near a longitudinal section of the landslide, where severe deformation has been observed in the past 3 years. The groundwater responses to four heavy rainfall events were analyzed between June 16 and July 24 in 2013 coincided with the flood season in Sichuan. Results showed that both of the water level and the pore-water pressure increased after each rainfall event with delay in the response time with respect to the precipitation. The maximum time lag reached 35 h occurred in a heavy rainfall event with cumulative precipitation of 127 mm; such lag effect was significantly weakened in the subsequent heavy rainfall events. In each presented rainfall event, longer infiltration period in the bedrock in the upper slope increased the response time of groundwater, compared to that of in the gravels in the lower slope. A translational landslide conceptual model was built for the Kualiangzi landslide, and the time lag was attributed to the gradual formation of the uplift pressure on the slip surface and the softening of soils at the slip surface. Another important observation is the effect on the slope movement which was caused by the water level (H _w) in the transverse tension trough developed at the rear edge of the landslide. Significant negative correlation was found for H _w and the slope stability factor (F _s), in particular for the last two heavy rainfall events, of which the drastic increase of water level caused significant deterioration in the slope stability. The rapid drop (Δ?=?22.5 kPa) of pore-water pressure in the deep bedrock within 1 h and the large increase (Δ?=?87.3 mm) of surficial displacement were both monitored in the same period. In the end, a four-level early warning system is established through utilizing H _w and the displacement rate D _r as the warning indicators. When the large deformation occurred in flood season, the habitants at the leading edge of the landslide can be evacuated in time.     

基于非线性损伤理论的改进CVISC模型及其在FLAC3D中实现

滑坡形成是一个典型的岩土变形破坏时效过程,低速滑坡时效过程尤为显著。基于流变理论,建立反映滑坡变形破坏发展过程的本构模型、预测滑坡活动趋势,一直是国内外滑坡研究的基本途径和难点问题之一。然而,目前国内外已有的多数流变模型仅能反映滑坡岩土蠕变的第一、第二阶段,不能刻画滑坡岩土蠕变的第三阶段（加速蠕变阶段）。本文基于滑带在滑坡中的作用以及滑带岩土剪切蠕变发展的累进性和非线性特征,借助损伤理论,在FLAC3D内置的CVISC流变本构模型中引入非线性损伤黏塑性元件,构建了可描述滑坡加速蠕变过程的非线性损伤流变本构模型,依据类比原理建立了改进的CVISC三维差分模型,通过FLAC3D开放的用户接口实现了本构模型的二次开发,并将改进的CVISC模型用于长期缓慢滑移、伴随间歇性剧烈活动的甘肃舟曲泄流坡数值模拟中。模拟结果显示,该模型不仅呈现了滑坡的加速蠕变特征,而且揭示的滑坡活动特征与其曾经出现的活动特征基本一致,从而证实基于非线性损伤理论的改进CVISC模型具有较好的有效性。     

滑带土强度特性的试验研究

滑带土的强度特性对于边坡稳定具有重要的控制作用,揭示滑带土强度指标的变化规律是进行边坡安全性评估的基本前提。针对一库岸古滑坡滑动带中的含粗粒细粒土,进行了滑带土强度特性的试验研究：通过现场大剪试验和室内固结快剪试验分析了滑带土的剪切性状,确定了再生强度、现场折减强度和固结快剪强度;根据现行反复剪切试验在确定含粗粒细粒土残余强度时的不足,对试验方法和试验仪器进行了改进,提出了滑带土的残余强度指标,并与其他剪切条件下的强度指标进行了比较;基于试验结果的统计分析,探讨了土体含水率、塑性指数及粗粒含量对剪切强度指标的影响,并总结了含粗粒细粒土与一般黏性土或砂土在剪切性状方面的诸多不同     

重庆忠县泔井滑坡物性特征及稳定性研究

通过对泔井滑坡的工程（以钻探方法为主）地质勘察评价,对滑坡的物理力学性质及其稳定性有了较为系统的认识：①滑坡体的物质成分主要为粉质粘土加碎、块石;②潜在滑移带均由粉质粘土组成;③对滑坡体和滑移带土的物理力学性质用表格形式进行阐述;④对滑坡体发生滑动的影响因素进行了系统分析;⑤采用传递系数法对滑坡体分多种工况条件进行了稳定性系数和推力计算;⑥结论：在天然状态下,滑坡的稳定系数为1.35,处于稳定状态;在暴雨状态下,加之库区水位达175m时稳定系数为1.01~1.05,滑坡处于欠稳定状态;而在175m回落至145m的过程中加暴雨及地震作用下,稳定系数为0.97~0.98,这时的滑坡处于不稳定状态。     

Non-linear shear strength reduction technique in slope stability calculation

To exactly implement the non-linear Hoek–Brown shear strength reduction in slope stability calculations, three aspects of the problem are considered. Firstly, the normal and shear stress relationship of the generalized Hoek–Brown criterion (2002 edition) is derived by introducing the Mohr–Coulomb instantaneous friction angle as a variable. Secondly, the instantaneous Mohr–Coulomb friction angle and cohesive strength are derived for a micro-unit at a given stress state and they can be used to describe the shear strength of the rock mass under different stress states. Finally, the implementation of the non-linear shear strength reduction is described and a slope example is selected to verify our method. This technique can be also applied to other non-linear failure criteria.     

堆积层滑坡水动力位移耦合预测参数及其评价方法研究

在系统分析滑坡的物质组成和失稳动因的基础上,分析和研究了地下水在滑坡稳定性演化过程中的卸载与加载动力作用及其位移响应规律和特点。从非线性系统动力学角度,提出了运用地下水卸加载动力与位移响应耦合预测参数来评价边坡稳定性演化规律与失稳特征,即以地下水位变化量作为堆积层滑坡的卸加载动力参数,以相应的位移作为其卸加载响应参数,建立和确定了地下水卸加载动力与位移响应比预测参数与评价模型。同时,运用损伤力学基本原理,建立了其卸加载响应比与坡体损伤变量和稳定性系数的定量关系以及失稳判据。以三峡库区典型堆积层滑坡分析为例,运用地下水动力与位移耦合预测模型对其稳定性进行了分析与评价,发现地下水动力位移耦合预测参数变化与边坡稳定性实际动态演化规律基本吻合。研究成果表明,所确定的参数是水诱发型堆积层滑坡的一种有效位移动力评价参数,可运用该参数对该类滑坡的动态稳定性进行实时监测预警与评价。     

Relevance vector machine applied to slope stability analysis

This paper examines the potential of relevance vector machine (RVM) in slope stability analysis. The nonlinear relationship between slope stability and its influence factors is presented by the relevance vector learning mechanism based on a kernel‐based Bayesian framework. The six input variables used for the RVM for the prediction of stability slope are density (γ), friction angle (C), friction coefficient (?), slope angle (?_r), slope height (H), and pore water pressure (r_u). Comparison of RVM with some other methods is also presented. RVM has been used to compute the error bar. The results presented in this paper clearly highlight that the RVM is a robust tool for the prediction of slope stability. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characteristics of particle size for creeping and saltating sand grains in aeolian transport

Creep and saltation are the primary modes of surface transport involved in the fluid‐like movement of aeolian sands. Although numerous studies have focused on saltation, few studies have focused on creep, primarily because of the experimental difficulty and the limited amount of theoretical information available on this process. Grain size and its distribution characteristics are key controls on the modes of sand movement and their transport masses. Based on a series of wind tunnel experiments, this paper presents new data regarding the saltation flux, obtained using a flat sampler, and on the creeping mass, obtained using a specifically designed bed trap, associated with four friction velocities (0·41, 0·47, 0·55 and 0·61 m sec^?1). These data yielded information regarding creeping and saltating sand grains and their particle size characteristics at various heights, which led to the following conclusions: (i) the creeping masses increased as a power function (q = ?1·02 + 14·19u_*³) of friction wind velocities, with a correlation (R²) of 0·95; (ii) the flux of aeolian sand flow decreases exponentially with increasing height (q = a exp(–z/b)) and increases as a power function (q = ?26·30 + 428·40 u_*³) of the friction wind velocity; (iii) the particle size of creeping sand grains is ca 1·15 times of the mean diameter of salting sand grains at a height of 0 to 2 cm, which is 1·14 times of the mean diameter of sand grains in a bed; and (iv) the mean diameter of saltating sand grains decreases rapidly with increasing height whereas, while at a given height, the mean diameter of saltating sand grains is positively correlated with the friction wind velocity. Although these results require additional experimental validation, they provide new information for modelling of aeolian sand transport processes.     

Influences of the snow cover on landslide displacement in winter period: a case study in a heavy snowfall area of Japan

The displacement of a relatively small reactivated landslide in a snowy area in Japan was monitored over a long period. The displacement rate of the landslide, which was approximately of 20 mm d^?1 before the formation of snow cover, decelerated drastically during the continuous snow cover period every winter period. Possible causes included reduction in the amount of water that reached the ground surface (MR: meltwater and/or rainwater) and increase in snow load. Given that the actual displacement of the landslide was far below the predicted value based on the relationship between landslide displacement and MR immediately before the continuous snow cover period, the deceleration of landslide displacement was more likely attributable to the increase in snow load than to the reduction in MR. An investigation of the link between snow load and landslide displacement showed a negative logarithmic relationship. A dynamic analysis based on the limit equilibrium method showed that snow load increases the effective normal stress and the stability of a landslide in which the mean inclination angle of the slip surface is smaller than the internal friction angle. The stability of the actual slope was also analyzed by conducting soil tests on samples collected at the site and using the resultant parameters. The analysis also showed that the increase in snow load increases the safety factor and reduces the landslide displacement. The displacement of a relatively small landslide that has a shallow slip surface was found to be greatly influenced by snow cover.     

福建南平安丰自来水厂滑坡特征及治理对策

持续强降雨导致安丰水厂后山坡坡面变形开裂,形成了一个规模较大的滑坡,严重威胁水厂安全。采用钻探、物探（地质雷达和面波法）和地表工程地质测绘等综合手段,查明了滑坡发育机制,认为坡体土层松软,风化差异大,透水性强,坡面相对较陡是滑坡发生的内因,降雨是诱发滑坡最主要的外在因素。稳定性计算表明,该滑坡目前处于蠕滑极限平衡状态。应急排险及后期治理施工措施的成功,可为类似滑坡地质灾害的防治提供经验。     

Multiple response surfaces for slope reliability analysis

This paper develops a multiple response surfaces approach to approximate the limit state function for slope failure by second‐order polynomial functions, to incorporate the variation of the most probable slip surfaces, and to evaluate the slope failure probability p_f. The proposed methodology was illustrated through a cohesive soil slope example. It is shown that the p_f values estimated from multiple response surfaces agree well with those p_f values that have been obtained by searching a large number of potential slip surfaces in each Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) sample. The variation of number of the most probable slip surfaces is studied at different scale of fluctuation (λ) values. It is found that when full correlation assumed for each of random fields (i.e., spatial variability is ignored), the number of the most probable slip surfaces is equal to the number of random fields (in this study, it is 3). When the spatial variability grows significantly, the number of the most probable slip surfaces or number of multiple response surfaces firstly increases evidently to a higher value and then varies slightly. In addition, the contribution of a specific most probable slip surface varies dramatically at different spatial variability level, and therefore, the variation of the most probable slip surfaces should be accounted for in the reliability analysis. The multiple response surfaces approach developed in this paper provides a limit equilibrium method and MCS‐based means to incorporate such a variation of the most probable slip surfaces in slope reliability analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

二维与三维边坡稳定性分析结果的比较与分析

二维与三维边坡稳定性分析得到的安全系数存在着差异,讨论这种差异与滑体几何尺寸及土体强度参数间的变化规律及其形成机制,可为合理地评价边坡稳定性分析提供理论依据。针对均质三维边坡,利用基于滑面正应力修正模式的极限平衡法分析程序,定性地讨论滑体形态、长高比、坡比、土体强度参数等指标对二维与三维安全系数计算结果差异(以F3/F2表示)的影响,总结F3/F2与影响指标间的变化规律,分析变化规律形成的内在机制。从工程应用的角度,给出需要考虑该差异影响的分界标准。研究表明,F3/F2随着长高比L/H、内摩擦角?及坡比m的增大逐渐减小,随着黏聚力c的增大逐渐增大;对于满足下列条件之一的边坡,宜采用三维安全系数来评价其稳定性,(1) L/H ≤ 5的滑坡体;(2) 5< L/H ≤ 10且 c > 25 kPa(或? < 15°,或m < 1.0) 的滑坡体。研究成果可为合理评价边坡稳定性分析方法提供参考。     

多剖面合力法分析滑坡稳定性

滑坡稳定性分析最重要的是精度。滑面和坡面是空间三维变化曲面,造成滑体厚度各处变化很大。滑坡稳定性分析通常选择中轴线或其附近的一个所谓“代表性纵断面”进行安全系数计算。由于采用单位宽度纵剖面计算,在多数情况下只能代表该纵剖面两侧不大范围宽度滑体的局部稳定性,而不能代表滑坡整体稳定性,因此提出多纵剖面合力法进行滑坡稳定性分析。为减少多剖面勘探成本的人财物力投入,把滑动面分成了简单滑面和复杂滑面两类。对简单滑面滑坡最少只打两个纵断面共2~4个钻孔,应用几种滑面曲线函数,绘制辅助横剖面,将所需要的多个计算纵剖面剖出。多剖面合力法是基于空间平行力系可移动原理,对各剖面划分条块,把每个剖面条块的剪应力与抗滑力分解成水平与垂直分力,然后计算每个剖面剪应力与抗滑力的垂直与水平分力各自的合力,再对各剖面的剪应力与抗滑力的水平与垂直分力求合力,计算出滑坡的抗滑力与下滑力,得到剪应比——滑坡的稳定系数。用简单滑面和复杂滑面两个滑坡实例进行了分析,验证方法的有效性。     

滑坡时间预报的实验研究

在滑坡形成中 ,岩土体的蠕动变形历程与坡体的破坏时间有直接关系 ;对于具有明显蠕变特性的坡体 ,蠕变往往起到决定性的影响。以巴谢河流域几个典型滑坡为例 ,从室内蠕变实验出发 ,讨论了岩土体的动力学性质及有关的参数特征 ,重点研究了剪切变形速率与时间的关系 ,进而来探讨进行滑坡时间预报的可行性     

Determination of stability of slope using Minimax Probability Machine

This article examines the capability of Minimax Probability Machine (MPM) for the determination of stability of slope. MPM is constructed within a probabilistic framework. This study uses MPM as classification and regression tools. Unit weight (γ), cohesion (c), angle of internal friction (φ), slope angle (β), height (H) and pore water pressure coefficient (r_u) have been used as inputs of the MPM model. The outputs of MPM are stability status of slope and factor of safety (F). The results of MPM have been compared with the artificial neural network models. The experimental results demonstrate that the developed MPM is a promising tool for the determination of stability of slope.