非饱和压实膨胀土渗透特性的试验研究

压实膨胀黏土常用于防止填埋场中固体废物产生二次污染,或作为核废料处置库通道隔绝层,这主要取决于压实膨胀黏土衬垫层或隔离层的防渗特性,而这种压实膨胀黏土层通常又呈现出非饱和特性。基于GDS非饱和土三轴试验系统,开发拓展其试验功能,研究直接测量压实膨胀黏土的水渗透系数的试验方法,同时结合电镜扫描试验,从微观角度定量分析压实膨胀黏土渗透过程中产生的微观、宏观变化特征。结果表明,压实膨胀黏土在渗透过程中产生的体积变形主要是由于土孔隙中气体被压缩、孔隙微结构发生变化的结果;压实膨胀黏土水渗透系数受吸力、围压、干密度、饱和度等因素控制。     

吹填场区软黏土地基的次固结特性研究

针对天津中心渔港吹填场区软黏土地基进行了一系列的固结压缩试验,获得应力、应变与时间的关系,对比分析了吹填土层和天然沉积土层的固结和次固结特性,为吹填场区软黏土地基变形模型建立及长期工后沉降预测提供理论依据。研究表明,吹填土和天然沉积土的应变速率与时间双对数曲线具有很好的线性相关性;处理后吹填土含水率和压缩性较低,天然沉积土含水率和压缩性高;随荷载P增大,吹填土的次固结系数Ca?变化不大,天然沉积土的次固结系数Ca先增大后减小,最终趋于稳定;次固结系数Ca与压缩指数Cc具有良好的线性相关性,其随时间的增加均呈对数下降趋势。     

库内层状软土地基的联合处理方法研究

介绍了利用重锤夯实法加固表层填土与排水固结法加固深层软土联合处理库内层状软土地基的方法,在填土静荷载和塑料排水板作用下淤泥质软土很快完成主固结沉降,重锤夯实法使表层填土受到动力压密,软土和填土强度得以提高.试验结果表明,排水固结过程中填土层的单位沉降量远小于淤泥质软土,重锤夯实法的有效加固深度可以达到地表下3.5 m,影响深度可达6.0 m.联合采用两种地基处理方法可以有效提高层状地基承载力.     

考虑前期固结影响的吹填软土安全运营阶段微结构演化特征

天津滨海新区吹填土为高黏粒含量细粒土,具有孔隙比大、压缩性高、强度低等特点。虽然成土时间短,但具有一定的结构性。土体微观结构决定土体的力学性质,在工程实际中,经过固结处理后的吹填土在安全运营阶段由于上部荷载的持续作用,结构性也会发生变化。为了研究此过程中微结构演化特征,本文试验土样为天津滨海新区重塑土,将其进行先期固结与后期不排水蠕变试验,模拟固结排水地基处理后吹填土安全运营过程,并在此过程中取样进行微结构制样及电镜扫描,定量化分析微观参数的演化规律。试验结果表明:经过固结排水后的吹填软土在持续荷载作用下,土中颗粒和孔隙数量都呈减少趋势,颗粒等效直径、形态比都增大,孔隙等效直径、形态比则呈相反趋势,且在蠕变初期这些变化较为明显,后期变化逐渐趋于平稳。前期固结时间越长,蠕变开始时结构性参数体现出土体结构性越强,固结过程中偏压和固结时间对土体结构性的影响一致。     

Stress-strain properties of Belfast estuarine clay

The extensive area of Postglacial soft silty clay at the head of Belfast Lough has caused many engineering problems in the central Belfast area. The clay is usually considered unsuitable as a bearing stratum, and consequently little attention has been paid in the past to detailed examination of its stress-strain behaviour. However, in the light of recent advances in foundation design based on clearer understanding of the response of soft clay to applied loading, tests have recently been carried out on typical samples of Belfast clay to achieve a more fundamental insight into the behaviour of the material. The paper describes triaxial tests on hand-trimmed samples of the clay and examines the behaviour with respect to yield and failure criteria, porewater pressure generation during shear, dependence of strength on direction and rate of testing, and “elastic” properties of the soil. The results show that the clay is lightly over-consolidated in the field, and that its behaviour is much more brittle, elastic and anisotropic than is suggested by routine sampling and testing procedures.     

Bearing capacity of soft soil model treated with end-bearing bottom ash columns

Granular column technique is a soil improvement method used to increase the bearing capacity of a soft soil area by replacing the soil with a group of granular column materials. The by-product utilisation is a worldwide interest for sustainable infrastructure development. Bottom ash, which is a combustion deposit derived from coal burning, is a potential by-product that could be used alternatively to sand or aggregate as a green granular column material. This research is to study the potential use of the bottom ash column-improved soft clay by conducting a series of small-scale physical modelling test. The bearing capacity behaviour and failure mode of soft clay improved with end-bearing group of bottom ash columns with and without geotextile encasement are investigated. The bearing capacity of soft clay is significantly enhanced by the inclusion of bottom ash columns; that is, 239% of bearing capacity improvement is observed with only 13% of improvement area. The bulging of the bottom ash column is transferred to buckling failure with higher bearing capacity when the bottom ash column is encased by geotextile. The outcome of this research leads to the usage of bottom ash by-product as a granular column material in sustainable soil improvement technique.     

贵州猫场铝土矿成矿环境分析

黔中隆起后的碳酸盐岩及粘土岩类在长期物理、化学作用下,首先形成红粘土;红粘土进一步风化,而后分解成Al、Fe的氧化物、氢氧化物,在溶坑和溶蚀凹地内初步富集成零星分散的致密状和土状喀斯特型铝土矿,因地形改变再度进入分解破碎,为猫场最终铝土矿的形成提供物质来源—铝土矿碎屑。这些铝土矿碎屑和Al、Fe的氧化物、氢氧化物被地表和地下水以不同形式搬运到猫场十溶蚀湖中,按碎屑、化学、生物沉积规律形成猫场古溶蚀湖沉积铝土矿床。     

真空预压处理高黏粒吹填土的物理化学指标

大连海港常采用高黏粒吹填土作为吹淤造陆工程土料,但高黏粒吹填土的黏粒含量大,真空预压处理地基时竖向排水体四周常常被黏粒淤堵,延误工程进度。为深入研究该类吹填土工程地质特性,基于室内物理模型采用80 kPa真空预压技术处理高黏粒吹填土,针对淤堵难题进行分析。通过测试土体的物理化学参数,建立含水率、易溶盐总量、钠离子含量、酸碱度、阳离子交换量、有机质含量等物理化学指标的特征分布曲线。结果表明：80 kPa真空预压处理的高黏粒吹填土含水率与易溶盐总量、酸碱度等化学指标呈反比;竖向排水体四周吹填土的易溶盐含量较大,有机质含量高;阳离子交换量与酸碱度呈正比。同时物化指标在排水板四周富集的现象反映80 kPa真空预压处理的高黏性吹填土固结状况,同时建议真空预压处理过程中采用分级真空预压方法,改进高黏粒吹填土地基处理,以降低淤堵状况。     

强夯-降水联合加固饱和软粘土地基试验研究

针对强夯法加固饱和软粘土地基时超静孔压消散难和易出现“橡皮土”的问题,提出将强夯和井点降水技术结合起来,利用井点降水技术来加速夯后超静孔压的消散和软土固结,并结合上海市某集装箱堆场工程中土部为吹填细砂、下部为饱和软粘土的地基进行了现场试验研究,对加固过程以及加固后的土体变形、超静孔压变化、工艺参数、加固效果和加固后土体的时间效应以及强夯的加固机理等进行了分析和讨论。强夯和井点降水技术的合理结合进一步拓宽了井点降水和强夯法的应用范围,为我国沿海地区广为分布的软土地基的加固问题提供了新的途径。     

高填方对红黏土地基力学性质影响及坡体稳定性

以云南安宁市一高填方边坡为例,通过勘察、监测等手段,在查明红黏土分布特征的基础上,对填土前后红黏土的物理力学性质变化进行分析,应用数值模拟软件对坡体稳定性进行研究。结果表明,填方工程施工前后,红黏土地基物理力学指标呈现出先降低后增强的特征,致使填土边坡的稳定性呈现出先降低后提高的趋势;坡体上部的地裂缝是在地基土、原地形、填土厚度不均的不利组合下,由于填方体、地基土固结引起坡体的不均匀变形所致,坡体整体稳定。研究成果对于红黏土地基的高填方边坡工程设计、红黏土地基土物理力学指标对坡体稳定性的影响、施工过程中不均匀变形量控制、坡体上部裂缝病害研究具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。      

Further insight into the behaviour of Pleistocene Osaka clays at KIA Phase 1 island

The behaviour of the Pleistocene Osaka clays at Kansai International Airport Phase 1 island is investigated by FEM analyses using an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model which replicates the destruction processes occurring in the microstructure of the clay. Excellent predictions are obtained by 2D analyses carried out using the actual soil profile and the characteristic values of soil parameters, confirming the validity of the methods proposed for characterizing and modelling structured clays. Unlike 1D analyses, where partially effective drainage layers occur, 2D analyses do not require arbitrary pre-definition of the model drainage scenario and of the ‘equivalent’ permeability of interlayered clays to account for macrostructure. In these conditions, 1D analyses must be validated with reference to 2D or 3D prototype analyses and/or well documented experience of comparable work. Once thus validated, 1D analyses are used to investigate the relative merits of possible measures (relief wells, preloading, lightweight fill) aimed at reducing in-service settlement. For future reclamation works at sites where structured clays extend to great depth, filling with lightweight material shows the greatest promise, but it is unlikely to remove the need for designing the superstructure to accommodate the inevitable settlement, which requires accurate prediction.     

Modelling the settlement behaviour of a strip footing on sloping sandy fill under cyclic loading conditions

This paper investigates the settlement behaviour of a strip footing seating on the crest of an embankment and subjected to cyclic loading. The embankment fill is a dense sand and the issue is the gradual accumulation of settlement over a large number of load repetitions. Cyclic triaxial tests were first conducted to develop a consistent but simple material model for numerical implementation. Particular emphasis was placed on linking the stress-strain behaviour of an unload-reload cycle to the accumulation of permanent strain, with only five input parameters required to model the cyclic behaviour. The material model was implemented in a numerical analysis to compute the settlement behaviour obtained from model tests conducted by another researcher. It is pertinent to highlight that the same soil, compacted to same density at same moisture content, was used for both the cyclic triaxial tests and model tests. Reasonable to good agreement between the experimental and numerical results was achieved.     

Numerical analysis of the installation effects on the behaviour of soft clay improved by stone columns

This paper addresses the installation effects of stone columns in soft soils. Focus is made on the lateral expansion of stone material using the vibro displacement and substitution techniques by means of numerical simulations. The behaviour of reinforced soil after stone column installation is investigated to show how the properties of soft soils can be improved prior to final loading. The effect of such an improvement on the prediction of reinforced soil settlement is evaluated. The axisymmetric unit cell model (UCM) served for the comparison between numerical predictions made by the Mohr-Coulomb and hardening soil constitutive laws adopted for the soft soil. An equivalent group of end bearing columns model was investigated in the axisymmetric condition to predict the settlement of reinforced soil by adopting the Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model for soft clay. The reduction of settlements predicted by the unit cell and group of columns models, due the improvement of the Young’s modulus of soft clay, were compared. It is concluded that a significant reduction of settlement is expected when the group of columns model is considered.     

对碎石桩法加固软土地基效果的分析

通过大量的碎石桩工程资料,分析了碎石桩法对杂填土,素填土和亚粘土,粉砂和轻亚粘土,粘土,淤泥质土和淤泥的加固效果。     

化学方法改良吹填土固结沉降性质研究

大连市大窑湾港区的吹填土为高分散性低液限粉质黏土,其特点是亲水性高,含水量大,排水率低,这造成了吹填土承载力低,在荷载作用下变形量大,在很长一段时间内无法作为正常建筑地基使用.通过在盐水环境下添加不同剂量的浓度为0.1%的絮凝剂Praestol-2515或Praestol-650溶液,可以观察到土颗粒迅速聚合,土粒粒径明显增大,粒间胶结更加均匀和紧密,形成絮状物,从而促进了土颗粒与自由水分的分离,导致过饱和吹填土（悬浊液）沉降速度大大提高,极大地缩短了吹填土的排水固结时间,在短期内达到建筑地基所需要的变形量和承载能力.研究结果对于沿海地区过饱和吹填土的造陆工程,以及类似的高含水率黏性土的地基处理具有重要的启示意义.     

Analysis of undrained cavity expansion in elasto‐plastic soils with non‐linear elasticity

A large strain analysis of undrained expansion of a spherical/cylindrical cavity in a soil modelled as non‐linear elastic modified Cam clay material is presented. The stress–strain response of the soil is assumed to obey non‐linear elasticity until yielding. A power‐law characteristic or a hyperbolic stress–strain curve is used to describe the gradual reduction of soil stiffness with shear strain. It is assumed that, after yielding, the elasto‐plastic behaviour of the soil can be described by the modified Cam clay model. Based on a closed‐form stress–strain response in undrained condition, a numerical solution is obtained with the aid of simple numerical integration technique. The results show that the stresses and the pore pressure in the soil around an expanded cavity are significantly affected by the non‐linear elasticity, especially if the soil is overconsolidated. The difference between large strain and small strain solutions in the elastic zone is not significant. The stresses and the pore pressure at the cavity wall can be expressed as an approximate closed‐form solution. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical modelling of soil nails in loose fill slope under surcharge loading

A plane–strain numerical model has been developed to mimic a nailed loose fill slope under surcharge loading. The model has been used to back-analyse a field test that was conducted to examine the behaviour of soil nails in loose fill slopes under surcharge loading. Incremental elasto-plastic analyses coupled with pore water diffusion have been performed to study the internal deformation, water content redistribution in the soil, and the performance of the soil nails during and after the application of surcharge loading. The model parameters describing the mechanical and hydraulic properties of the nailed slope were obtained from field or laboratory tests. Different modelling techniques and boundary conditions for mimicking soil–nail interaction in loose fill material have been examined. Comparisons between numerical predictions and field measurements demonstrate that a new interfacial model, denoted as the embedded bond–slip interface model, is more suitable for mimicking the interfacial behaviour. Despite the simplicity of the numerical model, the predicted responses are in close agreement with the field test results, in particular the mobilisation and distribution of nail forces in response to surcharge loading. Both the numerical and the field test results suggest that soil nails are capable of increasing the overall stability of a loose fill slope for the loading conditions considered in this study. The increase in confining stress along the soil nails near the surcharge area is central to the overall stabilising mechanism. On the contrary, the nail forces mobilised near the nail heads are much smaller, indicating that the beneficial effect of having a structural grillage system at the slope face is limited for the range of surcharge pressures considered in this study.     

The effect of leaching on the integrity of a natural clay

Leaching effects on the strength of a natural clay substrate can lead to loss of integrity of pond containment situation — especially if the clay material constitutes the liner system for the containment pond. In this study, the integrity of the clay in the face of five different types of leachates is studied via the creep characteristics of the clay. The resultant effects are evaluated in terms of (a) soil fabric/structure reinforcement or degradation, and/or (b) changes in the relationships established between soil particles and chemical pore fluid. The integrity of the clay is seen to be severely conditioned by (a) factors producing the initial soil structural state, (b) the chemistry of the leachate, (c) local boundary conditions, and (d) time.     

Stress–Strain Behaviour of Flowable Fill

Flowable fill is a self-levelling and self-compacting, cementitious material which is primarily used as a backfill. It is a mixture of fine aggregates, small amount of cement, water and a by-product material. In this present experimental study, three industrial by-products namely fly ash, rice husk ash and quarry dust were used as constituent materials in flowable fill. Mix proportions were developed for different combination of these industrial by-products, in addition to small amount of cement content. The main objective of the present investigation is to study the stress–strain behaviour of these mixes, namely unconfined compressive strength (UCS), strain corresponding to peak stress, strain corresponding to fracture and modulus of elasticity. In addition, several mixes were tested for few other properties such as flowability, density, water-absorption and volume changes. The range of strengths, strains and moduli of elasticity obtained for these flowable fill mixtures represents different types of clay soils ranging from soft clays to very stiff clays. Thus, industrial by-products such as fly ash, rice husk ash and quarry dust can be beneficially added in flowable fill that offers comparable strengths to soils used for conventional fills and many other low-strength applications.     

棕榈加筋上海黏土强度特性试验研究

采用棕榈作为加筋材料对上海黏土进行直剪慢剪试验,通过改变筋材的加筋率及尺寸研究棕榈对上海黏土强度特性的影响。试验表明,（1）与素土相比,加筋土的抗剪强度和黏聚力明显提高,但内摩擦角的变化较小;（2）加筋土的最优加筋率为0.6%;（3）棕榈尺寸为6 mm×12 mm的抗剪强度优于6 mm×6 mm和6 mm×18 mm的抗剪强度;（4）垂直压力为100 kPa时,应力-应变曲线呈应变软化型,随着垂直压力的增加,应力-应变曲线呈应变硬化型;（5）与素土相比,加筋土残余强度降低幅度减小,土体的抗变形能力提高,同时分析了加筋的抗剪强度作用机制,阐述了棕榈加筋材料在黏土中的作用,棕榈可作为加固上海黏土的一种有效方法。