Heterotrophic euglenids from marine sediments of cape tribulation, tropical australia

This paper presents new data on free-living heterotrophic euglenids (Euglenozoa, Protista) that occurred in the marine sediments at Cape Tribulation, Queensland, Australia. Twenty-nine species from 9 genera are described with uninterpreted records based on light microscopy, including one new taxon:Notosolenus capetribulationi n. sp. There was little evidence for endemism because the majority of heterotrophic euglenid species encountered here have been reported or were found from other habitats.     

褐藻纲海带目Laminaria属和Saccharina属基于三个分子标记的系统发育分析

In the past two decades, many studies have focused on the classification within genus Laminaria, ultimately trying to divide it into two subgroups or genera: Laminaria and Saccharina. A significant debate still surrounds the question of its division, as the conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses that have resulted from the classification studies are based on different taxon sampling, molecular markers, or analysis methods. It is aimed at elucidate the molecular phylogeny within Laminaria and Saccharina. The nine species of Laminariales are sampled from northern Asia and Europe, and 23 new sequences in the nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial genomes are determined to identify their taxonomic status. The phylogenetic analyses of 71 species are performed, including representatives from six of the seven families of the order Laminariales, based on three separate data sets. An evidence is provided to strongly support a clear split that maintains the two recognized genera, Laminaria and Saccharina, with Laminaria appearing to be the ancestor group. Further, analyses indicate that all taxa in Saccharina and Laminaria did not form a monophyletic lineage, instead Laminariaceae and Lessoniaceae grouped together interlacedly, and Costariaceae appeared as the sister taxon of the Lessoniaceae–Laminariaceae clade. In the phylogenetic analysis, mitochondrial c oxidase I(COI) sequences appeared to be the most credible molecular marker which was more befitting than nuclear encoded internal transcribed spacer(ITS) and plastid encoded rbcL for establishment of Laminariales systematics. It is the most comprehensive phylogeny of the order Laminariales, and contributes to an enhanced understanding and estimation of the phylogenetic relationships for the economically important seaweeds, Laminaria and Saccharina.     

中国近海三种囊舌目(异鳃亚纲, 腹足纲)软体动物的分类学修订

由于部分囊舌目物种存在较大程度的种内变异,我国早期基于形态学的囊舌目研究存在种名鉴定错误、同物异名等现象。为解决我国沿海囊舌目物种种名使用混乱的问题,结合比较形态学和分子系统学技术手段,对采自山东青岛、浙江舟山、海南陵水的囊舌目样品进行了外部形态和齿舌扫描电镜的检视,并基于COI基因进行系统发育树和遗传距离分析,对国内记录的深绿海天牛Elysia atroviridis Baba,1955重新进行了分类学描述;发现华丽海天牛Elysia ornata (Swainson,1840)应暂定为三边海天牛Elysia marginata (Pease,1871);指状棍螺Placida dendritica (Alder&Hancock1843)是马场棍螺Placida babai Ev. Marcus,1982的误定。回顾了以上几种囊舌目物种及其相似物种的分类学研究历程,对E. atroviridis、E. marginata和P. babai进行了分子系统学和形态学研究,并为解决这三种囊舌目物种的分类存疑问题提供了新的材料和方法。     

中国海洋仙菜科(Ceramiaceae)新记录属——盖氏藻属Gayliella(红藻门)的分类研究

利用生物压片技术,通过形态学和解剖学方法,对采自我国沿岸海洋的仙菜科红藻(Ceramiaceae,Rhodophyta)进行了分类学研究,发现了我国仙菜科新记录属——盖氏藻属(新拟名)Gayliella T.O.Cho,L.McIvor et S.M.Boo。该属目前在我国共有5个种,即短毛盖氏藻(新拟名)Gayliella pmbriatum (Setchell et N. L. Gardner). T. O. Cho et S. M. Boo、优美盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella βaccidum (Kützing) T. O. Cho et L. McIvor、泰式盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella taylorii (E. Y. Dawson) T. O.Cho et S. M. Boo、马沙盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella mazoyerae T. O. Cho, Fredericq et Hommersand和横轴盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella transversalis (Collins et Hervey) T. O. Cho et Fredericq,...     

长江口水域四种鱼类的耳石微化学研究

利用X-射线电子探针微区技术(electron probe microanalysis, EPMA),对长江口不同水域中捕获的焦氏舌鳎、皮氏叫姑鱼、鮸鱼和光泽黄颡鱼耳石中的Sr含量进行耳石微化学研究,结果发现,焦氏舌鳎是典型的海水鱼类,不仅Sr:Ca比(按惯例标准化为Sr:Ca×10~3)的移动平均值高(7),而且Sr含量面分析图亦呈现为对应高盐度海水的黄色或红色图谱。虽然皮氏叫姑鱼和鮸鱼从出生直至被捕Sr:Ca比的移动平均值都在3—7间波动,总体上属河口半咸水栖息鱼类,但从Sr含量面分析图来看,皮氏叫姑鱼生活史履历更为复杂,可包括淡水(对应蓝色图谱)和半咸水生境(对应绿色图谱);而鮸鱼仅在长江口较高盐度半咸水或海水生境中活动,未见进入过淡水的履历。光泽黄颡鱼表现出仅利用淡水生境的履历,其Sr:Ca比的移动平均值仅在1.5—3间窄幅波动,整个生活史均在淡水区域里活动,表现为长江口典型的淡水栖息鱼类。本研究从新的角度提供了较为客观、直观和最新的信息,用以较为准确地重建和掌握长江口这些不同鱼类的生境利用特征。     

Morphological observation and rbcL gene sequences studies of two new species, Grateloupia dalianensis H.W.Wang et D.Zhao, sp. nov. and G. yinggehaiensis H.W.Wang et R.X.Luan, sp. nov. (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) from China

A few species in the genus Grateloupia (Halymeniaceae,Rhodophyta) have been investigated in detail with respect to morphological observations and molecular analyses.In this study,the authors document the vegetative and reproductive structures of two new species of Grateloupia,G.dalianensis H.W.Wang et D.Zhao,sp.nov.and G.yinggehaiensis H.W.Wang et R.X.Luan,sp.nov.They both have the morphological character that carpogonial ampullae and auxiliary cell ampullae are the simple Grateloupia-type.The two species can be distinguished from other species of the genus by their distinctive morphological features respectively.Based on ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) gene sequences,the phylogenetic tree obtained in the study indicated that they are both embedded within the Grateloupia clade.G.dalianensis clusters a subclade with G.asiatica,and G.yinggehaiensis forms a single monophyletic subclade with G.hawaiiana.     

Arm regeneration frequency in eight species of ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from European sea areas

Eight ophiuroid species, six from the northern Kattegat-eastern Skagerrak and three from the northern Adriatic Sea, were examined for regeneration of arms. The species were separated into groups based upon mode of feeding and habitat. Comparison between groups collected in the northern Kattegat-eastern Skagerrak showed that infaunal suspension- and deposit-feeding species (Amphiura filiformis and A. chiajei) had significantly more scars per arm (mean number 0.78) than epibenthic suspension feeders (Ophiothrix fragilis and Ophiocomina nigra, 0.29) or epibenthic carnivores and deposit feeders (Ophiura ophiura and O. albida, 0.13). Spatial variation in arm regeneration incidence was found between sampling sites in the northern Kattegat-eastern Skagerrak for Amphiura filiformis and in the northern Adriatic Sea for Ophiothrix quinquemaculata. The ash-free dry weight (AFDW) and nitrogen (N) contents were measured in arms of six species of brittle-stars from the northern Kattegat-eastern Skagerrak. Differences between species were found, with highest concentrations of AFDW and N in Amphiura filiformis, intermediate in A. chiajei, Ophiocomina nigra and Ophiothrix fragilis, and lowest in Ophiura ophiura and O. albida. As the infaunal suspension- and deposit-feeding brittle-stars (Amphiura spp.) had the highest proportions of damaged arms and highest AFDW and N contents in their arms in this comparison, it is suggested that selective cropping of arms by demersal fish is the main cause of arm damage on Amphiura spp. in this area.     

The ecophysiology of Phaeocystis globosa: A review

A straightforward ecophysiological characterization of Phaeocystis globosa is hampered by its complex polymorphic life cycle in whic flagellates and colonial cells express different physiological and morphological properties. There is also increasing evidence that, besides the existence of different species, the most widespread species Phaeocystis globosa (Scherffel) has to be subdivided into at least five different ecotypes which again differ in their ecophysiological properties. Most research has been performed on the P. globosa ecotype North European (English Channel/ North Sea isolates). From the available literature it must be concluded that flagellate cells are better competitors for light and phosphate than colonial cells, due to their superior uptake characteristics. To a limited extent this phenomenon is compensated in colonial cells by their ability to continue growth and cell division in the dark at the same rate as in the light, at the expense of extracellular colonial mucus. In contrast with other algal species, colonial cells of P. globosa are better competitors for nitrogen than for phosphorus.Flagellates transform into vegetative cells and form colonies in environments with irradiance levels of about 50 μE·m⁻²·s⁻¹ or more and an optimum phosphate concentration of 1 μM. A solid substrate and the presence of calcium are prerequisites for colony formation. In environments where phosphorus is limiting no new colonies are formed. There is some evidence that nitrate stimulates colony formation, whereas high ammonium values (above 1 μM) tend to suppress colony formation. Massive blooms of P. globosa colonies can be attributed to a combination of environmental conditions that induce colony formation and smaller grazing losses of colonial cells than of flagellates, rather than to superior ecophysiological characteristics of colonial cells.     

基于16S rDNA基因序列探讨引进物种紫扇贝(Argopecten purpuratus)在海湾扇贝属(Argopecten)中的分类地位

秘鲁紫扇贝(Argopecten purpuratus)于2008年被引进我国,与海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians irradians)成功杂交。为探讨紫扇贝在海湾扇贝属中的分类地位及与相似种海湾扇贝的进化关系,随机选取紫扇贝和海湾扇贝各10个个体,利用通用引物进行16S rDNA基因片段扩增并双向测序。序列分析结果表明,紫扇贝和海湾扇贝扩增获得基因片段长度均为542bp,碱基组成A+T所占比例分别为紫扇贝54.2%和海湾扇贝55.1%。紫扇贝和海湾扇贝种内分别有6和10个变异位点,种间有41个变异位点,且种内和种间变异均为转换或者颠换,无插入/缺失类型。结合Gen Bank同源序列信息,对海湾扇贝属物种进行遗传距离分析及分子系统树的构建。结果表明:海湾扇贝属7种扇贝[紫扇贝(A.purpuratus)、A.irradians、墨西哥湾扇贝(A.i.concentricus)、A.i.irradians、A.nucleus、A.gibbus和A.ventricosus]在系统树上聚为2支,与紫扇贝亲缘关系最近的是A.ventricosus,且该两种扇贝单独聚为一支。其余5种扇贝中,A.irradians、A.i.concentricus和A.i.irradians最先聚为一支,支持A.i.concentricus和A.i.irradians为A.irradians两个亚种的结论;另外,A.nucleus与以上三者也有很近的亲缘关系。该研究结果为海湾扇贝属物种进化、迁移及其遗传育种研究提供了理论基础。     

基于线粒体cyt b基因序列差异的组合PCR技术快速鉴定五种鳗鲡养殖种类的方法研究

在自然或人为因素下容易出现鳗苗种质混杂的现象,由于鳗鲡苗种在形态上十分相似,难以区分。为了保障鳗农的合法利益和提高养殖效益,急需建立一种能够在现场快速、高效使用的鳗鲡种质鉴定方法。本研究通过比对找出5种常见鳗鲡养殖种类:日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)、美洲鳗鲡(A.rostrata)、花鳗鲡(A.marmorata)、太平洋双色鳗鲡(A.bicolor pacifica)、欧洲鳗鲡(A.anguilla)线粒体细胞色素B(cytochrome b,cyt b)基因的差异序列,基于5个cyt b基因序列差异较大的片段,设计多对引物,分别经过PCR验证和条件优化,挑选出4对引物:aj S1/A1、r-a S1/A2、bp-m S5/A3和m-a S4/A4。将这4对引物组合在同一个反应体系中进行PCR扩增,进行条件优化,筛选出组合PCR的最优条件:退火温度为58oC;退火时间为45s;循环数为27。结果表明,通过扩增产物凝胶电泳中条带的有无及大小可快速准确的鉴定出五个鳗鲡种类。本研究建立的组合PCR方法在3小时内可完成整个种类鉴定过程,同时可使用便携式小型仪器完成操作,可满足现场快速、高效鉴定的要求。此外,通过MEGA5.0软件构建5种鳗鲡线粒体cyt b基因序列NJ进化树,发现花鳗鲡和太平洋双色鳗鲡先聚为一支,再与日本鳗鲡聚在一起,而欧洲鳗鲡和美洲鳗鲡聚在一起,进化树图显示的遗传距离和它们的地理分布的远近相似。     

中国南海四种凯伦藻种间作用与溶血活性初步研究

凯伦藻属种类广布于世界沿海海域甚至大洋,属广域分布种。该属下多个种类曾在全球近岸海域暴发有毒有害赤潮,造成巨大的经济损失,其中不乏由多种凯伦藻同时混合形成赤潮的现象存在。在2016年香港海域的一次凯伦藻赤潮中,本团队从赤潮海水中分离出了米氏凯伦藻（Karenia mikimotoi）、长沟凯伦藻（K.longicanalis）、鞍形凯伦藻（K.selliformis）和蝶形凯伦藻（K.papilionacea）4种凯伦藻。本研究以此4种凯伦藻进行单种藻及多种藻混合样品的培养和溶血活性研究,以探究复合型凯伦藻的种间作用及溶血活性。结果表明,4种凯伦藻间存在种间相互作用,长沟凯伦藻会促进蝶形凯伦藻的生长,鞍形凯伦藻和米氏凯伦藻会抑制长沟凯伦藻生长。4种凯伦藻对兔血红细胞均有明显溶血活性,长沟凯伦藻溶血活性最强为46.36%±1.02%。每种凯伦藻与其他凯伦藻混合培养3天后,对兔血的溶血活性会明显增加,其中含4种凯伦藻的混合组溶血活性最高,为57.05%±1.13%。     

Use of submerged aquatic vegetation as habitat by young-of-the-year epibenthic fishes in shallow Maine nearshore waters

Epibenthic fishes were collected with daytime beam trawl tows (n = 1713) in three shallow (<10 m) habitats of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), Zostera marina (eelgrass), Laminaria longicruris (kelp), Phyllophora sp. (algae), and unvegetated sandy/mud areas. We divided the Maine coast into three broad zones based upon geological features and sampled over five consecutive years; during April–November 2000 in the mid coast, in 2001 and 2002 along the south coast and in 2003 and 2004 along the eastern Maine coast. We quantified habitat use by eight economically important fish species (Gadus morhua, Microgadus tomcod, Pollachius virens, Urophycis chuss, Urophycis tenuis, Osmerus mordax, Tautogolabrus adspersus, and Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and 10 other common epibenthic species (n = 18 571). We identified the physical and biological variables most important in discriminating between habitats with and without individual fish species. Logistic regression models based on nearshore habitat characteristics were developed to predict the distribution of these species along the three zones representing broad geological regions of the Maine coast. Logistic regression models correctly classified individual fish species 58.7–97.1% of the time based on the temporal and physical habitat variables (month, temperature, salinity, and depth) and the presence–absence of submerged aquatic vegetation (Zostera, Laminaria, or Phyllophora). Overall fish presence and economically important fish presence were correctly classified 61.1–79.8% and 66.0–73.6% of the time, respectively. The Maine shallow water fish community was composed primarily of young-of-the-year and juvenile fishes with all habitats functioning as facultative nursery areas. Presence of most fish species was positively associated with Zostera, Laminaria, and to a lesser extent, Phyllophora. This study provides direct evidence of shallow waters of the Gulf of Maine as critical facultative nursery habitat for juvenile G. morhua, M. tomcod, P. virens, U. tenuis, U. chuss, T. adspersus, O. mordax and P. americanus, and many ecologically important species.     

中国东海和南海4个真虾(甲壳动物亚门:十足目:真虾下目)新记录种

采集自中国东海和南海的4个真虾物种,经研究发现为中国海域的新记录物种,即凯氏鞭腕虾（Lysmata kempi Chace,1997）,利普克鞭腕虾（Lysmata lipkei Okuno&Fiedler,2010）;透明近绿虾（Chlorocurtis jactans（Nobili,1904））和黑斑活额虾（Rhynchocinetes conspiciocellus Okuno&Takeda,1992）。本文描述了这四个物种的形态特征,编制了检索表,并对其分类地位进行了讨论。     

Effect on marine sediment nitrogen fluxes caused by organic matter enrichment with varying organic carbon structure and nitrogen content

Enrichments with five types of organic carbon, differing in nitrogen content and type of organic carbon, were made to a marine sediment in order to study effects on nitrogen fluxes. The enrichments used were Ulva lactuca, Ascophyllum nodosum, Zostera marina, Ceratium spp., lignin, and mixtures of U. lactuca and A. nodosum. Fluxes of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate were measured in short-term (48 h) microcosm experiments, using a carbon enrichment loading similar to that at the sampling site. Changes in microbial community growth and structure due to three types enrichments were also detected using molecular methods in a microcosm experiment run for 4 days to allow for detection at DNA-level.Ammonium fluxes changed from an efflux in the control to an influx for all enrichments apart from U. lactuca. The change was significantly related to the added material's C:N ratio when Ceratium spp. was excluded. All enrichments induced an influx of nitrate suggesting the formation of anoxic micro zones, but there was no relationship with C:N ratio. Instead, the magnitude of the nitrate influx is suggested to be related to the structure of the organic carbon, where enrichments containing a large pool of cellulose and lignin (Z. marina and lignin) gave rise to a lower influx, compared to algal material with more easily degraded organic matter like lipids and starch, which induced the highest influx of nitrate (Ceratium spp., U. lactuca, and A. nodosum). The occurrence of an ammonium influx together with increased nitrate influx and a lower efflux of phosphate in the enrichments suggests a growth of heterotrophic bacteria. This was also confirmed using molecular methods (PCR-DGGE) where the relative abundance of bacterial species in the enrichments increased.The sum of ammonium and nitrate fluxes showed that total nitrogen removal was enhanced in all enrichments compared to the nonenriched control sediment, but in different ways. Ceratium spp. induced the highest removal followed by A. nodosum, U. lactuca, Z. marina, and lastly, by lignin. The same pattern was observed also in a second experiment. These results indicate that easily degradable organic carbon, together with a lower C:N ratio of the added material, will remove nitrogen from the water phase, making the recycling of nitrogen to the overlying water mass smaller.     

利用ND1、ITS1序列研究三种背角无齿蚌（Anodontawoodiana）分类学问题

利用ND1、ITS1序列差异对采自太湖、在形态上被认为是背角无齿蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌的三种个体进行鉴定,并与从NCBI中下载到的同属不同种褶纹冠蚌的ND1、ITS1序列进行对比,分析了基于Kimura2-parameter模型参数得到的遗传距离,并构建了NJ树。结果表明,本研究中所有背角无齿蚌种间遗传距离变...     

渤海西岸多管藻类的形态分类学研究

利用显微观察及生物冷冻切片技术,对采集自河北秦皇岛的多管藻类(Polysiphonia Complex)海藻样品进行形态分类学研究。经鉴定,样品中包括:多管藻属(Polysiphonia)2种:多管藻(Polysiphonia senticulosa Harvey)和丛托多管藻(Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey);新管藻属(Neosiphonia)2种:倾伏新管藻(Neosiphonia decumbens(Segi) Kim et Lee)和球果新管藻(Neosiphonia sphaerocarpa(Børgesen) Kim et Lee),其中丛托多管藻、倾伏新管藻及球果新管藻均为渤海西岸首次记录。本文对样品物种的外部形态及内部结构特征进行了详细描述,并提供了清晰的特征图片。研究结果补充了渤海湾内的藻类资源数据,为多管藻类相关研究提供了分类学参考。     

Arietellus unisetosus-a new species of calanoid copepod from the tropical waters of the central Pacific Ocean

A new species, Arietellus unisetosus n. sp, (Copepods, Calanoida, Arietellidae, Arietellus) sampled from the tropical waters of the central Pacific Ocean is described. It is easily distinguished from the other known congeneric species by the following some characters (female):the caudal rami asymmetrical, the outer margin of left ramus swollen, knob-like; leg 5:both knob-like endopods each with a long apical seta; both lobate exopods without any terminal spine, etc.     

Plectranthias kamii Randll, 1980 (Perciformes: Serranidae) collected from Bitung, North Sulawesi: first record from the Southwest Pacific Ocean

Three specimens of the serranid fish(Serranidae), Plectranthias kamii Randall, 1980 were collected from fish market, Bitung, North Sulawesi on May and June 2010. Some morphological characters P. kamii is closely related to P. sheni, P. megalophthalmus, P. retrofasciatus, P. rubrifasciatus, P. knappi, P. helenae, P. pelicieri, P. jothyi, P.retrofasciatus and P. randalli in sharing of body width, upper jaw length, pelvic spine length and orbit diameter.Meristic count characters of P. kamii differ from P. sheni, P. pilicieri, P. megalophthalmus, P. retrofasciatus and P.rubrifasciatus in having more numerous dorsal spine(18 vs. 15–17) and below lateral line(33–34 vs. 29–33) and differ from P. megalophthalmus and P. rubrifasciatus in having more numerous pored scales in lateral line(13 vs.14–15) and shorter of anal spine. The present anthiine fish collected from Bitung, Indonesia was described as new record and bringing the total number of species of this genus known in Indonesia to seven.     

东海蛾螺属二新记录种(腹足纲,蛾螺科)

在整理近年来东海采集的蛾螺科Buccinidae标本时,鉴定出属于蛾螺属Buccinum Linnaeus,1758的两个中国新记录种:(1)白肋蛾螺Buccinum leucostoma Lischke,1872,采自于东海300—400m深的泥沙质海底;(2)古式蛾螺Buccinum koshikinum Okutani,1988采自于东海400m深的泥沙质海底。文中分别对这两个新记录种的形态特征、生活习性等进行了描述,并与相似种进行了分类学讨论。此外,文中还列出了中国海已报道的其他蛾螺属种类。     

中国东海颈栉虫属(多毛纲:双栉虫科)一新记录种

本文报道和描述了中国东海双栉虫科颈栉虫属一新记录种,沃氏颈栉虫。本文标本与沃氏颈栉虫的原始描述非常吻合,包括具有两对鳃,胸齿片刚节具有两对加长的腹疣足和具有12个腹部齿片刚节。本文的标本具有长的须状的鳃,可延伸到胸部第9刚节,这在原始描述中没有提及。本文首次在中国海域记录本种。