川滇甘陕地区设计反应谱特征周期的统计分析

以四川、云南、甘肃和陕西地区263个有详细场地资料的强震台站获得的2 388条强震记录为基础资料,对每一条水平向强震记录采用差分进化算法确定了加速度反应谱的特征周期。在考虑震级、震中距和场地类别基础上,统计不同震级、震中距和场地类别的特征周期值,并研究其对特征周期的影响。统计结果表明:这一地区,水平向加速度反应谱特征周期的均值随震级的增大而增大;随着场地类别的增加而增大;Ⅱ类场地的特征周期随着震中距的增大而增大;远场比近场的反应谱特征周期偏大;这一地区大震远场反应谱特征周期的统计结果较我国抗震设计规范规定的大震远场反应谱特征周期值偏高,研究结果对进一步合理确定加速度反应谱的特征周期有重要参考价值。     

汶川地震反应谱特征周期统计分析

反应谱特征周期反映了地震动频谱特性,也是抗震设计中重要的特征参数.为了研究汶川特大地震反应谱特征周期的特性,本文以汶川地震中173个有详细地勘场地上的强震动记录为基础,统计分析了不同场地类别和断层距的反应谱特征周期,并与我国现行抗震设计规范中特征周期的规定值进行比较.本文研究结果显示随着场地变软,特征周期平均值有增大趋势;与汶川特大地震中反应谱特征周期的统计结果相比,我国抗震设计规范规定的远场反应谱特征周期值偏小.     

基于现行规范场地划分标准的地震动反应谱衰减关系

根据钻孔资料,将各国强震记录按照我国《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB50011-2001)中的规定进行场地分类,利用这些强震记录,统计分析了Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类场地的地震动加速度反应谱的衰减关系并分析了其特点。当震级和震中距相同时,土层场地的反应谱在大多数周期上要比基岩场地的大一些,这也说明了,设计反应谱的最大值随场地条件是变化的。文中结果为我国土层场地的地震动加速度反应谱估计提供了依据。     

不同类别黄土场地覆盖层厚度对地表加速度反应谱的影响研究

为研究不同类别黄土场地覆盖层厚度对地表加速度反应谱的影响,对收集的近百余个黄土场地实际钻孔资料进行了详细研究,选取和构建了若干个计算剖面,利用一维等效线性化方法计算出不同类别场地(Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类)的地表加速度反应谱,讨论了各类场地覆盖层厚度对地表加速度反应谱的影响,并对不同场地类别的加速度反应谱进行了对比分析。研究表明,黄土地区各类场地的特征周期均明显大于建筑抗震设计规范所给值,不同区域需要深入研究。     

场地条件对地震动参数影响的关键问题

场地条件对地震动的影响很大,在地震动幅值（如峰值加速度）和频谱特性（如反应谱特征周期）的变化上均有体现,而我国现行抗震设计规范没有考虑不同场地条件下地震动峰值加速度和加速度反应谱平台值的变化。本文介绍了我国现行抗震设计规范中场地类别的划分方法、场地对地震动参数值的规定和存在的问题。详细分析了土层结构、覆盖层厚度等场地条件对地震动峰值加速度和反应谱的影响,以及已经取得的研究成果。最后,就场地分类、影响地震动参数的场地条件、地震动参数随场地条件调整的方法等,提出了有待进一步研究的问题。     

潜在震源区震级上限对基岩加速度反应谱特征周期的影响

地震学理论和强震观测者表明,强震反应谱在形状主要取决于震级、震中距和场地条件。由于我国现行的各种行业建筑物抗震设计规范中对标准加速度反应谱特征周期Ｔｇ作出的规定中一般只考虑场地和震中距的影响或只考虑场地影响,因此在某些情况下,由规范所得到的反应谱特征周期与由专门的地震危险性分析所得到的结果相差较大。本文通过理论分析和实际的算例,讨论了潜在震源区震级上限对基岩加速度反应谱特征周期的影响。所得到的结论     

设计反应谱长周期区段的研究

本文利用近20年国内外大地震时获得的数字强震仪记录分析强震动的长周期分量特性,给出了不同场地上的平均加速度反应谱及其拟合曲线。结果表明,现行抗震设计规范中设计谱的特征周期和长周期谱值明显偏小。在此基础上提出了长周期设计反应谱的修正建议。文中还根据统计分析提出了不同阻尼比的反应谱修正公式。     

汶川地震不同场地反应谱平台值统计分析

加速度反应谱平台值表征地震动的强度特性,场地条件是影响反应谱平台值的一个重要因素.本文选取6组同一地区断层距相近而场地条件不同的强震记录,对其标准化的加速度反应谱形状及平台值进行分析;并以汶川地震中173个有详细地勘场地上的强震记录为基础,统计分析了不同场地类别和断层距区间内的加速度反应谱平台值.本文研究结果显示,场地条件对加速度反应谱平台值有较大影响,随着场地变软,加速度反应谱平台值增大.本文定义了场地影响系数,计算并给出了不同地面峰值加速度对应的场地影响系数.     

天津滨海场地土类别特征及其对地震动的影响

本文按照三种规范(中国建筑抗震设计规范(GBS0011-2001)、美国FEMA-NEHRP规范(2000)、欧洲结构抗震规范(EUROCODE 8,1998)),利用钻孔和剪切波速资料,对天津滨海地区的场地土类别进行研究。通过场地地震动效应分析,研究该场地土对地震动的影响。结果表明,对于滨海场地,简单的场地类别划分难以反映软土场地的实际情况;滨海软土场地对地震动加速度的幅值和频谱的影响非常明显,其对峰值加速度的放大倍数高达1．9,但受土的非线性变形影响,随地震动输入的增大其放大倍数呈非线性降低;软土场地使得加速度反应谱谱形变宽,特征周期变大,变化幅度在0．1s—0．4s。     

汶川地震反应谱研究

20世纪30年代M.A.Biot提出反应谱理论,至20世纪50年代G.W.Housner给出第一条抗震设计反应谱.从此,反应谱方法在世界范围内被广泛接受,这也标志着地震工程学的发展进入了反应谱理论阶段,工程界对反应谱的研究也一直持续到今天.目前,世界上多数国家均采用抗震设计反应谱作为抗震设计中确定地震动输入的主要依据.通常,归一化的抗震设计反应谱其形状由几个特征参数确定,其中最重要的是反应谱平台值和特征周期,反应谱的研究中大量的工作是如何科学地确定这两个特征参数.场地条件是影响反应谱特征参数的重要因素,但我国抗震设计规范只考虑了场地条件对反应谱特征周期的影响而没有考虑场地条件对反应谱平台值的影响,其重要原因之一是缺少有场地条件的强震记录.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.