沁水盆地南部煤层气储层压裂过程数值模拟研究

储层改造是煤层气井提高产能的重要措施,水力压裂是煤层气储层改造的重要方法.为研究煤层气储层压裂过程及其天然裂缝对煤储层压裂时破裂压力的影响,本文以山西沁水盆地南部高煤级煤矿区为研究区,运用有限元数值模拟方法,计算不同地应力条件下、裂缝处于不同位置时煤储层的破裂压力.结果表明:(1)不同类型地应力场对破裂压力的影响不同.对于均匀应力场,破裂压力随着围压的增大而增大,其增幅约为围压的两倍;对于非均匀应力场,当一个水平主应力不变时,破裂压力会随着水平主应力差的增加而减少;(2)如果地应力条件不变,煤储层破裂压力随着天然裂缝与最大水平主应力方向夹角的增加而增加,水平主应力差越大煤储层破裂压力增幅也越大;(3)在有天然裂隙的地层中进行压裂,当天然裂缝的方位不同时压裂裂缝既可能是沿着天然裂缝扩展的裂缝,也可能是压裂过程中产生的新裂缝,因此天然裂缝的方位对破裂压力具有一定的影响.     

基于THMD耦合的干热岩径向井压裂裂缝扩展

构建大规模裂缝网络是干热岩有效开发的关键.借助径向井在诱导裂缝转向与多缝形成方面的优势，提出采用径向井压裂干热岩储层.基于温度-渗流-应力-损伤(THMD)耦合模型，考虑压裂过程中低温诱导热应力作用，首先探讨了干热岩径向井压裂裂缝扩展机理及径向井诱导作用下热应力与注入压力对应力场的扰动机制，随后分析了储层温度、径向井方位角对裂缝形态的影响规律.结果表明：采用径向井压裂干热岩在径向井的辅助冷却作用下低温诱导热应力加剧，径向井的存在有利于储层拉应力提升，干热岩径向井压裂与直井压裂相比损伤单元数增幅51.63%.基岩温度升高径向井引导裂缝偏转能力增强.径向井方位角增加有利于压裂损伤区域缝网沟通，降低流体流动阻抗.     

唐山、天津和沧州地区的油井水力压裂应力测量

本文研究了唐山、天津和沧州地区的油井压裂记录,发现已充砂裂缝比未充砂裂缝条件下测得的瞬时闭合压力明显增高,并指出这一差值乃是由裂缝内砂子的支撑作用引起的。因此,在采用油井压裂记录确定地应力时,应考虑裂缝中砂子支撑作用带来的影响。 本文还对该地区具有未充砂条件下的油井压裂记录进行了分析,讨论了油井水力压裂应力测量的力学机制和解释方法。 最后讨论了油井水力压裂应力测量结果,得出该地区0——4000米深度范围内主应力随深度的线性变化关系,表明分布在该地区的北北东向断裂的现今活动,是属于右旋走向滑动类型。      

基于方位地震数据的地应力反演方法

在页岩油气藏的开发和勘探阶段,需要对储层进行水力压裂改造,形成有利于油气聚集和运移的裂缝.地应力是进行水力压裂改造的重要参数,能够决定裂缝的大小、方向以及分布形态,影响着压裂的增产效果,且最大和最小水平应力差异比（ODHSR,Orthorhombic Differential Horizontal Stress Ratio）是评价储层是否可压裂成网的重要因子.本文探讨了基于地震数据估算地应力的方法,以指导页岩气的水力压裂开发.首先,利用叠前方位地震数据反演得到地层的弹性参数和各向异性参数;其次,基于正交各向异性水平应力差异比近似公式,利用反演得到的弹性参数和各向异性参数估算地层的ODHSR;最后,选取某工区的裂缝型页岩储层的叠前方位地震数据对该方法进行实际应用.实际工区地震数据应用表明,基于叠前方位地震数据反演得到的ODHSR能够有效的识别储层中易于压裂成网的区域.     

基于非监督学习的水力压裂裂缝平面识别

在水力压裂施工中,如何有效获取压裂过程中产生的裂缝形态以及裂缝的动态扩展过程一直是困扰学术界和工业界的问题.目前,常规利用微地震事件定位结果进行分析的方法存在需要人工干预、散点信息表示能力不足等问题;采用数值模拟分析的方法往往因复杂的地下介质情况而引入计算偏差.本文基于非监督学习算法,通过提取微地震事件的空间和时间信息...     

基于扩展方位弹性阻抗的裂缝参数及地应力参数预测方法

裂缝参数及水平应力差异比(DHSR)的准确估测对于裂缝预测及水力压裂具有重要意义.扩展弹性阻抗是一种预测弹性参数及物性参数的有效方法,但其并未考虑各向异性的影响,本文将其推广到水平横向各向同性(HTI)介质中,提出一种基于扩展方位弹性阻抗的裂缝参数及DHSR预测方法.首先推导HTI介质中的扩展方位弹性阻抗方程及傅里叶系数方程,分析表明扩展方位弹性阻抗的二阶傅里叶系数与裂缝参数及DHSR相关性较好.其次,提出一种柯西稀疏约束和平滑模型约束正则化的贝叶斯地震反演来估测截距阻抗、梯度阻抗及曲率阻抗.最终,结合最优的旋转角和扩展方位弹性阻抗的二阶傅里叶系数实现裂缝参数及DHSR预测.模型测试和实际应用表明,该方法能够得到合理可靠的裂缝参数及DHSR预测结果,有助于指导裂缝发育区域及有利压裂区域的横向识别.     

基于海洋捕食者优化算法的电磁监测裂缝识别

水力压裂是实现深层油气增产的关键技术，压裂储层裂缝扩展监测对于油气田勘探开发具有重要意义.电磁法在裂缝监测中优势明显，但传统反演手段依赖于初始模型和约束条件，且反演精度受限，难以准确表征裂缝参数.为此，本文提出了基于海洋捕食者优化算法(Improved Marine Predators Algorithm, IMPA)的电磁监测裂缝参数识别方法.首先，采用Sobol序列初始化种群，提出阶段差异划分的寻优方式，改进了寻优参数，增加了边界自适应约束条件；然后通过Rastrigin函数测试，验证了算法优化的有效性；最后构建基于面积观测和剖面观测下的水力压裂单缝缝长模型与方位模型，分析了IMPA算法在不同噪声影响下对裂缝参数识别的适用性.结果表明，面积观测裂缝参数反演效果更稳定，反演精度更高，缝长反演相对误差小于0.15%,方位反演绝对误差小于0.04°;剖面观测反演效果受噪声影响程度稍大，缝长反演相对误差小于0.2%,方位反演绝对误差小于0.1°.     

多极子阵列声波测井资料在塔河油田酸压设计施工中的应用

由于塔河油田灰岩裂缝性储层非均质性强、横向连通性差,需要对其进行有效的酸化压裂改造以获得具有经济价值的油气产能.近几年来,多极子阵列声波测井仪（主要DSI和XMAC）已投入塔河油田测井现场服务,这些新的声波测井资料经合适的软件处理后可获的极为丰富的地层信息.本文讨论了我们编制的多极子阵列声波测井资料处理软件及其在塔河油田酸压设计施工中的应用.通过多极子阵列声波测井资料处理得到的岩石力学特性分析,确定了地层应力的大小和方向,计算出酸化压裂所需的压力以及压裂后压裂缝的高度.计算结果在实际施工中得到了很好验证.     

断层对钻孔地应力测量影响的初步分析

获得初始地应力最直接最有效的方法是进行地应力测量,但在地应力测量打钻的过程中,初始地应力会遭到破坏,使得测量值与实际初始地应力值有差别.本文应用有限元方法研完了断层对打钻前后地应力变化的影响规律,考虑因素包括断层的力学性质(弹性模量、泊松比)、断层到钻孔的距离、边界应力、复合断层.研究表明,断层泊松比对初始地应力的变化影响很小,不是影响初始地应力变化的敏感因素.断层弹性模量、断层到钻孔距离、边界应力、复合断层是影响初始地应力变化的敏感因素.研究结果可为钻孔地应力测量研究提供参考价值.     

岩石应力腐蚀的实验研究及其与震源过程的关系

理论研究[1]表明,环境水介质的动态对岩石中裂缝的应力腐蚀过程有很大的影响。但迄今为止,岩石的应力腐蚀实验都是在水介质静止情况下作的。本实验对比研究了蒸馏水静止和流动情况下云南大理岩试件应力腐蚀引起的亚临界裂缝扩展特征。结果表明,裂缝周围水介质的流动会加速裂缝端部的应力腐蚀过程,这对于震源过程及临震前兆的研究可能有重要意义。样品采用紧凑拉伸试件,同时测量了断裂韧性K_(Ic)=(1.41±0.013)kg·mm~((-3)/2),并对人工狭窄锯口与天然初始裂缝的试件进行了对比测量,认为对于云南大理岩的紧凑拉伸试件可以用人工狭窄锯口代替天然初始裂缝。     

Interaction among fractures and stress field computation of fracture systems

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An efficient numerical model for incompressible two-phase flow in fractured media

Various numerical methods have been used in the literature to simulate single and multiphase flow in fractured media. A promising approach is the use of the discrete-fracture model where the fracture entities in the permeable media are described explicitly in the computational grid. In this work, we present a critical review of the main conventional methods for multiphase flow in fractured media including the finite difference (FD), finite volume (FV), and finite element (FE) methods, that are coupled with the discrete-fracture model. All the conventional methods have inherent limitations in accuracy and applications. The FD method, for example, is restricted to horizontal and vertical fractures. The accuracy of the vertex-centered FV method depends on the size of the matrix gridcells next to the fractures; for an acceptable accuracy the matrix gridcells next to the fractures should be small. The FE method cannot describe properly the saturation discontinuity at the matrix–fracture interface. In this work, we introduce a new approach that is free from the limitations of the conventional methods. Our proposed approach is applicable in 2D and 3D unstructured griddings with low mesh orientation effect; it captures the saturation discontinuity from the contrast in capillary pressure between the rock matrix and fractures. The matrix–fracture and fracture–fracture fluxes are calculated based on powerful features of the mixed finite element (MFE) method which provides, in addition to the gridcell pressures, the pressures at the gridcell interfaces and can readily model the pressure discontinuities at impermeable faults in a simple way. To reduce the numerical dispersion, we use the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method to approximate the saturation equation. We take advantage of a hybrid time scheme to alleviate the restrictions on the size of the time step in the fracture network. Several numerical examples in 2D and 3D demonstrate the robustness of the proposed model. Results show the significance of capillary pressure and orders of magnitude increase in computational speed compared to previous works.     

电缆地层测试评价井旁裂缝的有限元数值模拟方法

本文采用有限元方法模拟了电缆地层测试器的双封隔器和谐波脉冲测试方法在井旁裂缝中的压力响应.根据裂缝性储层渗流力学原理,首先模拟了双封隔器压力测试在裂缝与井壁相交和不相交两种情况下的压力响应,模拟结果表明:当裂缝与井壁相交时,压力响应随裂缝导流性质的变化发生显著改变;当裂缝与井壁不相交时,除非裂缝的导流能力非常大或离井壁非常近,否则压力响应随着裂缝导流能力的变化并不明显.说明双封隔器测试方法可以有效评价与井壁相交裂缝的导流能力,而对远离井壁的裂缝并不敏感.谐波脉冲压力测试一直被用来探测地层的各向异性,本文通过数值模拟方法探讨和分析了谐波测试方法探测和评价与井壁不相交裂缝的可行性,数值模拟结果表明谐波的压力幅度和相位延迟对裂缝的导流能力变化敏感,说明该方法可以用来评价井旁裂缝.此外,本文还对脉冲频率和双探针间距对评价效果的影响进行了分析.     

用正演数值计算方法开展双侧向测井对裂缝的响应研究

采用有限元分析软件ANSYS对裂缝的双侧向测井视电阻率与裂缝孔隙度、泥浆电阻率、裂缝倾角和基岩电阻率的关系进行了计算. 在大量正演数据的基础上得出双侧向测井响应反演公式和裂缝孔隙度计算公式,提出更为精细的裂缝倾角的弹性划分模型,用双侧向视电阻率值近似估算裂缝倾角的方法,提高了利用双侧向测井求裂缝产状与裂缝孔隙度（裂缝宽度）的精度.     

具有离散裂缝空间分布的二维固体中地震波传播的有限差分模拟

结合有限差分方法和等效介质理论,模拟了离散分布裂缝介质中地震波的传播. 基于等效介质理论,利用二维有限差分实现封闭裂缝的离散分布;裂缝可以处理成固体岩石中的高度柔性界面,并可以用线性滑动或者位移间断模型进行裂缝的物理描述. 对于含有多组裂隙的破裂固体,其有效柔度可以认为是固体骨架背景柔度和裂缝附加柔度之和. 在一阶近似条件下,固体骨架和裂缝参数可以通过有效各向异性系数联系起来,有效各向异性系数决定了各向异性（裂缝效应）对于地震波传播的影响. 通过与射线理论方法的对比检验,说明本文提出的模拟方法的有效性,并通过几个数值算例说明本方法可有效模拟不同的裂缝分布效应. 结果表明,即使在裂缝密度很小的情况下,具有相同裂缝密度的不同的空间分布可以产生不同的波场特征. 同时,也验证了不同裂缝尺度对波长的不同影响,以及裂缝尺度具有幂率分布（分形）时,尺度对波场的影响. 最后得出结论：在运用建立在等效介质理论基础上的地震各向异性概念来描述裂缝固体的特征时,要倍加小心,等效介质理论中尚未合理处理的裂缝尺度和空间分布对波的传播特征具有重要的影响.     

P-wave dispersion and attenuation in fractured and porous reservoirs – poroelasticity approach

Natural fractures in hydrocarbon reservoirs can cause significant seismic attenuation and dispersion due to wave induced fluid flow between pores and fractures. We present two theoretical models explicitly based on the solution of Biot's equations of poroelasticity. The first model considers fractures as planes of weakness (or highly compliant and very thin layers) of infinite extent. In the second model fractures are modelled as thin penny-shaped voids of finite radius. In both models attenuation is a result of conversion of the incident compressional wave energy into the diffusive Biot slow wave at the fracture surface and exhibits a typical relaxation peak around a normalized frequency of about 1. This corresponds to a frequency where the fluid diffusion length is of the order of crack spacing for the first model and the crack diameter for the second. This is consistent with an intuitive understanding of the nature of attenuation: when fractures are closely and regularly spaced, the Biot's slow waves produced by cracks interfere with each other, with the interference pattern controlled by the fracture spacing. Conversely, if fractures are of finite length, which is smaller than spacing, then fractures act as independent scatterers and the attenuation resembles the pattern of scattering by isolated cracks. An approximate mathematical approach based on the use of a branching function gives a unified analytical framework for both models.     

Thermal–mechanical modeling of cooling history and fracture development in inflationary basalt lava flows

Thermal–mechanical analyses of isotherms in low-volume basalt flows having a range of aspect ratios agree with inferred isotherm patterns deduced from cooling fracture patterns in field examples on the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho, and highlight the caveats of analytical models of sheet flow cooling when considering low-volume flows. Our field observations show that low-volume lava flows have low aspect ratios (width divided by thickness), typically < 5. Four fracture types typically develop: column-bounding, column-normal, entablature (all of which are cooling fractures), and inflation fractures. Cooling fractures provide a proxy for isotherms during cooling and produce patterns that are strongly influenced by flow aspect ratio. Inflation fractures are induced by lava pressure-driven inflationary events and introduce a thermal perturbation to the flow interior that is clearly evidenced by fracture patterns around them. Inflation fracture growth occurs incrementally due to blunting of the lower tip within viscoelastic basalt, allowing the inflation fracture to pivot open. The final stage of growth involves propagation beyond the blunted tip towards the stress concentration at the tapered tip of a lava core, resulting in penetration of the core that causes quenching of the lava and the formation of a densely fractured entablature. We present numerical models that include the effects of inflation fractures on lava cooling and which support field-based inferences that inflation fractures depress the isotherms in the vicinity of the fracture, cause a subdivision of the lava core, control the location of the final portion of the lava flow to solidify, and cause significant changes in the local cooling fracture orientations. In addition to perturbing isotherms, inflation fractures cause a lava flow to completely solidify in a shorter amount of time than an identically shaped flow that does not contain an inflation fracture.     

Influence of Bedding and Mineral Composition on Mechanical Properties and Its Implication for Hydraulic Fracturing of Shale Oil Reservoirs

The premise of hydraulic fracturing is to have an accurate and detailed understanding of the rock mechanical properties and fracture propagation law of shale reservoirs. In this paper, a comprehensive evaluation of the mechanical properties of the shale oil reservoir in the south of Songliao Basin is carried out. Based on the experiments and the in-situ stress analysis, the fracture propagation law of three types of shale reservoirs is obtained, and the suggestions for fracturing are put forward. The results have shown that the fracture propagation of pure shale and low mature reservoir is easy to open along the bedding plane under compression loading, which is greatly influenced by the bedding. Sand-bearing shale is slightly better, the fractures of which are not easy to open along the bedding plane. The mechanical experimental results show that all the samples have the characteristics of low compressive strength, low Young''s modulus and strong anisotropy, indicating that the shale oil reservoir is certain plastic, which is related to its high clay mineral content and controlled by the bedding development. Compared with pure shale and low mature shale, the sand-bearing shale has less clay content and less developed bedding, which maybe the main reason for its slightly better brittleness. Overall, the expansion of hydraulic fracture is controlled by in-situ stress and bedding. Because of the development of bedding, it is easy to form horizontal fractures. Thus it is not suitable for horizontal well fracturing. Because of the high content of clay minerals, the applicability of conventional slick hydraulic fracturing fluid is poor. It is suggested to use vertical well or directional well to carry out volume fracturing. In this way, the effect of bedding can be effectively used to open and connect the bedding and form a larger fracture network.     

A numerical method for two-phase flow in fractured porous media with non-matching grids

We propose a novel computational method for the efficient simulation of two-phase flow in fractured porous media. Instead of refining the grid to capture the flow along the faults or fractures, we represent the latter as immersed interfaces, using a reduced model for the flow and suitable coupling conditions. We allow for non matching grids between the porous matrix and the fractures to increase the flexibility of the method in realistic cases. We employ the extended finite element method for the Darcy problem and a finite volume method that is able to handle cut cells and matrix-fracture interactions for the saturation equation. Moreover, we address through numerical experiments the problem of the choice of a suitable numerical flux in the case of a discontinuous flux function at the interface between the fracture and the porous matrix. A wrong approximate solution of the Riemann problem can yield unphysical solutions even in simple cases.