水库大容量气枪震源激发条件优化实验研究

通过人工拾取震相,统计记录台站数、台站最远观测距离、接收能量等3个参数,自主研发了最优工况处理软件来研判工况激发效果,并确定棉花滩水库最优工况为水深25m,枪阵沉放深度9m,枪阵尺寸7m×7m。对定点300次激发的每10次累计叠加结果进行分析后发现,叠加1090次时激发效果快速增强,100150次时缓慢增强,160240次时快速增强,250300次时缓慢增强,即随着叠加次数的增加,激发效果增强,传播距离和记录台数也逐步增加。     

大容量气枪震源的实验与模拟研究

气枪震源是一种新兴、环保、绿色的人工震源,在区域尺度深部探测中有重要的应用前景.本文通过实验模拟研究了用于深部探测的大容量气枪震源,主要工作为:(1)根据陆上气枪实验分析了大容量气枪震源的特征;(2)采用自由气泡振荡理论模拟气枪信号,探讨深部探测中增强气泡效应从而增大气枪低频部分能量的方法;(3)研究气枪容量、工作压力和沉放深度等对单枪信号的影响及枪阵激发时刻和气枪间距对枪阵信号的影响,指导深部探测中气枪震源工作参数的选择;(4)研究不同类型水底对反射透射系数的影响,其结果对于选择合适的场地条件有指导意义.     

大容量气枪阵列子波时频特性及其影响因素

通过分析福建街面水库气枪实验的OBS竖向速度记录,研究大容量气枪阵列子波时频特性及其受气枪数量和枪阵尺寸的影响。数据分析结果表明:(1)气枪子波由主脉冲和气泡脉冲组成,同时伴随有水面虚反射引起的负脉冲。主脉冲振幅大、持时短、频带宽,通常应用于浅部探测;气泡脉冲能量集中在低频段,垂直穿透深,水平传播远,通常应用于深部探测。在频谱上可以看到气泡振荡引起的频谱波动和虚反射引起的陷波点。(2)气枪数量增加,主脉冲振幅和气泡脉冲振幅相应增加,初泡比震荡变小,气泡周期和低频段主频主要受单枪容量影响,变化很小,频谱形状较为一致。(3)街面水库气枪阵列的枪阵尺寸远大于单枪气泡半径,各枪子波之间相互作用很小,枪阵子波近似为各枪子波线性叠加,子波参数随枪阵尺寸变化影响不大。     

基于水库气枪震源数据的频域水准比例因子反褶积方法分析

基于2016年福建南一水库气枪实验资料,利用频率域水准因子反褶积方法和互相关时延检测技术,研究水准比例因子及台站的背景噪声水平对反褶积计算结果的影响,并对反褶积法消除不同枪压引起的震源影响效果进行分析。结果表明:(1)水准比例因子越小,反褶积计算后的波形信噪比越小,当水准比例因子取值过小时,走时识别误差较大;(2)台站气枪记录的信噪比越大,走时识别精度越高,参考台记录的信噪比对结果的影响远大于远场台,当远场台记录的信噪比大于10时,走时误差一般小于6ms,而当参考台记录的信噪比为30左右时,走时误差可能达到20ms;(3)气枪震源差异较大时,频域水准反褶积方法去除震源效应的效果较好,而在震源差异较小时,可能引入方法误差。     

基于泥沙因子的水深遥感反演模型

针对悬浮泥沙影响水体遥感测深精度的问题,选择长江口南港至南槽为研究区,通过对遥感测深方法研究,结合悬浮泥沙光谱特性分析,把"泥沙因子"引入到水体遥感测深反演模型中,研究表明:1)单因子非线性模型中,指数模型对0-2m的水深反演效果较好,对数模型对2-7m的水深反演较好,二次回归模型对7-14m的水深反演效果较好:2)建立的BP人工神经网络水深反演模型综合了多个波段具有的水深信息,模型的反演效果好于单因子非线性模型;3)实验构建的泥沙遥感参数综合了不同波段具有的悬沙信息,削弱了叶绿素和外界环境条件对泥沙信息的干扰,可较好地反映悬沙浓度变化特征;4)建立的BP人工神经网络泥沙因子水深反演模型削弱了悬浮泥沙对遥感测深的影响,模型实际反演能力明显优于单因子非线性模型和多因子BP人工神经网络水深反演模型.     

大容量气枪震源主动探测技术系统及试验研究

针对地下介质动态变化监测研究中的信噪比、震源可重复性和波速精确测量等关键问题,利用大容量气枪震源,构建了一套高性能的主动探测技术系统,该系统包括气枪震源激发和信号接收,并在河北、云南和新疆等地的内陆水库和人工水体等不同激发环境,开展了探索性试验研究。试验结果表明:①气枪震源激发频率低,能量强,具有高度的可重复性、可通过叠加提高信噪比、探测距离大、绿色环保等特征,是一种理想的低频震源;②该探测技术系统操作简单,易控制,自动化程度高,探测精度高,能观测到固体潮引起的连续变化,可应用于区域尺度地下介质动态变化监测和开展4D 地震学研究;③气枪震源激发产生的信号震相丰富,有较强的S波,为研究地壳介质特性、应力分布及其动态变化等提供了新的技术路线。     

气枪信号实时处理系统研发及应用

气枪人工震源探测过程中,为了实现数据实时处理,及时监控气枪信号激发情况,本文采用Java编程自主研发一套气枪信号实时处理系统.该系统主要采用频谱白化叠加技术和实时递归算法实现自动叠加和实时滤波功能,并设计开发出单炮实时滤波显示界面、多炮自动叠加显示界面、台站分布界面.系统应用于2015年福建及台湾海峡地壳深部构造探测实验中,实验结果得出棉花滩水库300次叠加可以清晰的追踪到315 km的S和220 km的P,S明显强于P;石黄峰水库300次叠加可以较好的追踪到294 km的S且隐约可以追踪到170 km的P,P很弱;海域SP74固定点300次叠加可以清晰的观测到372km的P、S,且P、S发育都较强,其中在200 km后,可以很清晰的观测到P系列存在多组震相;研究表明:海上的激发效果优于陆地,水库底部的淤泥层会对信噪比造成不利影响.另外,系统整体运行稳定,功能及性能达到了设计预期,证明了系统设计合理性与实用性.该系统实时处理结果为此次实验快速有效评定激发效果及指挥部作出决策发挥着至关重要的作用.     

大容量气枪主动源波形资料处理(一):云南宾川

宾川气枪地震信号发射台以水库大容量非调制气枪阵列为震源,可以连续不断地激发重复性极高的地震信号。本文利用其2013年的数据,对地下介质进行了观测。由于水库水位的变化对震源波形及远处台站接收到的地震波形会产生影响,因此,为了区分介质变化与震源变化,研究了陆上水库环境下激发气枪震源所产生的地震波形的特征和合适的处理流程。结果表明:1水库水位变化较大时,同一台站记录的地震波形之间的互相关系数过小,不能直接进行叠加处理,需进行震源聚类分析,而震源聚类受水位变化量的控制;2为消除水位的影响,进行了反褶积处理,当震中距小于10km时,对不同水位激发的信号进行叠加再进行反褶积的效果优于直接进行叠加的效果;3通过互相关计算和信噪比分析发现,4个台站的波形变化可能是由地下介质变化引起的。     

台网噪声评估及其对气枪震源激发效果影响的研究

为了研究背景噪声对长江地学气枪主动源实验激发效果的影响,收集了240个台站激发前72小时的背景噪声数据及20个定点激发的叠加结果进行实验分析.先剔除异常台站,按照国标将台网噪声水平划分为高、中、低3个等级进行评估,从而研究气枪波形信噪比与台站背景噪声的关系.结果表明:① 台站接收能力与背景噪声水平密切相关;② 气枪信号的信噪比在一定范围内受背景噪声的影响大于距离衰减的影响;③ 长江马鞍山—安庆流域段不同定点激发的场地条件基本一致;④ 随气枪信号叠加次数的增加,低噪台站的信噪比增长速度快于中、高噪台站,若想获得同样的叠加效果,高噪台站需要的叠加次数远大于低噪台站.      

大容量气枪震源子波激发特性分析

大容量气枪水库激发作为陆地震源的可行性与有效性已经得到成功验证.为进一步提高气枪震源激发效果,本文通过水库气枪激发试验对单枪容量为2000 in³的气枪震源激发子波特征及规律进行了研究.依据近场水听器和远场短周期地震仪记录数据,分析气枪震源沉放深度、工作压力等不同激发条件对压力脉冲和气泡脉冲的影响.有助于人们根据不同尺度地下结构探测对震源激发信号的要求,调整气枪激发参数和激发环境,获得最佳激发效果.试验结果表明：（1）沉放深度对压力脉冲波形影响较小,其优势频率不随沉放深度而改变;（2）随着沉放深度从5 m增加到11 m,气泡脉冲的优势频率由5 Hz增加至7 Hz,其最大振幅亦近线性递增;（3）工作压力越大,激发压力脉冲能量越强,而对气泡脉冲的影响主要体现在主频降低.适合远距离深穿透地下结构探测的低频信号主要来自大容量气枪所激发气泡的反复振荡,由于气枪振荡过程非常复杂,本文通过较为简洁的数学和物理模型进行了解释.     

结构高度对静力弹塑性分析结果的影响

简要介绍了静力弹塑性分析方法(Pushover法)的原理、计算步骤和影响分析结果的主要因素．并通过实例比较了pushover分析结果与非线性动力分析结果,分析了高度、荷载分布模式因素对分析结果的影响。     

Evaluation of safety of hydraulic structures affected by migrating pits

Because it can be carried by flowing water, a sand/gravel pit on the river bed could migrate downstream. Consequently, the presence of pits on river beds could pose a safety threat to in-stream hydraulic structures such as bridge piers. A pit migration model can be used to predict progressive changes of pit geometry as it migrates downstream. However, due to the existence of many uncertainties, the maximum pit depth cannot be predicted with certainty. This paper adopted a simple pit migration model and evaluated the uncertainty associated with the calculated maximum pit depth. Such information is essential for evaluating the probability that a migrating pit could pose a safety threat to a downstream hydraulic structure. Three reliability analysis techniques were applied and their performances were compared.     

Vulnerability of floating tunnel shafts for increasing earthquake loading

Fragility curves constitute the cornerstone in seismic risk evaluations and performance-based earthquake engineering. They describe the probability of a structure to experience a certain damage level for a given earthquake intensity measure, providing a relationship between seismic hazard and vulnerability. In this paper a numerical approach is applied to derive fragility curves for tunnel shafts built in clays, a component that is found in several critical infrastructure such as urban metro networks, airport facilities or water and waste water projects. The seismic response of a representative tunnel shaft is assessed using tridimensional finite difference non-linear analyses carried out with the program FLAC^3D, under increasing levels of seismic intensity. A hysteretic model is used to simulate the soil non-linear behavior during the seismic event. The effect of soil conditions and ground motion characteristics on the soil-structure system response is accounted for in the analyses. The damage is defined based on the exceedance of the concrete wall shaft capacity due to the developed seismic forces. The fragility curves are estimated in terms of peak ground acceleration at a rock or stiff soil outcrop, based on the evolution of damage with increasing earthquake intensity. The proposed fragility models allows the characterization of the seismic risk of a representative tunnel shaft typology and soil conditions considering the associated uncertainties, and partially fill the gap of data required in performing a risk analysis assessment of tunnels shafts.     

Evaluation of safety of hydraulic structures affected by migrating pits

Because it can be carried by flowing water, a sand/gravel pit on the river bed could migrate downstream. Consequently, the presence of pits on river beds could pose a safety threat to in-stream hydraulic structures such as bridge piers. A pit migration model can be used to predict progressive changes of pit geometry as it migrates downstream. However, due to the existence of many uncertainties, the maximum pit depth cannot be predicted with certainty. This paper adopted a simple pit migration model and evaluated the uncertainty associated with the calculated maximum pit depth. Such information is essential for evaluating the probability that a migrating pit could pose a safety threat to a downstream hydraulic structure. Three reliability analysis techniques were applied and their performances were compared.     

The Effect of Particulate Matter Components on the Acidity of Rain in Upper Silesia (Poland)

Analysis of data characterizing the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation was presented, with an emphasis on components responsible for neutralization of rain acidity. For this purpose, chemometric methods were applied. Based on a principal component analysis (PCA) a strong correlation between precipitation pH and potassium and ammonium ions in the heating period (October–March) and potassium and sodium ions in the non‐heating period (April–September) was observed. Additionally, a classification of eight variables, i.e., Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, , , Cl^?, and according to their similarities was made using a cluster analysis. Based on this study, two ions, potassium and ammonium, together with the pH value were classified into one group (cluster) in the heating period while in the non‐heating period ions of potassium and sodium were clustered together with the pH. The results of the cluster analysis indicated that the selected ions contributed the most to the neutralization of the atmospheric precipitation acidity. This relationship was confirmed by a discriminant analysis in which potassium and ammonium ions were selected as components of the highest potential for precipitation classification according to its acidity degree. The relationship between the precipitation pH and the number of non‐precipitation days preceding the precipitation was also analyzed. It was found that although the observed an increase of the pH value was not very high, nevertheless, the effect of the duration of the period preceding the precipitation on the pH value recorded on the day of the precipitation occurrence was quite evident.     

Spectral analysis of climate data

The complexity of climate variability on all time scales requires the use of several refined tools to unravel its primary dynamics from observations. Indeed, ideas from the theory of dynamical systems have provided new ways of interpreting the information contained in climatic time series.We review the properties of several modern time series analysis methods. Those methods belong to four main classes: Fourier techniques (Blackman-Tukey and Multi-Taper), Maximum Entropy technique, Singular-spectrum techniques and wavelet analysis. Their respective advantages and limitations are illustrated by numerical experiments on synthetic time series. As climate data can be irregularly spaced in time, we also compare three interpolating methods on those time series. Those tests are aimed at showing the pitfalls of the blind use of mathematical or statistical techniques on climate data.We apply those methods to real climatic data from temperature variations over the last century, and the Vostok ice core deuterium record over the last glacial cycle. Then we show how interpretations on the dynamics of climate can be derived on those time scales.     

Applicability of pushover methods for the seismic analysis of single‐column bent viaducts

An overview of the applicability of a typical single‐mode pushover method (the N2 method) and two typical multi‐mode pushover methods (the modal pushover analysis (MPA) and incremental response spectrum analysis (IRSA) methods) for the analysis of single column bent viaducts in the transverse direction is presented. Previous research, which was limited to relatively short viaducts supported by few columns, has been extended to longer viaducts with more bents. The single‐mode N2 method is accurate enough for bridges where the effective modal mass of the fundamental mode is at least 80% of the total mass. The applicability of this method depends on (a) the ratio of the stiffness of the superstructure to that of the bents and (b) the strength of the bents. In short bridges with few columns, the accuracy of the N2 method increases as the seismic intensity increases, whereas in long viaducts (e.g. viaducts with lengths greater than 500 m) the method is in general less effective. In the case of the analyzed moderately irregular long viaducts, which are common in construction design practice, the MPA method performed well. For the analysis of bridges where the modes change significantly, depending on the seismic intensity, the IRSA method is in principle more appropriate, unless a viaduct is torsionally sensitive. In such cases, all simplified methods should be used with care. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

How to improve the representation of hydrological processes in SWAT for a lowland catchment – temporal analysis of parameter sensitivity and model performance

Model diagnostic analyses help to improve the understanding of hydrological processes and their representation in hydrological models. A detailed temporal analysis detects periods of poor model performance and model components with potential for model improvements, which cannot be found by analysing the whole discharge time series. In this study, we aim to improve the understanding of hydrological processes by investigating the temporal dynamics of parameter sensitivity and of model performance for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model applied to the Treene lowland catchment in Northern Germany. The temporal analysis shows that the parameter sensitivity varies temporally with high sensitivity for three groundwater parameters (groundwater time delay, baseflow recession constant and aquifer fraction coefficient) and one evaporation parameter (soil evaporation compensation factor). Whereas the soil evaporation compensation factor dominates in baseflow and resaturation periods, groundwater time delay, baseflow recession constant and aquifer fraction coefficient are dominant in the peak and recession phases. The temporal analysis of model performance identifies three clusters with different model performances, which can be related to different phases of the hydrograph. The lowest performance, when comparing six performance measures, is detected for the baseflow cluster. A spatially distributed analysis for six hydrological stations within the Treene catchment shows similar results for all stations. The linkage of periods with poor model performance to the dominant model components in these phases and with the related hydrological processes shows that the groundwater module has the highest potential for improvement. This temporal diagnostic analysis enhances the understanding of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model and of the dominant hydrological processes in the lowland catchment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四川地区地震前跨断层数据异常分析

概述四川7.0级以上大震前观测场地的异常情况。在核实2个大震震前异常的基础上,将传统异常判别方法进行汇总。总结近年来针对跨断层监测数据进行分析进而识别异常的方法:原始数据反映的断层活动速率异常以及转折异常。在此基础上,引入小波分析的方法对大震前的异常进行判别。对小波分解得到的两个趋势项进行分析,发现了大震与小波分解项异常的对应性。最后,基于对原始数据和小波分解项的分析,提出利用跨断层数据分析大震前兆的参考意见,为以后的震前异常研究工作提供了基础。     

白银形变观测站 DSQ 型水管倾斜仪观测资料分析

对白银形变观测站2008年以来观测资料的运行、变化和噪声水平做初步分析,结果表明：DSQ 型水管倾斜仪观测资料连续、稳定、可靠具有明确的正常背景---夏高冬低,为今后地震前兆异常的判断打下基础;水管倾斜仪 EW 分量在2013年7月22日 MS 6．6地震前出现破年变变化,说明白银地震台水管倾斜仪具有一定的地震前兆异常监测能力。