末次冰期东亚季风快速波动的模式与成因

通过对位于东亚季风区中东部与西部边缘的两个高分辨率黄土剖面记录的对比研究，发现它们不仅捕捉到了20个Dansgaard Oeschger事件与6个Heinrich事件，而且黄土记录与GRIP冰芯记录的这些快速气候波动基本上是同步的。暗示在整个末次冰期，东亚季风气候同样存在千年—百年尺度上的快速波动。所不同的是，西面的沙沟剖面对这些快速气候波动的反应比东面的王官剖面敏感。结合末次冰期中国黄土记录的先前研究结果，我们发现，自西向东Dansgaard Oeschger旋回的幅度逐渐变小，推测这主要是由西风与东亚夏季风共同作用所造成的。     

中国西北干旱区湖泊沉积物中有机质碳同位素组成的环境意义--以民勤盆地三角城古湖泊为例

通过对中国西北干旱区石羊河流域民勤盆地三角城古湖泊沉积物有机质碳同位素组成(^δ13Corg)分析,表明末次冰期与全新世时气候和植被有明显的差异,末次冰期^δ13Corg总体偏轻(-30‰～-25‰),而全新世碳同位素组成则有较大的变化,在早全新世碳同位素组成有多次短期快速变重(-10‰左右)的变化,中全新世碳同位素组成总体偏重(-20‰～-10‰),晚全新世碳同位素组成偏轻(-25‰左右)。分析表明湖泊沉积物有机质碳同位素组成反映了陆生C₃植物和湖泊内源水生植物变化的关系,末次冰期以来西北干旱区C₄植物不发育,偏重的有机质碳同位素值与C₄植物无关。从沉积物中有机质组分、元素等分析表明,末次冰期时主要以河流相沉积为主,湖泊中有机质主要来源于上游祁连山的陆生C₃植物,有机碳含量较低,表明当时的上游的陆生植被不繁盛,区域气候较干冷;从全新世开始,三角城古湖泊开始形成,沉积物中碳同位素组成偏重的有机质主要来源于湖泊中的沉水植物,此时湖泊水体较大,湖泊生产力较高。而沉积物中有机质碳同位素组成偏轻时期的有机质主要来源于挺水植物、陆生C₃植物,较低的有机碳含量说明该时期陆生植被不发育,气候较干冷,湖泊水体较小     

东亚季风气候对Heinrich2事件的响应:来自石笋的高分辨率记录

据湖北省神农架天鹅洞一支石笋11个230Th年龄和254个δ18O数据,建立了28.5～22.0kaB.P.同位素分辨率平均约30a的东亚季风气候变化序列。该石笋δ18O曲线与南京葫芦洞石笋记录在重叠时段基本一致,说明本区石笋δ18O反映了区域性东亚季风经向环流特征。在24.3kaB.P.左右,石笋δ18O明显正偏,持续时间近1ka,指示一次显著的弱夏季风事件,与北大西洋倒数第二次冰漂碎屑事件(Heinrich2)同步发生,可视为东亚季风气候对H2事件的响应。高分辨率的δ18O序列揭示了H2事件的内部结构特征:(1)事件发生的突变性,石笋δ18O记录指示事件发生时在100a内δ18O从-8.59‰迅速正偏为-6.75‰,振幅达1.84‰;(2)事件结束的渐变性,δ18O正偏到-6.75‰后便以阶梯状缓慢负偏到-8.86‰至事件结束,持续时间近900a。这一过程与末次盛冰期东亚季风气候H1事件表现的季风强弱转换方式基本一致,说明末次盛冰期东亚季风气候H型事件具有共同的内部结构特征。研究表明,末次盛冰期东亚季风气候H事件的突变可能受北大西洋驱动并经青藏高原冰川变化放大。     

黑海西北部多瑙河峡谷北侧陆坡沉积特征及其与古气候的关系

【研究目的】在末次冰期，全球气候变化以千年尺度的快速、大幅度温度波动旋回为特征，这种波动变化在两极冰芯、深海沉积、中国黄土和洞穴石笋等诸多地质样品中均有记录。黑海位于北大西洋与东亚季风区过渡带，具有极有代表性的沉积记录。本文旨在通过对黑海沉积序列的研究，建立起其区域环境变化与北大西洋及东亚季风气候域气候变化的联系。【研究方法】研究对取自黑海西北部罗马尼亚陆坡区多瑙河峡谷北侧GAS-CS12钻孔的长22.0 m的岩芯样品，进行了粒度、矿物成分、主量元素、有机碳、总氮及碳氮同位素等分析。【研究结果】揭示出该段岩芯沉积于末次冰期中后期“Neoeuxine”湖相阶段，可划分为5个沉积单元，对应于北大西洋H4、H3、H1气候变化事件、末次冰盛期（LGM）及Bolling-Allerod气候变暖事件。【结论】建立起了其沉积序列及区域环境变化与北大西洋及东亚季风气候域气候变化的联系，印证了末次冰期千年尺度的气候变化事件在北大西洋、东亚季风区及两者过渡带上具有高度的一致性。创新点：建立了黑海西北沉积序列与区域环境变化的关系；补充了北大西洋与东亚季风区两者过渡带上气候波动事件的可靠时标。     

千百年尺度气候快速变化及其数值模拟研究进展

千百年尺度全球气候快速变化是古气候研究中的一个重要内容。研究发现，末次冰期和全新世都存在着千年、百年尺度的快速气候变化，其变化幅度可以达到典型的地质变化或天文因子所造成的冰期/间冰期的气候振荡幅度，同时这些古气候事件具有全球性。对冰期和全新世气候变化的数值模拟揭示了气候系统对地球轨道参数变化的响应以及海洋、植被、冰盖、温室气体等反馈因子的重要性,其中大洋温盐环流对北大西洋淡水注入的敏感性与末次冰期和全新世气候快速变化密切相联。利用中等复杂程度的气候模式（EMIC）CLIMBER 2模拟了末次冰期典型时段（60~20 ka BP）D/O和Heinrich事件以及东亚气候的响应过程。模拟研究揭示了全新世青藏高原冰雪环境对亚洲—非洲季风气候的显著影响。今后的古气候模拟研究将在改进模式分辨率、结合古气候代用资料确定更加符合历史时期边界条件以进一步改善气候模式的基础上,更加注重气候突变机制的研究以及加强全球变化背景下的区域气候的长期变化研究。     

南海北部陆坡GHE24L柱样沉积物磁性特征及其环境意义

对取自南海北部陆坡神狐海域的近6m长的GHE24L柱状样沉积物磁性特征的详细研究,探讨了其磁性特征的纵向变化与沉积环境演变的关系。研究结果表明,该柱状样沉积物中的磁性矿物没有明显受到后期还原成岩作用的影响。沉积物中的磁性矿物主要是假单畴磁铁矿,其含量和粒度的变化记录了过去20ka以来的环境演化,尤其是对末次盛冰期以来的几个重要气候事件如Heinrich 1事件、Bolling-Allerod暖期、新仙女木事件等有很好的响应。研究结果可为重建南海区域环境演化提供依据,也可为探究东亚海陆气候变迁的耦合联系提供约束。     

30~10ka云南高山湖泊高分辨率生物记录与气候突变事件

通过对云南泸沽湖高分辨率沉积指标序列(硅藻、枝角类和孢粉)的对比分析,初步揭示了水生生物(硅藻、枝角类和水生孢粉)对末次冰盛期期间气候变化的快速响应过程.结果表明,硅藻群落组成首先响应末次冰盛期时期的开始变冷,枝角类滞后,水生孢粉则表现为渐进的响应过程.然而,泸沽湖沉积硅藻记录对末次冰期以来的短时间尺度气候快速变化的Heinrich和新仙女木事件并未有响应,揭示气候事件判别的准确性取决于指标直接响应气候的特征以及多指标的综合对比.综合西南季风区云南不同海拔湖泊沉积记录(硅藻、孢粉、摇蚊等)获得的2万年以来数据及序列表明,末次冰期千年尺度的气候突变事件( Heinrich 1、 B?lling/Aller?d暖期和新仙女木YD冷事件)在整个西南季风系统中都有反映,且气候事件变化区间及幅度存在区域差异,其根本原因是受不同气候系统、复杂地形(青藏高原)的制约.     

32kaB.P.以来东北二龙湾玛珥湖沉积序列的粒度特征及其古环境意义

玛珥湖沉积物是古气候环境变化记录的优良载体^[1]。近年来,我国玛珥湖沉积序列的高分辨率古气候记录研究取得了重要进展^[2～6]。东北玛珥湖沉积序列的多指标高分辨率古气候研究,揭示了末次盛冰期以来东亚季风区北缘气候变化与全球性气候事件包括短期气候事件有良好的对应关系^[4,7]。本文对东北二龙湾玛珥湖沉积序列进行了系统的粒度分析,阐明32kaB.P.以来的粒度组成及其变化的基本特征,在此基础上初步探讨该沉积剖面粒度变化的古环境意义。二龙湾玛珥湖（42°18.1′N,126°21.4′E）位于吉林省辉南县境内,据四海龙湾玛珥湖约30km,海拔高度724m,湖区周围分布着茂密的森林植被。     

青藏高原若干地点的第四纪冰川年代学* ——深切怀念孙殿卿院士

青藏高原第四纪冰川时空演化问题广受关注。应用宇宙成因核素暴露年龄测定方法开展高原古冰川的年代学研究,对青藏高原聂拉木、唐古拉山、义敦海子山和折多山等4个地区的第四纪冰碛物进行了\{¹⁰ Be\},²⁶ Al和²¹ Ne暴露年龄测定,获得了青藏高原不同地点第四纪冰川发育的年代学数据,结果表明青藏高原出现了多期第四纪冰期,分别为YD事件、末次冰期晚阶段、末次冰期早阶段、倒数第2次冰期和倒数第3次冰期。     

西菲律宾海末次冰期以来的浊流沉积及其古环境意义

菲律宾海西部吕宋岛岸外MD98－2188钻孔揭示末次冰期以来发生过数次浊流沉积事件。研究发现浊流沉积层具有密度高、颜色亮度大等物理特征,含有较多粗沉积组分和翼足类化石碎片,说明其来源于浅海沉积物。本文运用AMS 14C测年和浮游有孔虫氧同位素建立精细的年龄模式,发现浊流沉积层段主要与末次盛冰期、冰期Heinrich变冷事件以及氧同位素4期等低海平面时期相对应,推测与千年尺度北半球气候冷期相关的海平面快速上升可能是西菲律宾海浊流沉积的触发原因。这对于认识快速气候变化的环境后果和开展西菲律宾海晚第四纪地层划分对比都有重要意义。     

Ice-rafted detritus evidence from 40Ar/39Ar ages of individual hornblende grains for evolution of the eastern margin of the Laurentide ice sheet since 43 14C ky

During the last glacial interval, the North Atlantic ice sheets expanded and contracted in approximate synchronicity with orbitally forced global climate change. Variation in ice rafted detritus content in North Atlantic marine sediment cores record the waxing and waning of glaciers, as well as the abrupt temperature changes at millennial time scales. The background variations of ice rafting are punctuated by Heinrich layers, which appear to record the catastrophic collapse of the Laurentide ice sheet through the Hudson Strait. The objective of this paper is to document the evolution of glaciation on Laurentia during the last 43 ¹⁴C kyr. We present a provenance study based on ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dates of individual hornblende grains from 57 samples taken at 2 cm spacing between 4 and 134 cm from core V23-14 (43.4°N, 45.25°W, 3177 m). Sedimentation rates outside of the Heinrich layers are very low in this core, but the Heinrich layers are easily identified. Laurentide glaciation did not extend into the ocean south of 55°N until about 26 ¹⁴C kyr, and retreated to the coastline or beyond by 14 ¹⁴C kyr. Documenting the history of this major ice sheet has significant implications for understanding ice rafting sources in more distal locations where mixing among different ice sheets is likely.     

Progress in rapid climate changes and their modeling study in millennial and centennial scales

Rapid climate change at millennial and centennial scales is one of the most important aspects in paleoclimate study. It has been found that rapid climate change at millennial and centennial scales is a global phenomenon during both the glacial age and the Holocene with amplitudes typical of geological or astronomical time-scales. Simulations of glacial and Holocene climate changes have demonstrated the response of the climate system to the changes of earth orbital parameter and the importance of variations in feedbacks of ocean, vegetation, icecap and greenhouse gases. Modeling experiments suggest that the Atlantic thermohaline circulation was sensitive to the freshwater input into the North Atlantic and was closely related to the rapid climate changes during the last glacial age and the Holocene. Adopting the Earth-system models of intermediate complexity (EMICs), CLIMBER-2, the response of East Asian climate change to Dansgaard/Oeschger and Heinrich events during the typical last glacial period (60 ka B.P.-20 ka B.P.) and impacts of ice on the Tibetan plateau on Holocene climate change were stimulated, studied and revealed. Further progress of paleoclimate modeling depends on developing finer-grid models and reconstructing more reliable boundary conditions. More attention should be paid on the study of mechanisms of abrupt climatic changes as well as regional climate changes in the background of global climate change. __________ Translated from Advances in Earth Science, 2007, 22(10): 1054–1065 [译自: 地球科学进展]     

Heinrich Events and Heinrich(-like) Events

Ice-raft debris layers in the North Atlantic sediments of IRD belt characterize abrupt climate variability, corresponding to Heinrich events during the Last Glacial and Heinrich(-like) events beyond the Last Glacial. During Heinrich/(-like) events, the Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere and cryosphere interacted strongly on the millennial-scale and had a profound impact on the global climate. In more than 30 years of continuous research on Heinrich/(-like) events and their remote response, the results have been more focused on the trigger mechanism and the new distinguished proxies of Heinrich/(-like) events. The first occurrence of Heinrich/(-like) events in IRD belt during MIS 16 was the initiation of a major landmark climate mechanism after MPT. The research on Heinrich/(-like) events may require a new ice sheet dynamics model related to the large ice sheet and the long-term ice age, which is forming a new hot topic.     

Dust deposition and climate in the Carpathian Basin over an independently dated last glacial–interglacial cycle

Loess in the Carpathian Basin is some of the thickest and most complete in Europe. Located in the Vojvodina region of the southern Carpathian Basin the Crvenka loess-palaeosol section appears to preserve a detailed climate proxy archive of the last glacial–interglacial cycle. Central to the interpretation of the site is a detailed and independent age model. Here, the results of detailed optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and elevated temperature post-IR infrared stimulated luminescence (post-IR IRSL) dating are presented. Quartz OSL ages appear accurate to about 50–60 ka, where 2D₀ values are reached, while elevated temperature post-IR IRSL yields more accurate ages below this. In line with recent results, the latter signal appears to show negligible fading rates. Two age models are developed that combine (a) OSL and post-IR IRSL ages and (b) OSL ages and ‘expected’ ages from tying unit boundaries to the marine record. If the luminescence model is regarded as accurate, differences between this and the OSL/marine age model raise questions over the accuracy of the latter, as well as the processes controlling the zeroing of luminescence dates. The luminescence based age model is then used to derive the first fully independent reconstruction of climate proxies and accumulation rates from Carpathian loess. Such reconstructions can be used to compare to other independent records without assumptions inherent in correlation-based approaches. The findings demonstrate how variable accumulation rate is at the site, and compared to other independently dated Carpathian loess records. Average values vary north–south but are of similar order throughout the basin. Accumulation rate was highest during the later part of the last glacial, but variation on millennial timescales does not always match shifts in grain-size, suggesting diverse and complex influences. Environmental reconstructions using grain-size and magnetic susceptibility show that no one atmospheric system or air mass can explain the changes in the Carpathian Basin and that millennial-scale variability can only intermittently be tied to North Atlantic Heinrich events. Expanded ice sheets during the peak last glacial, combined with other atmospheric teleconnections, may have served to develop a strong anticyclone in the region. It was likely windier during earlier parts of the last glacial, but Atlantic and Mediterranean moisture was probably less abundant than during more humid interglacials.     

中亚黄土沉积与西风区末次冰期快速气候变化

气候快速变化过程与机制一直是古气候研究的热点科学问题,随着不同地区高分辨率地质记录的增多,年代学方法的改进,此类快速气候变化事件的区域差异性日益突出,对比和认识这些区域之间的变化细节,有助于认识快速气候变化的规律和驱动机制。文章以中亚黄土为主要研究对象,根据黄土沉积特征与现代气候特征,将中亚黄土分为西部、北部和东部3个亚区,在总结中亚西风区黄土古气候研究进展的基础上,回顾了近年来中亚地区末次冰期西风区气候突变事件研究现状与问题,初步探讨了在亚轨道尺度上末次冰期快速气候变化发生过程和机制。结果表明,粒度、矿物学、地球化学等指标均指示中亚这3个黄土亚区末次冰期确实存在千年尺度的快速气候波动信号,但在年代和变率上存在区域差异,这种差异除了缺乏精确的年代学控制外,还与区域水热组合和区域地形结构有关。这些冷暖的快速气候变化与北大西洋高纬地区冰盖收缩扩张、西伯利亚高压强度和范围的变化导致风动力变化和西风带南北迁移有关。今后需进一步加强高分辨率年代序列的建立,进一步遴选中亚黄土中有效的、能够独立反映风力强度、源区信息、古温度、古降水等代用指标,并结合古气候模拟试验研究其驱动机制。     

末次盛冰期北美风成环境变化及其在全球气候突变事件中的意义

本文用末次冰期北美大冰盖南缘的风尘堆积记录来重建末次盛冰期的亚极地环境变化.磁化率、有机碳含量和潜育化程度的资料表明,末次盛冰期的前期(约21000～15000aB P.)植被覆盖较差,而后期(15000～10000aB.P.)植被覆盖较好,15 000aB.P.环境发生了急剧的变化,磁化率曲线显示了大约1000a的氧化-还原周期.这种大约1000a的环境变化周期很可能由低纬地区的海洋和大气的扰动所驱动,这种扰动的能量通过北美大冰盖及时地传递到北大西洋.     

Millennial‐scale variability in the oceans: an ocean modelling view

Climate and ocean‐only models have shown that the ocean will respond abruptly to significant perturbations in surface forcing. Centennial‐scale oscillation is a characteristic of circulation in large semi‐enclosed ocean basins such as the Arctic, whereas millennial‐scale adjustment to changes in surface forcing has been found in the global ocean component of climate models. We show that the millennial time‐scale in climate models is likely to be intrinsic to the ocean through its presence in an ocean‐only model. The strength of the thermohaline circulation is shown to be very sensitive to the magnitude of ice albedo and, to a lesser extent, perturbation in the surface freshwater flux. Modelled glacial ocean circulation, in contrast to present‐day simulations, requires an enhanced freshwater flux over the northern Atlantic, even in its non‐Heinrich state, to obtain realistic overturning in the North Atlantic. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

最后两个冰期黄土中记录的Heinrich型气候节拍

洛川、宜川及渭南黄土剖面古风化强度的研究揭示出，在Ｌ１和Ｌ２中记录了一系列干冷气候事件。它们多数发生于黄土与古土壤的交界处，以５０００—１００００ａ的间隔叠置于明显的准２００００ａ岁差周期上。前六个事件的时代与北大西洋的Ｈｅｉｎｒｉｃｈ事件大致相当。上述结果表明，Ｈｅｉｎｒｉｃｈ事件在东亚季风区有明显印迹，且类似事件在相当于深海氧同位素阶段６的黄土中也存在。最后两个事件时我国的古环境状况可能比末次盛冰期还要干冷些。这些事件出现的地层层位似乎表明，它们易发生于由地球轨道变化引起的气候转变时期。     

Glacially derived material in an Inner Mongolian desert lake during Marine Isotope Stage 2

Establishing the precise timing of continental glacial dynamics and abrupt high‐latitude climate events is crucial to understanding the causes of global climate change. Here we present multi‐proxy records in a lake sediment core from arid Inner Mongolia (Wuliangsuhai Lake) that show two distinct glacially derived sedimentation events at ～26.2–21.8 and ～17.3–11.5k cal a BP. Fine sediments from the Last Glacial Maximum separate these glacially derived coarse sediments. Within these intervals, the occurrence of granite clasts at ～24–23.5, 17.3–17 and 15.6–14.1k cal a BP implies either sediment discharge by meltwater as well as strong current flow in the Yellow River and/or sediment influx through hill‐slope mass wasting and landsliding from the nearby Yin Mountains. Surface microfeatures of quartz grains and spot elemental analysis of black specks in these intervals, however, indicate that physical weathering is dominant and that the provenance of the rocks is probably from a glacial source. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time glacier‐derived materials have been detected in any desert lake in the Yellow River basin. The occurrence of granite clasts roughly correlates with Heinrich events in the North Atlantic, suggesting synchronous ice sheet dynamics in high‐ and mid‐latitude regions during the Last Glacial period. Although our data provide unprecedented evidence for the influence of glacier‐related processes in arid Inner Mongolia, further well‐dated records are clearly needed to re‐evaluate the correlative inference drawn between granite clast layers in Wuliangsuhai Lake and Heinrich events in the North Atlantic. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.