改良膨胀土在合蚌高铁路基填料中的应用

分析合蚌高铁沿线分布的膨胀土的工程特性,通过对沿线地区所取典型土样的室内试验,得到自由膨胀率、颗粒组成等试验指标,通过对多个典型取土场的土样进行不同掺灰率的试验,根据强度、胀缩性和水理性等指标确定合蚌高铁石灰改良膨胀土的合理掺灰率。     

孔隙溶液对膨胀土力学性质影响

为研究孔隙溶液的浓度和组分对膨胀土力学性质的影响规律,对含不同浓度的Na Cl、Ca Cl_2溶液的膨胀土进行自由膨胀率试验和直剪试验。试验结果表明,随着溶液浓度的增大,自由膨胀率先快速降低,再平缓下降;浓度相同时含Na Cl溶液的膨胀土其自由膨胀率比含Ca Cl_2溶液的稍大,随着溶液浓度的增大,土样的剪切强度和黏聚力降低;溶液对内摩擦角的影响较小。分析试验结果认为,膨胀土表面具有固定的负电荷,颗粒表面会形成双电层;随着盐溶液浓度的增大,双电层厚度降低,颗粒间斥力减小,使得粒间应力增大,土颗粒沉降,降低了自由膨胀率;阳离子化学价越高,半径越大,对双电层的影响越显著,因此Ca Cl_2溶液比Na Cl溶液对自由膨胀率的影响更大。另一方面,盐溶液会改变膨胀土的结构,使其从集聚状变成絮凝状。盐溶液增大粒间应力,使膨胀土的强度增大,结构的改变会使强度降低,上述两种影响因素对强度呈相反的趋势,对该广西膨胀土,结构的作用超过了粒间应力的影响。     

自由膨胀率试验的影响因素

自由膨胀率是反映黏性土的膨胀性的指标之一,对判别膨胀土有较大参考价值。由于试验所需仪器设备简单,操作简便,自由膨胀率试验是目前国内测定黏性土胀缩特性时采用较多的试验项目,但因我国现行土工试验方法标准和行业规程对自由膨胀率试验方法的一些细节的规定和说明存在不足之处,使得试验人员即使完全按标准和规程规定的方法对同一土样进行试验,也很容易出现试验结果相差较大的现象。为使自由膨胀率试验方法更完善,试验结果更稳定,分析了影响试验结果的两个主要人为因素,并针对现行的标准和规程中存在的不足提出了改进建议。     

沿海软粘土取土质量的对比分析

本文在简要介绍固定活塞式薄壁取土器取土技术基础上，详尽分析了在连云港、赤湾港和广深路所进行的软粘土取土技术对比试验结果。试验结果表明，土样扰动对于室内所测定的力学性指标影响极大，但对物理性指标影响不大。研究结果还有力地证明，只要操作正确，采用薄壁取土器能取得高质量土样，而采用敞口式厚壁取土器取出的土样扰动较大。     

熔融石英粒径对透明土位移测量精度的影响

利用透明土技术和激光散斑图像结合数字图像相关方法(DIC方法)测量土体内部的位移场,是研究土力学问题的一种新方法。通过试验研究不同粒径范围的熔融石英颗粒(中细砂0.1~0.3 mm、中砂0.3~0.5 mm、粗砂0.5~2 mm、细砾2~5 mm),揭示粒径对激光散斑图像质量、DIC查询窗口和位移场测量精度的影响。结果表明,不同粒径的熔融石英透明土模型产生的散斑场图像、灰度直方图明显不同;相同入射激光下,小粒径比大粒径模型获得更好质量的散斑图像。位移误差直方图显示,位移误差依赖于查询窗口尺寸和颗粒大小。通过平均灰度梯度调整查询窗口,不同粒径的透明土模型可以给出彼此相当的测量精度。数字和物理平移试验显示,由小粒径石英颗粒配置的透明土模型能够得到更高的测量精度。     

冻融循环对青藏红黏土物理力学性质影响试验研究

以红黏土为研究对象,使土样在封闭系统下进行不同次数的冻融循环作用,对冻融循环后的冻结土样进行粒度成分和物理力学性质测试,研究不同次数冻融循环作用下冻结红黏土粒度成分和物理力学性质的变化规律。结果表明：粉粒组和黏粒组质量含量受冻融循环作用次数影响较大。红黏土中颗粒在前10次冻融循环过程中向粒径小于0.001 mm及粒径在0.01~0.05 mm范围富集;冻融循环10次之后,随冻融循环次数的增加,粒径范围在0.002~0.005 mm的土颗粒含量明显增加,粒径范围在0.01~0.05 mm的土颗粒含量明显减小,其他粒径范围的土颗粒含量基本不受冻融循环次数的影响。红黏土的液、塑限大体上随冻融循环次数的增加而增加。冻融循环作用对红黏土等效黏聚力强度影响较明显,冻融循环作用10次以内红黏土等效黏聚力强度变化较大,在红黏土地区新修路基应考虑冻融循环作用引起的附加沉降影响。建议采用维亚洛夫或吴紫汪长期强度预报方程预测红黏土长期等效黏聚力强度。     

ISS对不同初始含水率膨胀土的改良效果研究

离子固化剂(ISS)对膨胀土改良后,膨胀土稳定性会改善。为了分析研究不同初始含水率的膨胀土经过ISS改良效果,进行了膨胀土改良前后的剪切试验、界限含水率试验和自由膨胀率试验。通过改良前、后土体的抗剪强度、塑限、液限、塑限指数、自由膨胀率的变化规律研究,得出膨胀土的初始含水率在11%～30%区间时,改良后土体的膨胀性得到了消除,抗剪强度得到了明显提高; 初始含水率不在11%～30%区间时土样改良后仍具有一定膨胀性,抗剪强度提高不明显。这是因为,当膨胀土烘干时,靠毛细吸力吸附的固化剂量不能与所有黏土颗粒进行反应; 当膨胀土饱和时,靠溶液渗透到膨胀土表面的固化剂也不能与所有黏土颗粒进行反应。该试验结果对膨胀土现场改良时含水率的确定具有重要的指导意义。     

风积砂毛细现象的试验研究

为了研究颗粒配比对风积砂中毛细现象的影响,本文通过9种不同颗粒配比的风积砂进行室内竖管法毛细水上升高度试验,得出了如下结论:(1)在单一砂样试验中,粗砂(粒径0.5～2 mm)、中砂(粒径0.25～0.5mm)、细砂(粒径0.075～0.25 mm)、粉土(粒径<0.075 mm)的最大毛细水上升高度分别为7.5 cm、16.0 cm、30.5cm、98.0 cm;(2)在混合砂样试验中,中砂和粉土以9:1、8:2、7:3、1:1混合,最大毛细水上升高度分别为32.0 cm、51.0 cm、71.0 cm、73.0 cm。揭示了风积砂平均粒径越小,最大毛细水上升高度越高,并建立了风积砂毛细水上升高度h(cm)-时间t(min)lnh=a(lnt)2+b(lnt)+c形式的预测模型,其中a、b、c是与风积砂物理性质有关的物理量,为生态保护及工程应用提供参考依据。     

几种取土器的比较试验

工业与民用建筑物工程地质勘测经常使用取土器采取原状土试样作室内分析。国内已普遍采用各种现场原位测试,但土工试验仍然是不可缺少的勘测手段之一。取土器的质量直接影响土试样的扰动程度以及试验成果的准确性和可靠性。国内外这方面的资料很少。衡量取土器质量应该用什么数据,口径大小及取土方法对土试样结构扰动的影响程度,取土时土样内     

膨胀土在不同约束状态下的试验研究

用环刀取样，在不同约束压力下进行膨胀力和膨胀率试验，发现约束压力对膨胀土膨胀性有很大的影响，且压力越大，膨胀性越小。在此基础上，还设计了膨胀土的3种不同约束状态下的试验：（1）土样周围与上下端都有约束；（2）土样周围与下端约束而上端自由；（3）土样周围约束而两端自由。试验结果表明，不同的约束状态对膨胀土的含水率、密度、孔隙比和抗剪强度等物理力学性质指标有显著影响，且两端无约束的膨胀土吸水膨胀后，含水率接近其液限，膨胀土最容易沿无约束面发生膨胀变形。试验结果对膨胀土的治理具有重要的指导意义。     

合肥膨胀土标准吸湿含水率的特征

标准吸湿含水率是《公路路基设计规范》（JTG D30-2004）推荐的三项膨胀土判别指标之一,以合（肥）－六（安）－叶（集）高速公路为工程背景,探讨了该指标在合肥膨胀土判别与分类中的适用性以及与其他指标如液限、塑性指数、自由膨胀率和小于0.002 mm胶粒含量的相关性问题。研究发现：标准吸湿含水率能反映膨胀土膨胀潜势的差别,但规范推荐的判别标准不适用于合肥膨胀土的判别。标准吸湿含水率与液限等其他判别指标具有一定的相关性,相关系数的平方达0.468～0.663,说明标准吸湿含水率能够反映膨胀土的本质属性,可以作为判别指标。     

Effect of sand grain size and boundary condition on the swelling behavior of bentonite–sand mixtures

Deep geological repository is a favorable choice for the long-term disposal of nuclear wastes. Bentonite–sand mixtures have been proposed as the potential engineered barrier materials because of their suitable swelling properties and good ability to seal under hydrated repository conditions. To investigate the effects of sand grain size on the engineering performance of bentonite–sand mixtures, we prepare five types of bentonite–sand mixtures by mixing bentonite with sand of varying particle size ranges (0.075–0.25 mm, 0.25–0.5 mm, 0.5–1 mm, 1–2 mm and 2–5 mm, respectively). We carry out sequential oedometer tests under different simulated repository conditions, including constant vertical stress (CVS), constant stiffness (CS) and constant volume (CV) conditions. The microstructural heterogeneity and anisotropy of these soil mixtures are characterized through the quantitative analysis of micro-CT scanning results. Experimental results reveal that both sand grain size and boundary condition significantly influence the swelling of soil mixtures. Under three conditions, the temporal evolutions of swelling stress and strain follow similar trends that they increase faster at the beginning and gradually stabilize afterward. Comparing the ultimate values, swelling strains follow CVS?>?CS?>?CV, while swelling stresses follow CV?>?CS?>?CVS. Under CS boundary conditions, as the stiffness coefficient increases, the swelling pressure increases and the swelling strain decreases. CT results further indicate that mixtures with larger sand inclusions are more structurally heterogeneous and anisotropic, resulting in increased inter-particle friction and collision and a higher energy dissipation during the swelling process. Moreover, the non-uniform distribution of bentonite in local zones would be intensified, which plays an important role in compromising swelling behavior. Therefore, soil samples mixed with larger sand particles present a smaller swelling stress and strain values. This study may guide the choice of engineered barrier materials toward an improved design and assessment of geological repository facilities.

     

Geo-engineering properties of expansive soil treated with xanthan gum biopolymer

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the effectiveness of xanthan gum (XG) biopolymer in stabilising the expansive soil. The XG biopolymer is mixed with expansive soil in different proportions such as 0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.8% and 1.0% by weight of the dry soil mass. The plasticity, compaction, swelling, compressibility, hydraulic conductivity, strength and durability characteristics of the treated and un-treated expansive soil are examined. Results show that the plasticity index of the treated soil mass initially increases but beyond 0.5% biopolymer addition it decreases sharply. The optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of treated soil, found out from light and heavy compaction tests, do not follow any definite trend. It is also found that increasing XG content increases compressibility slightly but, it reduces swelling pressure, differential free swelling value and hydraulic conductivity remarkably. On the other hand, time-dependent compressive strength and resistance to mass loss increases with increasing XG content. Microscopic examination confirms the formation of gel-like linkage, which brings about the modifications in the treated expansive soil.     

引江济汉工程渠坡膨胀土分级评价量化模型研究

膨胀土的膨胀潜势由于受到诸多因素的控制,其量化分级长期以来都是一个未能得到很好解决的难题。本文以南水北调中线引江济汉工程渠坡膨胀土为研究对象,通过对试验数据的分析,给出了膨胀土分类的建议取值;依据该分类标准,综合人工神经网络、Fisher判别分析以及粗糙集理论3种数学方法,对40组土样的膨胀等级进行了综合性指标的判别分析,通过比较研究,确定了最终的分级结果;根据每种数学方法的判别结果与操作方法,基于理论相对简单、操作简便、易于为广大科研工作者接受的原则,建议优先考虑Fisher判别方法对膨胀土进行分级评判;结合样品的蒙脱石含量,给出了分级标准的建议值,验证了膨胀土分级数学方法的可靠性,从而为引江济汉工程后续开挖渠道段膨胀土的分类及判别提供了理论依据。     

基于支持向量机的膨胀土胀缩等级预测

膨胀土的胀缩等级判定对膨胀土地区工程建设具有重要的意义。为此,本文提出了一种基于支持向量回归机（SVR）模型的膨胀土胀缩等级预测方法。基于肯尼亚“蒙内铁路”沿线膨胀土的土工试验数据,以土体自由膨胀率作为预测目标,构建了包含两种不同预测指标体系的膨胀土胀缩等级预测模型。模型I以液限、塑限、塑性指数、3种不同粒径的颗粒含量（< 0.075、0.075～0.25、0.25～0.5）、土的类型为输入参数,模型II以液限、塑限、塑性指数、粒径< 0.075的颗粒含量、土的类型为预测参数。两个模型在预测时采用Linear、Polynomial、RBF和Sigmoid核函数进行训练。结果表明:（1）当预测采样次数达到1000次时,训练模型均趋于稳定;（2）整体而言,模型I的预测精度要优于模型II,模型I中采用RBF核函数建立的模型给出了最高准确率86.6%,其次为Linear核函数（准确率82.9%）和Sigmoid和函数（准确率75.1%）。模型II中采用RBF核函数建立的模型给出了最高准确率77.4%,其次为Linear核函数（准确率74.3%）和Sigmoid和函数（准确率72.9%）;（3）采用Linear函数、Sigmoid函数和RBF函数作为核函数模型对44组未知胀缩等级的土样预测时,模型I中三者预测结果相同的数量占比为73%,其余组土样的预测胀缩等级相同或相邻,不存在“越级”现象,模型II中三者预测结果相同的数量占比为68%,不存在“越级”现象。最后,通过与模糊层次分析法评价结果对比,进一步证明了本文研究结果可为肯尼亚等类似地区工程建设中膨胀土的胀缩等级预测和处理提供依据。     

掺高炉水渣膨胀土的室内改良试验研究

通过掺入10%～20%不同量的高炉水渣来改性膨胀土,对素土及其掺高炉水渣改性土的基本物理力学性质、胀缩特性进行试验对比研究,确定改性效果。试验结果表明,高炉水渣可以大幅降低膨胀土的自由膨胀率、液限和塑性指数,同时改善膨胀土的颗粒级配、强度特性。改性后的膨胀土黏粒减少,粉粒增多,干密度随含水率变化较小,水稳性提高。这说明了高炉水渣对膨胀土具有很好的改性效果。     

Unsaturated characteristics of undisturbed expansive shale from Saudi Arabia

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the soil water characteristic curves (SWCC) of undisturbed expansive shale identified at different locations of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The SWCCs were evaluated for suction ranging from 0.5 to 400 MPa. Based on test results, all SWCCs reveal a bimodal curve indicating the presence of two distinct pore size distributions referred to as small and large micropores. Volume change measurements were performed to evaluate void ratio–suction relationships which confirmed the expansive nature of shale. Similarities between measured SWCCs and void ratio–suction relations developed for expansive shale originating from same geological formation suggests the impact of geological and environmental conditions on the unsaturated behavior of shale samples. Finally, a modified approach based on Mckeen’s classification methodology was proposed to assess the swelling potential using bimodal SWCCs. The modified approach was used to assess the relative contribution of different micropores on the swelling potential of shale.     

对混合土液塑限试验的讨论

土的液塑限试验是土工试验常见试验之一。含有一定数量粗粒组的混合土,用0.5 mm以下粒径范围的土作液塑限试验,得到的液塑限偏低,由此土的分类定名不符合实际。建议用0.075 mm以下粒径范围的土做液塑限试验。     

红黏土承载比的土团尺寸效应研究

高液限红黏土用于路基填筑时,因其不良的水理特性,需要掺石灰或水泥改良。但红黏土成团现象十分突出,进行灰土拌和时不易达到均匀状态,影响预期改良效果。通过对不同直径的红黏土土团及石灰改良土土团进行承载比试验,结果表明：干密度随着土团直径尺寸的增大呈现先增大后减小的特征,红黏土和石灰土的最大干密度对应的土团直径处在0.2～ 5 mm范围内;而最大承载比CBR值对应的土团直径分别处在5～10 mm和2～5 mm的范围内。石灰土和红黏土的吸水率、膨胀率均随着土团尺寸的增大,呈现先减小后增大的整体变化趋势。在2～10 mm的范围内,两种土的膨胀量最小。石灰改良只对直径小于5 mm的土团的膨胀特性起到明显的抑制作用。可见,现场施工中严格控制土团的大小对保证土体的强度和水稳定性具有十分重要的意义。     

The impact of natural ornamental limestone dust on swelling characteristics of high expansive soils

Expansive soils are considered as a potential natural hazard if they are not adequately treated. Expansive soils have high potential for shrinking and swelling under changing moisture conditions and cause extensive damages to engineering infrastructures. This study is concerned with the suitability of natural ornamental limestone dust to reduce the swelling characteristics of high expansive soils. The results are revealed that the swelling pressure and percent of heave are greatly decreased with increasing the inserted core diameters and mixing percentages of limestone dust. The average reduction percent values of swelling pressure and percent of heave are increased from 2.21% to 43.09% and from 2.56% to 45.64%, respectively, for treated soil samples with increase in limestone dust core diameters from 5 mm to 20 mm (1% to 16% of total soil area). The average reduction percent values of swelling pressure and heave percent are increased from 10.29% to 70.73% and from 22.29% to 82.90%, respectively, for treated soil samples with increase in limestone dust mixing percentages from 10% to 30%. The results are revealed that the enhancement in swelling characteristics of high expansive soils that are treated by ornamental limestone dust is mostly attributed to the replacement of high expansive fine clay particles by non-expansive and non-plastic coarse limestone dust particles, and to the presence of a considerable amount of free lime in limestone dust (4.97% as [Ca(OH)₂]) that is responsible for converting the high expansive soils to less expansive soils by pozzolanic reaction. The mixing treatment method is more suitable for surficial and shallow foundation high expansive soil beds, while the compacted limestone dust piles “inserted limestone dust core method” are more suitable for deep foundation high expansive soil beds.