中国干旱区不同成因碎屑沉积物的吹蚀速率研究

1 Introduction The sand deserts in China are the product of long-term wind erosion from clastic sediments and remodified by wind in the arid environments (Wu, 1987; Gao et al., 1993). The origin of aeolian sand is an elementary issue in studying morpholog…     

中国干旱区不同成因沉积物吹蚀速率的实验研究

通过对中国干旱区8种不同成因沉积物吹蚀速率的风洞实验,从风蚀动力机制上讨论沙漠的物质来源及其与沙丘发育和沙漠形成的关系。对比风洞实验测定结果发现,在我国西北干旱区及其周围分布最广的8种沉积物中,吹蚀速率从大到小依次是：湖相沙 > 河流沙 > 砂页岩风化物 > 洪积物 > 冰水沙 > 花岗岩风化物 > 坡积物 > 冰碛物。吹蚀速率与沉积物组成中0.063~2 mm的易蚀性颗粒含量和分选性成显著线性正相关,与 < 0.063 mm的粉粘粒和 > 2 mm的砾石含量成显著线性负相关。根据不同沉积物吹蚀速率的差异性,可以将这8种沉积物划分为4类：(1) 湖相沙和河流沙在干燥条件下极易遭受风蚀,是最主要的沙源物质;(2) 砂页岩风化物、洪积物和冰水沙吹蚀速率较强,为次要的沙源物质;(3) 花岗岩风化物和坡积物吹蚀速率较差,仅能提供少量沙物质;(4) 冰碛物对风力有较强的抗蚀性,所能提供的沙物质数量甚微。我国沙漠的形成除了强盛的风力条件以外,内陆湖盆的干涸导致大范围湖相沙层的暴露以及流水对碎屑物质的前期分选起到了关键作用,这可能是我国沙漠一般分布在内陆湖盆周围或河流沿岸的主要物质原因。     

Formation and evolution of sand deserts in Xinjiang,Northwest China: I. Provenances ofdesert sands简

Sandy desert landscape is a geological product of arid climate and abundant sand materials supply in natural conditions, therefore the formation of sandy desert is an ideal studying object for understanding the interaction between various stratigraphic/epigenetic spheres of the earth system. However, until now, the knowledge about the provenance and formation of these deserts in Xinjiang, Central Asia is diverse and inconsistent, a systematic review is necessary. Ancient aeolian sand sediments in the internal areas of these deserts and their twin dust deposits in the Cenozoic strata surrounding the Xinjiang deserts are direct and indirect clues reflecting the provenance of sand materials and the formation and evolution of deserts. Based on the geochemical, mineralogical and isotopic evidences of desert sands and relevant deposits in the peripheral regions, this paper reviews the research progress on the development of the sandy deserts in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Many proofs proposed that desert sands in Xinjiang were mainly sourced from the ancient pluvial, alluvial and fluvial sediments and were eventually achieved because of the local sand supply. It pointed out that the settings of tectonic structure in Xinjiang had made sediments both in the Tarim Basin and the Junggar Basin being influenced greatly by regional hydrological system and aeolian processes originated from the planetary wind system of westerly, the East Asian winter monsoon and the topographical mountain-valley winds. However, the directions of transpor- tation paths are different between the hydrological dynamics and the aeolian dynamics, which are decided by the slantwise structures of the basins tectonics and the regional atmospheric circulation routes, respectively, and have determined anisotropies of the transport pathway of these sediments delivered by different agents. This results in a geological cycle of detrital sediment transportation in the two large sediment mixing, alternation and recycle basins and thus largely increases the degree of between younger and older sediment sources, as well as the complexity and diversity of sand provenances.     

新疆地区沙漠的形成与演化——I.沙漠沙的物源（英文）

Abstract:Sandy desert landscape is a geological product of arid climate and abundant sand materials supply in natural conditions,therefore the formation of sandy desert is an ideal studying object for understanding the interaction between various stratigraphic/epigenetic spheres of the earth system.However,until now,the knowledge about the provenance and formation of these deserts in Xinjiang,Central Asia is diverse and inconsistent,a systematic review is necessary.Ancient aeolian sand sediments in the internal areas of these deserts and their twin dust deposits in the Cenozoic strata surrounding the Xinjiang deserts are direct and indirect clues reflecting the provenance of sand materials and the formation and evolution of deserts.Based on the geochemical,mineralogical and isotopic evidences of desert sands and relevant deposits in the peripheral regions,this paper reviews the research progress on the development of the sandy deserts in Xinjiang,Northwest China.Many proofs proposed that desert sands in Xinjiang were mainly sourced from the ancient pluvial,alluvial and fluvial sediments and were eventually achieved because of the local sand supply.It pointed out that the settings of tectonic structure in Xinjiang had made sediments both in the Tarim Basin and the Junggar Basin being influenced greatly by regional hydrological system and aeolian processes originated from the planetary wind system of westerly,the East Asian winter monsoon and the topographical mountain-valley winds.However,the directions of transportation paths are different between the hydrological dynamics and the aeolian dynamics,which are decided by the slantwise structures of the basins tectonics and the regional atmospheric circulation routes,respectively,and have determined anisotropies of the transport pathway of these sediments delivered by different agents.This results in a geological cycle of detrital sediment transportation in the two large basins and thus largely increases the degree of sediment mixing,alternation and recycle between younger and older sediment sources,as wellas the complexity and diversity of sand provenances.     

Formation and evolution of sand deserts in Xinjiang,Northwest China：Ⅰ. Provenances of desert sands

Sandy desert landscape is a geological product of arid climate and abundant sand materials supply in natural conditions, therefore the formation of sandy desert is an ideal studying object for understanding the interaction between various stratigraphic/epigenetic spheres of the earth system. However, until now, the knowledge about the provenance and formation of these deserts in Xinjiang, Central Asia is diverse and inconsistent, a systematic review is necessary. Ancient aeolian sand sediments in the internal areas of these deserts and their twin dust deposits in the Cenozoic strata surrounding the Xinjiang deserts are direct and indirect clues reflecting the provenance of sand materials and the formation and evolution of deserts. Based on the geochemical, mineralogical and isotopic evidences of desert sands and relevant deposits in the peripheral regions, this paper reviews the research progress on the development of the sandy deserts in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Many proofs proposed that desert sands in Xinjiang were mainly sourced from the ancient pluvial, alluvial and fluvial sediments and were eventually achieved because of the local sand supply. It pointed out that the settings of tectonic structure in Xinjiang had made sediments both in the Tarim Basin and the Junggar Basin being influenced greatly by regional hydrological system and aeolian processes originated from the planetary wind system of westerly, the East Asian winter monsoon and the topographical mountain-valley winds. However, the directions of transportation paths are different between the hydrological dynamics and the aeolian dynamics, which are decided by the slantwise structures of the basins tectonics and the regional atmospheric circulation routes, respectively, and have determined anisotropies of the transport pathway of these sediments delivered by different agents. This results in a geological cycle of detrital sediment transportation in the two large basins and thus largely increases the degree of sediment mixing, alternation and recycle between younger and older sediment sources, as well as the complexity and diversity of sand provenances.     

青藏铁路格尔木-拉萨段风成沙物源及其粒度特征

青藏铁路格尔木-拉萨段沿线地表松散沉积物广泛分布,为风沙活动的产生提供了丰富的物质来源。地表松散沉积物按成因分为现代风成沙,河流冲积物,古风成沙和洪积、湖积沉积物。粒度分析结果显示,格-拉段沿线风沙物质（沙丘沙、防沙体系积沙）样品（56个）平均粒径变化于1.29～3.25 Φ之间,均值2.36 Φ（0.19 mm）。平均粒径在2～3 Φ（0.25～0.125 mm）之间的样品占总数的78.57%。粒度组成以细沙为主（65.20%）,其次是中沙（20.53%）,0.5～0.1 mm范围重量百分比在49.44%～99.67%之间,平均为85.98%。在所有样品中,细沙和中沙合计在90%以上者占样品总数的55.36%。极细沙平均含量为7.99%,粗沙平均含量为5.50%。样品整体分选程度较好,标准偏差σ1在0.3～1.26之间,平均为0.58。偏度变化在-0.41到 0.36之间,样品中以正态分布为主,占53.57%;正偏者占12.50%;负偏者占19.64%;极负偏和极正偏各占7.14%。KG值变化于0.56～1.24,平均为1.00,为中等峰态。KG值在0.90～1.11之间者占71.43%。粒度分析表明,不同来源沙物质粒度特征有明显的差别,能很好地反映其形成过程和环境特征。     

河西走廊新月形沙丘表层沉积物的理化性质

沙丘表层沉积物的理化特征是风沙地貌研究的重要内容。选取了河西走廊沙漠中部戈壁地表发育的新月形沙丘、灌丛沙丘及附近的湖相沉积物和戈壁表层沉积物的38个样品,对其物理性质（平均粒径、分选程度、峰度、偏度）和化学性质（常量元素和微量元素）进行分析。结果表明：河西走廊新月形沙丘表层沉积物粒度以中沙为主（21.65%~57.39%）,其次是细沙（23.22%~52.96%）;平均粒径为0.27~0.43 mm,大于其他沙漠。分选性以中等较好为主,粒度曲线近对称,峰度中等。常量元素以CaO和SiO₂为主,分别为5.55%和66.12%;微量元素含量在同一沙丘具有相似性,但不同的沙丘之间的含量有所差异。     

花海湖泊全新世古风成砂的发现及其古环境解释

通过野外调查和室内分析,发现在花海剖面全新世出现了三次风成沙沉积,并对其原因进行了初步分析。初步认为风成沙的细粒组分可能主要为近源湖相,而粗粒组分则为沙漠戈壁区吹来。前两次风成沙在形成时代上可能与第一新冰期相对应,反映了沙漠的扩张状态。而且分析表明第一风沙形成期的冬季风强度和沙漠化过程似要比第二风沙期强,持续时间长。本区在全新世人类大规模活动之前就曾存在两次明显的沙漠化扩张过程,这为研究区域土地退化、荒漠化等问题提供了自然背景,特别是对西部大开发战略重点之一的生态环境保护与建设具有特殊的意义。     

中国东部沙区表层沉积物粒度特征

通过分析中国东部沙区表层沉积物粒度特征及其与风力、植被覆盖的相关性,探讨了东部沙区现代风沙沉积环境及其区域差异性。结果显示:东部沙区各沙漠/沙地粒径级配相对一致,均以细沙、中沙为主,粒度分布整体呈单峰形态,中等分选,粒度分布和分选性均与西部沙区有较大不同。风力和植被覆盖状况的差异决定了各沙地所处的风沙环境性质和风沙活动强度不同,导致东部沙区表层沉积物粒度特征存在明显的区域差异性。其中,库布齐沙漠粒度特征与该区风蚀、搬运、堆积过程频繁交替的风沙活动方式密切关联;呼伦贝尔沙地粒度特征反映了风蚀主导的风沙环境;科尔沁沙地、浑善达克沙地,毛乌素沙地粒度特征和风沙活动方式相对复杂,与这3个沙地内部风蚀主导区和沙尘沉降主导区镶嵌分布的格局有关。东部沙区表层沉积物平均粒径和分选系数均与沙地年均风速和植被总盖度双因素之间具有显著的非线性相关性。     

基于遥感的中国北方风沙地貌类型分析

风沙地貌在我国有广泛的分布,特别在北方,对区域生态安全、社会经济发展有重大影响。为了了解我国风沙地貌最新状况,通过解译2000~2002年的Landsat7 ETM影像,建立了我国风沙地貌类型数据库。对北方风沙地貌的分析表明:1.我国北方风沙地貌主要分布在新疆、内蒙古、青海、宁夏、甘肃、陕西、吉林、黑龙江8省区,其中以新疆、内蒙古的面积最广、地貌类型最丰富;2.类型多样性上,干旱区沙漠的地貌类型远比半干旱区的沙地丰富,其中有些类型分布普遍,还有些类型仅仅局限于特定区域,是在特定的风力、风向、植被等作用下形成的;3.沙丘动态上,沙漠除古尔班通古特与乌兰布和沙漠以固定、半固定为主外其他都以流动为主,沙地沙丘则以固定、半固定状态占优势。本文从沙丘形态类型角度分析了我国风沙地貌的最新特征,具有定位、定量特点,所建数据库不仅能用于风沙地貌的定期遥感监测,还能对沙丘形态演化进行定位监测研究。     

基于CMB模型的巴丹吉林沙漠沙源区分析

沙漠因其高反照率、低比热容的下垫面以及粉尘高输出率的特征对全球和区域环境有重要的作用.作为具有高大沙山的第二大流动性沙漠,其物质来源一直是地球科学研究热点.通过对巴丹吉林沙漠及周边地区表层沉积物进行矿物分析,在此基础上对巴丹吉林沙漠的可能物源区进行分析,进一步利用化学质量平衡(CMB)模型探讨了各物源区对巴丹吉林沙漠的...     

塔克拉玛干沙漠河湖相沉积平原风蚀地貌发育的外营力作用机制

 河湖相沉积是一种非固结沉积物,是风蚀地貌发育的一种重要地质基础。在塔克拉玛干沙漠中发育在这种沉积物上的风蚀地貌分布非常普遍,但相关研究较少,尚缺乏风蚀地貌发育过程方面的研究。基于野外调查信息和理论分析,结合相关文献,分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠河湖相平原风蚀地貌发育的外营力作用机制。研究结果表明：（1）风蚀地貌发育的外营力作用主要有：风化作用、流水作用、风蚀作用以及重力作用;（2）风蚀作用是风蚀地貌发育的主要外营力,但是风化作用、流水作用和重力作用也发挥着重要的作用,它们的关键作用是形成风蚀突破口,而重力作用和风化作用是促进风蚀地貌后期快速发展的重要作用;（3）各种外营力协同作用和互为条件,它们在风蚀地貌发育的各阶段的重要性不同;（4）沉积层特殊沉积构造和外营力作用共同造成了风蚀地貌形态特征。     

巴丹吉林沙漠典型沉积物年代学研究评述

巴丹吉林沙漠内几种典型近地表沉积物,如风成沙、湖相沉积、冲洪积物等构成了巴丹吉林沙漠复杂多变的地貌景观.这些典型沉积物的年龄是探讨巴丹吉林沙漠地貌过程及其机理的最直接证据和基础数据.前人发表的这几种典型沉积物年龄,主要涉及380余个14C年龄和释光年龄,这些数据涵盖了170 ka至今的大部分时段.其中12 ka以来年龄...     

稀疏天然植被对输沙量的影响

在内陆沙漠和海滨沙丘地区,均生长着不同类型低密度的天然植被,它对风沙流活动和风成地貌形态的形成与演变都具有一定的影响,但在大多数情况下是不足以防止风沙危害的。因此,为了达到防沙的要求,其中就存在着一个稀疏天然植被的有效临界密度问题。为此,通过对3个不同类型植物种、10组植株密度的风洞模拟研究表明,当平均输沙率减少到流沙表面的50%左右时,其相应的植物株密度为:呈紧密结构半球状植株密度为6株·m^-2;呈漏斗形上密下疏者为7株·m^-2和呈线状具有弯曲弹性的植株介于6~10株·m^-2之间。在各种植株密度的影响下,输沙率与有效起沙风呈正比关系,即q=a×(V_L-V_t)^b。     

柴达木盆地西部地层的风力侵蚀对黄土高原物源贡献的研究进展

柴达木盆地是我国西北地区最干旱的盆地之一,常年盛行强劲的西北风,尤其在冬春季更甚。柴达木盆地西部地区自新生代以来沉积了巨厚的河湖相沉积。自上新世晚期以来,随着气候的逐步干化和盆地内部构造变形的加剧,该地区风力侵蚀地貌开始出现。早更新时出现的古盐壳和古雅丹地貌说明当时侵蚀已经相当剧烈。晚更新时以来,气候的极端干旱化和冰期的出现,更加促进了风蚀地貌的发育,在强劲的低空风力的雕刻下,形成了盆地西部几万平方千米的“百万雅丹”地貌,十分壮观。柴达木盆地不同地区风蚀地层的厚度和速率都不同,最大可达3 km和1.1 mm/yr,如此巨量的物质搬运必然为下风向的地区(都兰、青海湖地区、西宁盆地、黄土高原)的粉尘堆积提供可观的物源物质。研究表明,柴达木盆地西部被侵蚀的古湖相地层是上述地区,尤其是黄土高原重要的物源物质。随着研究的深入,其盆地内侵蚀物质输送到黄土高原的机制,已被学界越来越清晰的认识。     

柴达木盆地西部湖相地层风力侵蚀对黄土高原物源贡献的研究进展

柴达木盆地是我国西北地区最干旱的盆地之一,常年盛行强劲的西北风,尤其在冬春季更甚。柴达木盆地西部地区自新生代以来沉积了巨厚的河湖相沉积。自上新世晚期以来,随着气候的逐步干化和盆地内部构造变形的加剧,该地区风力侵蚀地貌开始出现。早更新世出现的古盐壳和古雅丹地貌说明当时侵蚀已经相当剧烈。晚更新世以来,气候的极端干旱化和冰期的出现,更加促进了风蚀地貌的发育,在强劲的低空风力的雕刻下,形成了盆地西部几万平方千米的"百万雅丹"地貌,十分壮观。柴达木盆地不同地区地层的厚度和风蚀速率都不同,最大分别可达3 000 m和1.1 mm/yr,如此巨量的物质搬运必然为下风向的地区(都兰、青海湖地区、西宁盆地、黄土高原)的粉尘堆积提供可观的物源物质。研究表明,柴达木盆地西部被侵蚀的古湖相地层是上述地区,尤其是黄土高原重要的物源物质。随着研究的深入,其盆地内侵蚀物质输送到黄土高原的机制,已得到学界越来越清晰的认识。     

柴达木盆地西南缘山前沙丘区沉积物地球化学特征及其指示意义

以柴达木盆地西南缘山前沙丘区为研究区,采用地球化学元素分析方法,阐明了研究区不同类型地表沉积物的地球化学元素特征,并探讨其风化特征、物质来源及输移过程。结果表明：(1)研究区沉积物常量元素组成以SiO₂、Al₂O₃和CaO为主,三者的平均含量总和超过83%。微量元素以Cl、Ba、Sr和Zr含量较高。与上陆壳(UCC)平均化学元素组成相比,常量元素CaO轻微富集,微量元素As高度富集,Co轻微富集。(2)研究区化学蚀变指数(CIA)变化较小,为40.90～53.05,平均47.51,化学风化程度较弱,均处于风化的初期阶段。(3)特征元素比值表明,研究区沉积物具有相同的物质来源。柴达木盆地西南缘东昆仑山中的岩石经过风化剥蚀产生的碎屑物质在季节性流水作用下被搬运至山前堆积,形成广布的山前冲-洪积平原,后经风力吹蚀改造形成现在的地表景观。本研究不仅可以丰富区域风沙地貌研究内容,而且也可为区域风沙灾害的防治提供理论基础。     

Provenance of sediments deposited at paleolake San Felipe,western Sonora Desert: Implications to regimes of summer and winter precipitation during last 50 cal kyr BP

Rare earth element, major and trace element and mineralogy in the sediments representing last 50 cal kyr BP from the summer precipitation fed paleolake San Felipe identify the different association of minerals and selective transportation of different grain size fractions and relate them to the variation in pluvial discharge into the basin as well as aeolian activities in the western Sonora Desert. Period of lower pluvial discharge during 14–48 cal kyr BP is contemporary to the regime of dominant winter storms in the region. Transportation of coarser quartz and plagioclase during 40–48 cal kyr BP and dominant finer fractions during 14–40 cal kyr BP possibly mirror the variation in the frequency of winter storms. During 3–14 cal kyr BP, higher catchment erosion (sedimentation increased 4–12 times) and transportation of REE bearing heavy minerals into the basin indicate higher pluvial discharge. We relate this period to a regime of dominant summer precipitation associated with the North American Monsoon and tropical cyclones. Geochemical and mineralogical signatures of the sediments deposited during ca. 8, 12–13 and >48 cal kyr BP suggest selective mobilization of quartz and plagioclase from the surrounding sand dunes by the aeolian processes.     

柴达木盆地西北部长垄状雅丹沉积物粒度特征

雅丹是干旱区常见的风蚀地貌,也是风沙地貌学界关注和争论的焦点。以柴达木盆地西北部冷湖地区的典型长垄状雅丹为对象,对其出露剖面的沉积物粒度特征进行了研究。结果表明:长垄状雅丹沉积物中粉沙组分含量最高,平均为44.03%;沙粒组分含量次之,平均为35.99%;黏粒组含量最低,平均为19.98%。沉积物频率曲线既有主次峰明确的双峰分布曲线,也有主次峰不明确的双峰和单峰分布曲线;前者可能为风力搬运堆积形成的沉积物,后两种曲线宽平,沉积物分选性差,可能为湖相沉积形成。沉积粒度参数在垂直剖面呈现出一定的变化规律,但是粒度参数之间没有显著的相关关系。长垄状雅丹沉积物呈明显的软硬岩层(即沙质亚砂土与粉质黏土或沙质亚黏土与粉质亚黏土)互层的现象,这为风力的吹蚀和磨蚀作用创造了有利条件。     

新疆S214省道防沙体系对近地表风沙流的影响

对新疆S214省道台特玛湖干涸湖盆段防沙体系内外的风沙流输沙和风速进行了同步观测,数据分析表明：观测时防沙体系中阻固沙带已拦截了大量风沙,虽近地表风速被削弱程度不大,但风沙流输沙的43.26%仍可被防沙体系所拦截和固定,而剩余部分则可借助路侧输沙带的较大风力输移到公路下风侧,且不产生路面沙害,表明阻-固-输结合型防沙体系非常适宜单风向强风沙环境。S214省道防沙实践可为其他强风沙环境公路防沙提供重要借鉴经验。