非绝热加热对中高纬大气低频振荡的调频作用

用诊断方法和数值试验两种方法,研究了非绝热加热对中高纬大气低频振荡的调频作用,首先应用１９７９～１９８９年欧洲中心资料进行功率谱分析,得到：（１）夏季与冬季相比,波动的主周期有有缩短的趋势,（２）ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件和ＬａＮｉｎａ事件期间,冬夏两季的波动主要周期分别有缩短和变长的趋势,然后,应用强迫耗散准地转正压涡度方程的全球谱模式,考虑三个行星波准共振,积分９０ｄ,得到：（１）三个行星波之间存在的很     

一次西南低涡发生发展的中尺度诊断

采用常规和非常规观测资料,对一次西南低涡发生、发展过程进行了初步诊断分析,结果表明：（１）与自由大气中低涡环流的变化相比,边界层内低涡环流的演变表现出非连续性特征,且涡区内的对流发展和降水也与此相一致。（２）大气边界层顶的非平衡动力强迫及５００ｈＰａ正涡度平流的动力作用对本例低涡的形成和发展有重要贡献。     

国外两种环流输送模式简介

国外两种环流输送模式简介周（陕西建设机械厂公安处西安·７１００３２）１研究概况近年来，国外许多学者通过涡旋数值模拟实验，对大气边界层环流的输送做了若干分析研究。得出在大气边界层中环流是“非对称输送”的结论。Ｓｃｈｕｍａｎｎ（１９８９）对边界层的扩散率...     

边界层风场调整的分析

分析任意气压场在中性、非线性正压边界层中风场的调整问题。结果表明：任意初始风场，将向给定的气压调整。具体调整过程是通过绝对涡度振荡及粘性系数的耗散，其调整的时间尺度为［Ｏ（ｔ＾－３／２）］，比自由大气地转适应时间尺度［Ｏ（ｔ＾－１）］快。     

正压大气波动准共振的数值试验

利用准地转正压涡度方程全球谱模式，以对三个行星波准共振相互作用作了数值试验，取两类准共振波矢：（１）Ｋ１＋Ｋ２＋Ｋ３＝０，ω１＋ω２＋ω３＋△ω；（２）ｋ１＋ｋ２＋ｋ３＝０，ｌ１＋ｌ２＋ｌ３＝△ｌ，ω１＋ω２＋ω３＝０，分别积分９０ｄ，得到了一些重要结果：（１）纬向波数ｋ＝１，２，３的三个行星波存在着较强的波－波相互作用；（２）由于波波相互作用，这三个行星波存在着周期为２０－４５ｄ左右的低频振荡，     

大气低频遥相关及其水平传播机制的解析研究

（１）利用大气对流层中部无辐散层的存在,垂直积分热力学方程,并对整个对流层的距平加热场作解析近似的描写,联立涡度方程,得到最非绝热地转的２５０ｈＰａ距平流函数方程。它的形式酷似正压涡度方程。（２）讨论了罗斯贝波列的谱平均相速和群速。证明了气候平均高度场的闭合中心,就是中高纬度大气低频振子。其两侧位相变化相反,它的能源主要来自ＣＩＳＫ凝结正反馈或海温的感热。（３）导出了低频相关射线公式,它表明低频射     

一次江淮暴雨的MPV及对称不稳定研究

根据湿位涡（ＭＰＶ）理论分析了１９９１年７月５￣６日的暴雨过程中７００ｈＰａ高度上的湿位涡垂直部分ＭＰＶ１和水平部分ＭＰＶ２。结果显示,ＭＰＶ１和ＭＰＶ２的分布特征同对流层低层造成暴雨的天气系统－－中尺度气旋的发展演变有很好的对应关系;ＭＰＶ１〉０,ＭＰＶ２〈０且｜ＭＰＶ１｜≤｜ＭＰＶ２｜的环境大气有利于对称不稳定出现计算表明,这次过程的对流层中低层确有对称不稳定区域存在,对暴雨及其系统的发展起了     

大气对黑潮延伸区中尺度海洋涡旋的响应——冬季暖、冷涡个例分析

采用动态合成、带通滤波等方法,通过对冬季黑潮延伸区暖、冷两个中尺度海洋涡旋的分析,研究了大气对中尺度海洋涡旋的响应特征。结果表明,海表温度（SST）与近海面风速的正相关关系在涡旋的动态合成图上清晰可见,暖（冷）涡上空对应10 m风速的极大（小）值,即海洋对大气的强迫作用在日时间尺度上表现显著;SST高低值中心基本对应10 m风无辐散区,暖（冷）涡上空为异常正（负）涡度分布;暖（冷）涡上空潜热、感热通量增大（减小）,降低（增大）大气稳定度,从而加强（减弱）边界层垂直混合作用,使得海洋大气边界层增厚（变薄）。暖（冷）涡旋上空对应摩擦速度极大（小）值,反映了湍流粘性力在高（低）海温中心增大（减小）的特征,表明动量垂直混合机制在中小尺度海气相互作用中起着主要作用。中尺度海洋涡旋能够影响大气瞬变扰动,大气瞬变扰动强度在暖（冷）涡下游上空出现极大（小）值,该影响不仅表现在海洋大气边界层,在自由大气中低层也有较为清晰的反映。此外,从能量转换的角度入手,发现斜压能量转换在中尺度海洋涡旋影响大气瞬变扰动强度中贡献明显。     

对称不稳定大气中的孤立行波精确解

通过对二维准动量无辐散、无摩擦、密度非均匀分布的层结大气中基本气流切变对非线性方程组行波解的影响问题的研究，证明：（ａ）在对称稳定（ｑ＝Ｎ２Ｆ２－Ｓ４＞０）的大气中：非线性行波解为周期解，且其周期与相应的线性周期解的周期相等；（ｂ）在对称非稳定（ｑ＝Ｎ２Ｆ２－Ｓ４≤０）的大气中：存在两类非线性行波解，其性质是由参数Ｂ决定的。Ｂ＝（Ｎ２ｓｉｎ２φ－２Ｓ２ｓｉｎφｃｏｓφ＋Ｆ２ｃｏｓ２φ）／σ２。（１）当Ｂ＞０时为周期解，且其周期与相应的线性周期解的周期相等；（２）当Ｂ≤０时为孤立波解。     

山区复杂地形上区域大气质量模式的试验研究

由于复杂地形上的气流多变，所以，进行区域空气质量模拟是比较困难的。根据大气污染总量控制和环境规划的需要，发展了一种可适用于山谷城市的大气质量模式，该模式的主要特点；（１）采用目前尚少的复杂地形上的三维边界层模式作为大气扩散模式所需城三维边界层要素场；（２）用复杂地形上的三维以模式和斯扩散氏架源（包括面源）和主架源所造在的地面ＳＯ２浓度，然后将两者的模拟浓度在相应网各上叠加。验证结果表明，该混合模式     

我国西部高原大气边界层中的对流活动

利用 1 998年第 2次青藏高原野外试验中的多普勒声雷达探测、低空探测观测以及卫星观测资料对高原大气边界层内的对流现象进行分析研究。声雷达探测到了高原边界层内有强烈的对流活动。这种对流泡中心的垂直速度可超过 1m/s,并存在尺度为 1个多小时的周期性 ,表现为中小尺度的有组织的湍流活动。高原边界层强对流得以发展和维持的物理机制是 :强辐射加热、复杂的地形地貌形成的下垫面不均一性造成边界层斜压性、边界层内的平流活动等 ,这些现象都有利于对流的发展。在这些条件的作用下 ,边界层内可以产生一系列有组织的强湍流大涡旋活动 ,这些大涡旋形成的热泡在向上发展的过程中有的能够发生合并 ,变得更大也更为猛烈 ,达到凝结高度以上可形成对流云 ,并发生充分的对流混合。成云过程凝结潜热释放更有利于对流运动进一步发展 ,使对流云逐步发展成更大的对流云团 ,从而产生卫星云图中显示的云团发展过程。     

大涡模式分辨率对海洋信风区大气边界层结构和演变模拟的影响

利用BOMEX（巴巴多斯海洋与气象学试验）的探空资料和LEM（大涡模式）,通过改变LEM水平分辨率的敏感性数值试验,对比分析不同尺度的湍涡对信风积云边界层中混合层和云层的结构、演变以及对流形式和强度的影响。结果表明,水平分辨率较高时模拟的湍涡尺度较小、混合层顶的夹卷作用较强,模拟的混合层较暖、较干,而且模拟的对流泡尺度较小、强度较大,能够模拟出较精细的边界层结构;而水平分辨率较低时则相反。模拟的湍涡尺度对海洋信风区边界层积云中液态水混合比的模拟结果影响较大:LEM模拟的湍涡尺度较小时模拟的信风积云形成的时间较早、云顶高度较高,单个云块的体积较小但数目较多,液态水含量较高;而模拟的湍涡尺度较大时则相反。虽然水平分辨率为50 m和125 m的试验都能模拟出较精细的信风边界层中混合层、云层的结构和演变特征,但是,考虑到提高分辨率在模拟过程中产生的噪音信号对结果的影响以及计算时间等问题,LEM采用125 m的水平网格距是对海洋信风边界层积云对流模拟较为理想的选择。      

一次干冷锋过程的边界层风场结构和尺度分析

本文利用南京北郊164米气象塔实测资料对一次非降水弱冷锋过程的边界层风场结构一三维风速、横锋向水平散度、湍流通量和能量的时空分布，以及多尺度时空分布进行了计算分析。结果表明，在冷暖空气的过渡区（锋区）风场各参量具有明显的梯度，锋区前线的强上升气流与强冷锋相近，但锋区宽度较强冷锋宽得多，其时间尺度为30分钟，水平距离为35公里。锋面过境对风温场的影响时段为24小时，在这期间，出现阵风浪涌和多种中、小尺度（时间尺度为3－4小时、1－20分钟）的湍涡活动。     

2012年春季宜春地区降水期间高空风的频谱分析

利用地面和梯度塔的风连续观测数据进行的频谱分析已经开展很多,而受资料限制,高空风的频谱分析仍较欠缺。本文使用风廓线雷达获取的长时间序列连续测风数据,运用傅里叶变换的方法,计算了风的脉动谱密度。脉动谱能够反映不同频率的风速涨落对风动能的贡献。使用2012年4月江西宜春前汛期期间的高空风连续数据,结合地面降水资料进行了1 000～3 000 m高度区间的频谱分析,发现地处前汛期雨带上的宜春地区降水存在着两种不同时间周期的天气系统影响,脉动谱的分布表现出时间周期为5～7 d和2～3 d的峰值区。分别对两种不同时间周期的天气系统频谱进行了分析,并与平稳天气时的频谱进行比较。5～7 d周期峰区的脉动谱密度数值为2～3 d的4～5倍,脉动谱峰区在2 000～3 000 m高度上较强,峰值强度向下迅速降低;2～3 d周期的脉动谱峰区在低层比较明显,峰值强度较弱。风的脉动谱分布与地面降水的时间周期较为吻合。     

A Case Study of Turbulence in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer During the Indian Summer Monsoon

Observations from the Cloud-Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment-Integrated Ground Observation Campaign (CAIPEEX-IGOC) provide a rare opportunity to investigate nocturnal atmospheric surface-layer processes and surface-layer turbulent characteristics associated with the low-level jet (LLJ). Here, an observational case study of the nocturnal boundary layer is presented during the peak monsoon season over Peninsular India using data collected over a single night representative of the synoptic conditions of the Indian summer monsoon. Datasets based on Doppler lidar and eddy-covariance are used for this purpose. The LLJ is found to generate nocturnal turbulence by introducing mechanical shear at higher levels within the boundary layer. Sporadic and intermittent turbulent events observed during this period are closely associated with large eddies at the scale of the height of the jet nose. Flux densities in the stable boundary layer are observed to become non-local under the influence of the LLJ. Different turbulence regimes are identified, along with transitions between turbulent periods and intermittency. Wavelet analysis is used to elucidate the presence of large-scale eddies and associated intermittency during nocturnal periods in the surface layer. Although the LLJ is a regional-scale phenomenon it has far reaching consequences with regard to surface-atmosphere exchange processes.     

Influence from Surrounding Land on the Turbulence Measurements Above a Lake

Turbulence measurements taken at a Swedish lake are analyzed. Although the measurements took place over a relatively large lake with several km of undisturbed fetch, the turbulence structure was found to be highly influenced by the surrounding land during daytime. Variance spectra of both horizontal velocity and scalars during both unstable and stable stratification displayed a low frequency peak. The energy at lower frequencies showed a daily variation, increasing in the morning and decreasing in the afternoon. This behaviour is explained by spectral lag, where the low frequency energy due to large eddies that originate from the convective boundary layer above the surrounding land. When the air is advected over the lake the small eddies rapidly equilibrate with the new surface forcing. However, the large eddies remain for an appreciable distance and influence the turbulence in the developing lake boundary layer. The variances of the horizontal velocity and scalars are increased by these large eddies, while the turbulent fluxes are mainly unaffected. The drag coefficient, Stanton number and Dalton number used to parametrize the momentum flux, heat flux and latent heat flux respectively all compare well with current parametrizations developed for open sea conditions. The diurnal cycle of the partial pressure of methane, $p\mathrm{CH}_{4}$ , observed at this site is closely related to the diurnal cycle of the lake-air methane flux. An idealized two-dimensional model simulation of the boundary layer at a lake site indicates that the strong response of $p\mathrm{CH}_{4}$ to the surface methane flux is due to the shallow internal boundary layer that develops above the lake, allowing methane to accumulate in a relatively small volume.     

大气边界层强风的阵性和相干结构

我国北方春季冷锋过境后,常骤发强风,甚至起沙扬尘,持续数小时甚至一二天,通过对边界层超声风温仪的资料分析,可知大风常叠加有周期为3～6 min的阵风,较有规律,且有明显的相干结构:阵风风速峰期有下沉运动,谷期有上升运动;阵风扰动以沿平均流的顺风方向分量为主,横向和垂直方向的分量都较小,其本质是低频次声波和重力波的混合;阵风沿顺风向且向下传播.周期小于1 min的脉动在水平面上基本是各向同性的不规则的湍涡.大风期间,无论是平均流、阵风和湍流脉动,至少在120 m高度以下,主要都有西风和北风动量下传,感热上传.平均流的动量下传强于由脉动下传的量,与一般天气情况不同,而且阵风与湍流的动量下传的量值差不多.平均流和阵风在动量传送上起相当大的作用.     

Turbulence Structure In Unstable Conditions Over Various Surfaces

A comprehensive study of the turbulent structure of the atmospheric boundary layer in unstable conditions has been carried out using turbulence data obtained from the Gobi desert, grassland, suburban and urban sites based on the same instrumentation, data acquisition and data processing systems. The normalized standard deviations of u and v over the suburban and urban sites are systematically smaller than those over the Gobi desert and grassland sites. However, the normalized standard deviations of w, temperature and humidity q over the suburban and urban sites are quite close to those over the Gobi desert and grassland sites. The normalized humidity standard deviations are quite similar to those of temperature over the grassland and suburban sites. The temperature and humidity spectra are found to be independentof atmospheric stability in all frequency ranges, but spectra obtained from the Gobi desert and grassland sites reveal flatter peaks than those of the suburban and urban sites in the lower frequency range. The normalized spectral curves of temperature and humidity are independent of atmospheric stability both at high and low frequencies. The spectral characteristics of humidity over the grassland and suburban sites aresimilar to those of temperature, but the humidity spectra over the Gobi desert site are quite different from temperature spectra due to evaporation and/or large eddies in the boundary layer.     

Spectra and Cospectra of Turbulence in an Internal Boundary Layer over a Heterogeneously Irrigated Cotton Field

During the Energy Balance Experiment, patch-to-patch irrigation generated gradients in soil moisture in a north-south oriented cotton field. An internal boundary layer (IBL) developed as a result of strong horizontal advection from relatively dry upstream patches to relatively wet downstream patches associated with the prevailing northerly winds. This generated large eddies of multiple sizes, which had significant influences on the structure of turbulence in the IBL. The power spectra and cospectra of wind speed, temperature, humidity, and energy fluxes measured at two heights within the IBL are presented and used to investigate the influence of the IBL on surface layer turbulence. The spectra and cospectra were greatly enhanced by external disturbances at low frequencies. The peak frequencies of these disturbances did not change with height. The spectra and cospectra typically converged and were parallel to the Kansas spectrum at high frequencies (in the inertial subrange). A clear gap in the spectra of horizontal wind velocity existed at intermediate frequencies when the surface layer was stable. The results indicate that large eddies that originated in the upstream convective boundary layer had considerable impacts on the spectra and cospectra of surface layer turbulence. The influence of these large eddies was greater (1) when the IBL was well-developed in the near surface layer than when the IBL did not exist, (2) at higher levels than at lower levels, and (3) when the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) was unstable than when the ASL was stable. The length scales of these large eddies were consistent with the dominant scales of surface heterogeneity at the experiment site.     

HUBEX试验区近地面层的湍流输送

1998年淮河流域能量和水循环试验(HUBEX)期间曾进行了1个月的近地面层湍流观测.分析不稳定条件下湍流的统计特性和谱特征,并与Monin-Obukhov相似理论进行了比较.结果表明,不稳定的时候各湍流量的统计特征与相似理论的预期相符.虽然不稳定条件下温度和湿度涨落的相关系数很高,谱的式样也相近,但湿度谱的峰值频率高于温度谱.协谱曲线的形状显示感热通量的谱峰较宽,表现出w和T在较宽范围的强相关性,而水汽通量谱在高频段下降很快,说明水汽的输送更多地出现在低频部分.从谱相关系数可见,在近中性的时候,各尺度湍流涡的热量输送效率普遍较低,随着不稳定性增强而显著提高.分析还发现,不论不稳定性的程度如何,小尺度湍流的水汽输送效率都较低.水汽通量谱的相关系数随稳定度的变化不如热通量的谱相关系数大,表明近中性时除小尺度湍流外其他湍流涡的水汽输送效率高于热量输送.