内蒙古准格尔旗晚石炭世一早二叠世早期腕足类物种多样性与沉积环境

以定性与定量相结合的研究方法,对内蒙古准格尔旗晚石炭世—早二叠世早期的腕足类物种多样性、沉积环境进行了综合研究,指出本区海进序列的腕足类物种多样性远高于海退序列;规模较大、具有一定水深的海进序列是腕足类辐射、分异、物种多样性升高的重要环境体系;本区腕足类辐射起步于晚石炭世早期之初,物种多样性出现了3次峰值(晚石炭世早期之中期、晚石炭世早期之晚期、晚石炭世晚期之中期),其中晚石炭世早期之晚期是本区腕足类物种多样性的顶峰期。     

内蒙古准格尔旗晚石炭世－早二叠世早期腕足类动物多样性与沉积环境

文章以定性与定量相结合的研究方法，对内蒙古准格尔旗晚石炭世－早二叠世早期的腕足类物种多样性、沉积环境进行了综合研究，指出本区海进序列的腕足类物种多样性远高于海退序列；规模较大、具有一定水深的海进序列是腕足类动物辐射、分异、物种多样性升高的重要环境体系；本区腕足类辐射起步于晚石炭世早期之初，物种多样性出现了3次峰值（晚石炭世早期之中期、晚石炭世早期之晚期、晚石炭世晚期之中期），其中晚石炭世早期之晚期是本区腕足类物种多样性的顶峰期。     

全球上二叠统的年代对比

上二叠统记录着地质历史上最大的生物灭绝事件和最深刻的环境变化。长期以来由于世界各主要沉积区晚二叠世地层的同期性未能确定 ,对这一事件及其过程难以全面了解。随着乐平统成为全球上二叠统的标准 ,我们选用若干生物地层、磁性地层和层序地层等的联接点 ,提出乐平世地层世界对比的试用方案     

峡江县仁和地区化石的新发现及其地质意义

江西省峡江县仁和地区的煤系地层过去未获化石,长期以来,一直认为属上三叠统安源煤系,本文根据最近采获的菊石,腕足类及植物化石资料,论证该区煤系地层应属晚二叠世乐平煤系,同时在区内首次发现早三叠世地层。     

西南地区早—中二叠世玥类复合标准序列的建立及初步研究

利用西南地区 10条石炭系—二叠系剖面上的类分布建立了该地区早—中二叠世类复合标准序列( CSS) ,总结了类 6 8属 6 32种在该地区的分布延限。根据类物种在复合标准序列上的分布规律 ,阐述了这一时期类动物群物种分异度的变化过程。研究结果表明 ,西南地区类物种分异度在早—中二叠世变化显著 ,共经历过三次快速增长时期 ,分别与假希瓦格亚科、米斯亚科及新希瓦格科的辐射演化有关 ;而物种分异度的两次大幅度下降则分别反映了早二叠世的动物群更替事件及中二叠世集群灭绝事件对本地区类动物的影响。     

瓜德鲁普末期生物灭绝是由峨眉山大火成岩省(LIP)引起的吗?

瓜德鲁普统末期生物灭绝是发生在二叠末期生物灭绝之前的一次独立的生物灭绝事件。该次生物灭绝事件对当时海洋底栖生物危害的严重性曾被认为可与五大生物灭绝事件对生物的影响程度相提并论。近年来,随着地层年龄数据的逐渐增多,地层的年代归属逐渐明朗,瓜德鲁普末期生物灭绝的严重性受到越来越多的质疑。同时,曾被认为是该次生物灭绝的主要原因--峨眉山大火成岩省(LIP)也受到质疑。峨眉山LIP是否仍是该次生物灭绝的主要原因？为了阐明上述问题,文章综述了瓜德鲁普末期生物灭绝、峨眉山LIP的喷发、卡匹敦阶碳、锶同位素变化以及引起该次生物灭绝的主要原因。结合研究数据认为:①瓜德鲁普末期生物灭绝事件对浅海底栖生物的影响不是特别严重,生物多样性减少幅度比五大生物灭绝事件要小;②瓜德鲁普统-乐平统(G-L)界线附近碳同位素负偏受成岩作用和相变的影响较大,卡匹敦阶碳同位素比值的变化存在两次负偏,第一次发生在卡匹敦中期(幅度约为1.0‰至1.5‰),第二次发生在G-L界线(幅度约为1.4‰至2‰);③该次生物灭绝的主要原因很可能不是峨眉山大火成岩省,而可能是大规模海退和海洋缺氧。     

西南地区早-中二叠世类复合标准序列的建立及初步研究

利用西南地区10条石炭系--二叠系剖面上的Ting类分布建立了该地区早--中二叠世纪类复合标PB序列(CSS)，总结了Ting类68属632种在该地区的分布延限。根据Ting类物种在复合标PB序列上的分布规律，阐述了这一时期Ting类动物群物种分异度的变化过程。研究结果表明，西南地区Ting类物种分异度在早--中二叠世变化显，共经历过三次快速增长时期，分别与假希瓦格Ting亚科、米斯Ting亚科及新希瓦格Ting科的辐射演化有关；而物种分异度的两次大幅度下降则分别反映了早二叠世的动物群更替事件及中二叠世集群灭绝事件对本地区Ting类动物的影响。     

长江三峡地区乐平统与阳新统的分界

长江三峡地区新世一乐平世沉积可以分为南型和北型。北型该期主要为浅海碳酸盐岩台地沉积，阳新世晚期的王坡组为粘土岩夹灰岩或硅质灰岩扁豆体，产Yabenia带及有孔虫，其上覆的昊家坪组产Clarkina Leveni，C，liangshanensis等，阳新统与乐平统的分界置于Yabenia带的顶和含C，Leveni(可能人C，dukouensis带)的吴家坪组底。南型从阳世晚期至乐平世主要为硅质岩、硅质灰岩，夹含煤碎屑岩，在吴家坪组的底部含牙形石C，dukouensis带和C，leveni带，该区阳新统与乐平统的分界置于C，dukouens带泥质灰岩（腕足类富集层）的底，下伏的煤系地层时代为阳新世晚期。     

大火成岩省与二叠纪两次生物灭绝关系研究进展

二叠纪两次生物灭绝事件一直是地质学家所关注和研究的热点问题.一次是地质历史上规模最大的晚二叠世乐平期末生物灭绝事件(Permian-Triassic boundary-PTB,约252 Ma),导致超过95％的海洋物种消失和全球生物化学圈紊乱;另一次是规模相对较小的中二叠世瓜德鲁普期末(end-Guadalupian,Guadalupian-Lopingian boundary-GLB,约260 Ma)生物灭绝事件.尽管这两次生物灭绝的原因尚不完全清楚,但巧合的是,这两次生物灭绝事件在时间上分别与西伯利亚和峨眉山大火成岩省火山活动存在耦合关系.一般认为,火山活动导致生物灭绝主要机制是其产生大量挥发性气体和火山灰引发全球性环境气候急剧恶化的结果.本文回顾近年围绕大火成岩省与这两次生物灭绝耦合关系这一科学问题展开大火成岩省相关地质过程释放挥发性气体量化工作所取得的研究成果,并总结分析一些现阶段仍然存在争议的问题和提出对峨眉山大火成岩省进一步工作的一些建议.     

古—中生代之交双壳类演变研究进展

古—中生代之交,伴随着显生宙历史上最大的生物灭绝,发生了最大的一次生态系结构变革,软体动物双壳类取代了腕足类在底栖生态系中的主导地位。以中国南方为代表的特提斯地区晚二叠世末至早三叠世良好的地层记录和丰富的双壳类化石材料为该时期双壳类及底栖生态系的演化研究提供了良好条件。通过系统收集和整理全球范围内该时期各地区有关双壳类的研究资料及主要成果,建立各个地区双壳类带的对比关系,并对30年来的双壳类生物地层工作做了简要的总结。从分异度和生态特征等角度来说,双壳类在二叠纪—三叠纪之交的生物危机中表现出了中等程度的灭绝,并在经历了长时间的迟缓复苏后,于早三叠世Spathian期进入了一个较快速的复苏阶段,但是直到中三叠世安尼期才真正进入快速分异辐射。在这漫长的复苏过程中,以Claraia和Eumorphotis等为代表的双壳类属种广泛分布于各种相区,这些分子的繁盛与消亡过程和机制仍需要深入探讨。     

鄂西新滩二叠纪腕足类的群落演变与环境关系

系统研究了湖北省西部新滩剖面亚丁斯克阶至长兴阶的腕足动物群落演替过程.通过研究区与华南地区及特提斯区域进行比对分析,结合前人对碳、氧同位素的研究结果,分析了二叠纪腕足类群落演替的规律和区域差异.结果表明:除二叠纪末的灭绝事件,在乌拉尔统与瓜德鲁普统界限附近及乐平统中共识别出两次腕足类种群的显著分异度变化,且其演替时间都...     

Brachiopod survival and recovery from the latest Ordovician mass extinctions in South China

South China contains many complete sections through the upper Ordovician and lower Silurian. Brachiopod data including 130 brachiopod genera, assigned to 13 orders and 27 superfamilies from mid-Ashgill through late Aeronian intervals reveal that brachiopod macroevolution before and after the latest Ordovician mass extinction shows important changes in the diversity, composition and stratigraphical distribution of the phylum. The following six intervals are recognized: (1) a faunal plateau before the latest Ordovician mass extinction (mid-Ashgill, Rawtheyan); (2) a survival–recovery interval following the first phase of the mass extinction (late Ashgill, Normalograptus extraordinarius Zone and lower Glyptograptus? persculptus Zone; Hirnantian); (3) first survival interval following the mass extinction (latest Ashgill, upper Glyptograptus? persculptus Zone; end Hirnantian); (4) a second survival interval after the mass extinction (earliest Llandovery, Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone; early to mid-Rhuddanian); (5) a recovery interval in the Silurian (early to mid-Llandovery; late Rhuddanian to early Aeronian); and (6) a radiation interval in the Silurian (mid-Llandovery; mid- to late Aeronian). Only near-shore, low-diversity, benthic assemblages (mainly BA2), characterized by Ordovician relicts with a few Lazarus taxa and progenitors, are known from the southern marginal area of the Upper Yangtze epicontinental sea during the early to mid-Rhuddanian. They were replaced by newly established Silurian brachiopod communities (mainly BA2–3) in the late Rhuddanian to early Aeronian. These are marked by many newly evolved endemic forms and new immigrants, expressing a clear recovery within the Brachiopoda, but the recovery interval of the major brachiopod groups was heterochronous. In China the typical Silurian brachiopod fauna was mainly composed of indigenous Atrypida, Pentamerida and Spiriferida with stropheodontids derived from elsewhere, such as Baltica and Avalonia, two apparent refugia in the survival interval. The Atrypida was the first major group of Brachiopoda to diversity in the late Rhuddanian. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华南奥陶、志留纪腕足动物群的更替兼论奥陶纪末冰川活动的影响

地史时期大规模的生物群更替与全球大环境的灾难性变化密切相关 ,尽管这种更替在性质、延续时间及等级上各个时期不尽相同。奥陶、志留纪腕足动物群的更替提供了一个重要的实例。全球广布的晚奥陶世较深水叶月贝动物群 ( Foliomena Fauna)和其后浅、凉水的赫南特贝动物群 ( H irnantia Fauna)的灭绝 ,均受控于当时的冈瓦纳大陆冰川活动及其影响效应。志留纪早期 ,以正形贝目和扭月贝目占主导地位的晚奥陶世动物群被一大批新类型 (如无洞贝目、五房贝亚目和石燕目 )所替代 ,组成典型的志留纪动物群。     

Behavior of lophophorates during the end-Permian mass extinction and recovery

The end-Permian mass extinction devastated most marine communities and the recovery was a protracted event lasting several million years into the Early Triassic. Environmental and biological processes undoubtedly controlled patterns of recovery for marine invertebrates in the aftermath of the extinction, but are often difficult to single-out. The global diversity and distribution of marine lophophorates during the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction indicates that stenolaemate bryozoans, rhynchonelliform brachiopods, and lingulid brachiopods displayed distinct recovery patterns.Bryozoans were the most susceptible of the lophophorates, experiencing relatively high rates of extinction at the end of the Permian, and becoming restricted to the Boreal region during the Early Triassic. The recovery of bryozoans was also delayed until the Late Triassic and characterized by very low diversity and abundance. Following the final disappearance of Permian rhynchonelliform brachiopod survivors, Early Triassic rhynchonelliform brachiopod abundance remained suppressed despite a successful re-diversification and a global distribution, suggesting a decoupling between global taxonomic and ecological processes likely driven by lingering environmental stress.In contrast with bryozoans and rhynchonelliforms, lingulid brachiopods rebounded rapidly, colonizing shallow marine settings left vacant by the extinction. Lingulid dominance, characterized by low diversity but high numerical abundance, was short-lived and they were once again displaced back into marginal settings as environmental stress changed through the marine recovery. The presence in lingulid brachiopods of the respiratory pigment hemerythrin, known to increase the efficacy of oxygen storage and transport, when coupled with other morphological and physiological adaptations, may have given lingulids a survival advantage in environmentally stressed Early Triassic settings.     

Behavior of lophophorates during the end-Permian mass extinction and recovery

The end-Permian mass extinction devastated most marine communities and the recovery was a protracted event lasting several million years into the Early Triassic. Environmental and biological processes undoubtedly controlled patterns of recovery for marine invertebrates in the aftermath of the extinction, but are often difficult to single-out. The global diversity and distribution of marine lophophorates during the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction indicates that stenolaemate bryozoans, rhynchonelliform brachiopods, and lingulid brachiopods displayed distinct recovery patterns.Bryozoans were the most susceptible of the lophophorates, experiencing relatively high rates of extinction at the end of the Permian, and becoming restricted to the Boreal region during the Early Triassic. The recovery of bryozoans was also delayed until the Late Triassic and characterized by very low diversity and abundance. Following the final disappearance of Permian rhynchonelliform brachiopod survivors, Early Triassic rhynchonelliform brachiopod abundance remained suppressed despite a successful re-diversification and a global distribution, suggesting a decoupling between global taxonomic and ecological processes likely driven by lingering environmental stress.In contrast with bryozoans and rhynchonelliforms, lingulid brachiopods rebounded rapidly, colonizing shallow marine settings left vacant by the extinction. Lingulid dominance, characterized by low diversity but high numerical abundance, was short-lived and they were once again displaced back into marginal settings as environmental stress changed through the marine recovery. The presence in lingulid brachiopods of the respiratory pigment hemerythrin, known to increase the efficacy of oxygen storage and transport, when coupled with other morphological and physiological adaptations, may have given lingulids a survival advantage in environmentally stressed Early Triassic settings.     

华南寒武纪碳酸盐岩中最早腕足动物的辐射、发育与分布

腕足动物是寒武纪冠轮动物分支的重要类群,在寒武纪大爆发期间海洋底栖动物群落结构构建中发挥着重要作用。研究表明华南最早的腕足动物出现在寒武系第二统。通过大量酸蚀处理和系统分析,发现华南寒武纪第二世碳酸盐岩相中赋存的腕足动物可分为8属12种和3个未定属种,都属于磷酸钙质舌形贝型,揭示了寒武纪早期磷酸钙质壳腕足动物的多样性及其形态差异。通过全球对比,力求探索寒武纪最早腕足动物的起源、多样性、分布与辐射。通过个体发育研究,揭示了异时发育在乳孔贝形态多样性中发挥的重要作用,同时表明寒武纪舌形贝型腕足动物发育中普遍存在滤食型浮游幼虫和变态发育的过程。因此变态发育的浮游幼虫可能是腕足动物的祖先特征。这与现代舌形贝明显不同,现代舌形贝的浮游幼虫为次级幼虫,演变为直接发育。此外,对比全球不同大陆腕足动物的首现,认为舌形贝型亚门腕足动物可能在寒武纪第二世初起源于东冈瓦纳与华南板块,随后开始向全球扩散。对寒武纪早期腕足动物多样性、个体发育与生物地层的深入研究,有助于增进对关键动物门类的早期起源与系统演化的认识,同时也将推动全球和区域寒武纪生物地层的划分与对比。     

湘中上泥盆统弗拉斯阶两腕足动物及其地质意义

详细描述了湘中上泥盆统弗拉斯阶腕足动物小嘴贝类的两个属种CamarotoechiashetienchiaoensisTien,1938和HypothyridinalinglingensisWang,1955的内外部特征,首次揭示了后者的内部构造。C.shetienchiaoensis曾先后归于不同的属,但因该种不具有盖板而区别于前人所归的那些属,如Ptychomaletoechia及Ripidiorhynchus等属,目前,暂归其于Hunan otoechia属,所修订的H.shetienchiaoensis包括了田氏的α、β、γ3个变种。这两种小嘴贝类分布于湘中浅海凹陷区及浅水混积岩相区弗拉斯阶的上部,均在弗拉斯—法门阶界线之下约20～40m处绝灭。华南的小嘴贝类材料表明腕足动物在F/F集群绝灭中呈一种长期的阶梯式绝灭的方式。     

西藏拉萨地块的乐平统及其古地理意义

西藏拉萨地块乐平统以海相与陆相沉积并存为特征。海相乐平统含复体珊瑚Waagenophyllum、■类Reichelina和有孔虫Colaniella。陆相乐平统含两类植物群,一类发育于措勤盆地中北部地区,为舌羊齿植物群分子Glossopteris、Noeggerathiopsis、Phyllotheca和华夏植物群分子Pecopteris、Sphenopteris共生的混生植物群;另一类主要发现于改则县下岗江和昂仁县贡久布地区,以Lepidophylloides、Paracalamites、Pecopteris等华夏植物群分子为主。根据沉积层序分析,拉萨地块乐平世时表现为整体上升。藏南喜马拉雅特提斯带的乐平统以产有冈瓦纳型Glossopteris植物群、冷水型单体珊瑚Cyathaxonia和腕足动物群为特征,并且从曲布组到曲布日嘎组表现为海进的沉积序列。拉萨地块和喜马拉雅特提斯带乐平世在植物群、动物群以及沉积层序方面存在着本质的差别,因此,拉萨地块在晚二叠世已基本脱离位于冈瓦纳大陆北缘的喜马拉雅特提斯带。     

重庆中梁山地区二叠、三叠系界线附近生物更替的研究

<正> 二叠、三叠系界线附近海生无脊椎动物发生了明显的更替。许多古生代繁盛一时的类群在界线上消失,其中包括三叶虫、四射珊瑚、横板珊瑚、等。腕足动物长身贝目和戟贝目的大部分分子也于界线附近绝灭,只残存一些个体较小、壳质较薄的分子延续于三叠系的最底部。造成这些生物类群绝灭的原因目前认识很不一致。最近,国际地质科学工作者提出了“新灾变论”假说,并且利用这一理论来解释白垩纪末恐龙绝灭的原因,但是,在研究了重庆中梁山地区一些门类的生物组合后,得出的结论是这一更     

End Ordovician extinctions: A coincidence of causes

The end Ordovician (Hirnantian) extinction was the first of the five big Phanerozoic extinction events, and the first that involved metazoan-based communities. It comprised two discrete pulses, both linked in different ways to an intense but short-lived glaciation at the South Pole. The first, occurring at, or just below, the Normalograptus extraordinarius graptolite Biozone, mainly affected nektonic and planktonic species together with those living on the shallow shelf and in deeper water whereas the second, within the N. persculptus graptolite Biozone, was less focused, eradicating faunas across a range of water depths. In all about 85% of marine species were removed. Proposed kill mechanisms for the first phase have included glacially-induced cooling, falling sea level and chemical recycling in the oceans, but a general consensus is lacking. The second phase is more clearly linked to near-global anoxia associated with a marked transgression during the Late Hirnantian. Most recently, however, new drivers for the extinctions have been proposed, including widespread euxinia together with habitat destruction caused by plate tectonic movements, suggesting that the end Ordovician mass extinctions were a product of the coincidence of a number of contributing factors. Moreover, when the deteriorating climate intensified, causing widespread glaciation, a tipping point was reached resulting in catastrophe.