不饱和土动弹塑性本构模型研究

以饱和度与有效应力为状态变量,通过引入描述不饱和与饱和土孔隙比差的状态变量,将Zhang等提出的饱和土体应力诱导各向异性动弹塑性本构模型推广到不饱和土体中,使其可描述不饱和土在动力循环荷载作用下的力学特性行为。通过对已有不饱和土体在完全不排水条件下的动三轴试验进行理论模拟,验证了所提出不饱和土本构模型的正确性。最后基于所提出本构模型,讨论了在不排水条件下初始饱和度对不饱和土动力特性研究。结果表明,不饱和土在动力荷载作用下,土体的孔隙比将减少,导致饱和度增加;当初始饱和度较高时,不饱和土会转化为饱和土,从而发生液化现象。该研究成果对研究不饱和土在地震等动力荷载作用下的力学特性行为具有重要意义。     

Application of an advanced multi-surface kinematic constitutive soil model

The implementation of the non-linear elastic multi-surface plastic kinematic constitutive soil model ALTERNAT into a general uncoupled finite element program called ALTICA is described. The principal features of the model are discussed and its implementation into an initial stress type excess plastic stress redistribution algorithm. To show the abilities of the model and validate the algorithm, several examples are presented including the calibration of the model to a real sand with measured monotonic and cyclic properties. In the monotonic examples, the ability of ALTICA to accurately reproduce the predicted collapse load of geotechnical structures is demonstrated using the results of finite element simulations of two typical boundary value problems (with known analytical or numerical solutions). In the cyclic examples, results of cyclic liquefaction simulation using both a non-inertial ‘static’ and inertial ‘dynamic’ algorithm are presented. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimization routine for identification of model parameters in soil plasticity

The paper presents an optimization routine especially developed for the identification of model parameters in soil plasticity on the basis of different soil tests. Main focus is put on the mathematical aspects and the experience from application of this optimization routine. Mathematically, for the optimization, an objective function and a search strategy are needed. Some alternative expressions for the objective function are formulated. They capture the overall soil behaviour and can be used in a simultaneous optimization against several laboratory tests. Two different search strategies, Rosenbrock's method and the Simplex method, both belonging to the category of direct search methods, are utilized in the routine. Direct search methods have generally proved to be reliable and their relative simplicity make them quite easy to program into workable codes. The Rosenbrock and simplex methods are modified to make the search strategies as efficient and user‐friendly as possible for the type of optimization problem addressed here. Since these search strategies are of a heuristic nature, which makes it difficult (or even impossible) to analyse their performance in a theoretical way, representative optimization examples against both simulated experimental results as well as performed triaxial tests are presented to show the efficiency of the optimization routine. From these examples, it has been concluded that the optimization routine is able to locate a minimum with a good accuracy, fast enough to be a very useful tool for identification of model parameters in soil plasticity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Integration and calibration of a plasticity model for granular materials

A new macroscopic constitutive model for non‐cohesive granular materials, with the focus on coarse‐sized materials (railway ballast), is presented. The model is based on the concepts of rate‐independent isotropic plasticity. The Backward Euler rule is used for integrating the pertinent evolution equations. The resulting incremental relations are solved in the strain space that is extended with the internal (hardening) variables. The model is calibrated using data from Conventional Triaxial Compression (CTC) tests, carried out at the University of Colorado at Boulder. A function evaluation method is used for the optimization, whereby a ‘multi‐vector’ strategy for choosing the appropriate start vector is proposed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A constitutive model for unsaturated soil interfaces

A constitutive model based on the disturbed state concept is presented to describe the behavior of interfaces in unsaturated soil. The model is an extension of an existing model developed for a sand–steel interface. As opposed to the original model, the modified model incorporates two independent stress variables, which are the net normal stress and matric suction. The saturated and dry state of the interface can be modeled as a special case using the constitutive model presented in this paper. The modified model is capable of capturing the main features of unsaturated interfaces observed during laboratory testing, including increasing shear strength and strain softening with increasing suction and net normal stress and increasing dilatancy with increasing suction. Laboratory tests were carried out on unsaturated interfaces in a modified direct shear test apparatus. The observed behavior of interfaces between unsaturated soil and steel plates (rough and smooth) is presented in comparison with model predictions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

混凝土损伤塑性本构模型研究

提出了一种新的损伤塑性本构模型,强调了应力三轴比对塑性屈服的影响.采用本研究设计的专门用于本构校验的计算机软件,对上述模型的应力应变加载曲线进行了数值模拟,数值结果与实验结果吻合得比较好.     

Formulation of a unified constitutive model for clays and sands

This paper presents a new generalized effective stress model, referred to as MIT-S1, which is capable of predicting the rate independent, effective stress–strain–strength behaviour of uncemented soils over a wide range of confining pressures and densities. Freshly deposited sand specimens compressed from different initial formation densities approach a unique condition at high stress levels, referred to as the limiting compression curve (LCC), which is linear in a double logarithmic void ratio, e, mean effective stress space, p′. The model describes irrecoverable, plastic strains which develop throughout first loading using a simple four-parameter elasto-plastic model. The shear stiffness and strength properties of sands in the LCC regime can be normalized by the effective confining pressure and hence can be unified qualitatively, with the well-known behaviour of clays that are normally consolidated from a slurry condition along the virgin consolidation line (VCL). At lower confining pressures, the model characterizes the effects of formation density and fabric on the shear behaviour of sands through a number of key features: (a) void ratio is treated as a separate state variable in the incrementally linearized elasto-plastic formulation: (b) kinematic hardening describing the evolution of anisotropic stress–strain properties: (c) an aperture hardening function controls dilation as a function of ‘formation density’; and (d) the use of a single lemniscate-shaped yield surface with non-associated flow. These features enable the model to describe characteristic transitions from dilative to contractive shear response of sands as the confining pressure increases. This paper summarizes the procedures used to select input parameters for clays and sands, while a companion paper compares model predictions with measured data to illustrate the model capability for describing the shear behaviour of clays and sands. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A multi‐mechanism constitutive model for plastic adaption under cyclic loading

As is well known, granular soils under cyclic loading dissipate a large amount of energy and accumulate large irreversible strains. Usually, with time, this second effect reduces and the accumulation rate decreases with the number of cycles until obtaining a sort of ideal stationary cyclic state at which ratcheting disappears. In this paper, only this ideal state is taken into consideration and simulated by means of a multi‐mechanism constitutive model for plastic adaptation. For this purpose, the concept of cycle is discussed, many different categories of cyclic stress/strain paths are considered and some theoretical issues concerning both the flow and the strain‐hardening rules are tackled. Even though the paper focuses on soil behaviour, the conclusions can be extended to all materials exhibiting ratcheting due to volumetric behaviour.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水泥土细观破裂过程的损伤本构模型

根据对饱水环境中水泥土力学特性的宏观试验和细观破裂过程试验研究,建立了水泥土细观孔隙损伤变量和损伤本构模型,该水泥土的损伤变量不仅与水泥土的初始损伤有关,而且与水泥土微小孔隙中的孔隙水的密度有关,所建立的损伤本构模型与饱水情况下水泥土的单轴压缩试验曲线进行了对比,分析结果表明,所提出的水泥土细观孔隙损伤本构模型与试验值基本吻合,很好地描述了水泥土的损伤演化特性。     

一种新的本构模型及参数标定

在现行本构模型研究的基础上,建立了一种全新本构模型,它可以描述4种行为特征：弹性-弹塑性-软化、弹性-弹塑性-硬化、理想弹塑性、弹脆性;其模型参数只有4个,现行模型只是该模型的特例（如：邓肯-张模型）,介绍了模型参数的决定方法,其决定的依据是：模型所描述的行为特征与实测数据之间相关度最优;分析了岩土体破坏后区特征,提出岩土体破坏后区行为可以定义为视应力-视应变特征。并以实例对该模型进行了说明,结果表明,该模型可以描述岩土体的行为特征,并对虚内键模型、弹簧模型和离散单元法等具有借鉴作用。     

考虑试验阻尼效应的一种土体动力双型抛物线本构模型

针对土动力试验中土体反向卸载（或加载）曲线形状有时表现为先变化平缓后变化剧烈这一特征,基于土体实验结果的 和 曲线,建立了不规则荷载作用下可调的双型抛物线形式的本构曲线规则,阐述了A型和B型抛物线的函数表达式及实现过程。采用9种方法对试验阻尼比的模拟对比,表明所建立的加卸载准则尤其能准确拟合试验阻尼值,是对广义Masing准则的一种简化及实用化。由于调制因子 的可变性,它具有更强地模拟试验本构曲线形状的能力。针对台湾Lotung DHB钻井台阵试验场地,以等效线性化方法SHAKE91、LSSRLI-1,时域非线性方法DESRA-2、Pyke方法、非Masing准则模型1、“隐式应力阻尼等效”模型、“阻尼比退化系数”模型和非Masing准则模型2以及双型抛物线本构模型等9种方法（或模型）分别进行了非线性地震反应分析,并将结果与强震观测记录进行比较,结果表明,双型抛物线本构模型计算的复合加速度地震动的峰值大小、波形大小相对关系及后续波形,与实际地震记录较相一致,说明了模型的合理性以及实际工程应用的可行性。     

粘土的粘塑性特性试验与三要素本构模型

研究了3种粘土的未扰动试样和重塑试样在三轴排水固结试验条件下的粘塑性。在试验过程中,利用计算机控制应变控制式三轴仪的加载速度,实现了在不同加载阶段的不同恒应变率加载。依据应力对应变率改变的响应程度对粘土的粘塑性进行了评价。实验结果表明,粘土的粘塑性表现为等时特性,并且经过一定时间的蠕变后,粘土强度会有较大地提高。并指出粘土的粘塑性应力-应变特性可以较好地采用非线性三要素模型对它进行描述。     

基于判别分析法的地震砂土液化预测研究

将距离判别分析方法应用于砂土液化的预测问题中,建立了砂土液化预测的距离判别模型。选用震级、研究深度、震中距、标贯击数、地下水位及地震持续时间等6项指标作为判别因子,以大量的工程实例数据作为学习样本进行训练,建立了线性判别函数对待评样本进行了评价。研究结果表明,距离判别分析模型判别砂土液化效果良好,预测准确度高,回判估计误判率低,可望成为砂土液化预测的有效手段。     

A plasticity constitutive model for unsaturated,anisotropic, nonexpansive soils

The paper describes and evaluates an incremental plasticity constitutive model for unsaturated, anisotropic, nonexpansive soils (CMUA). It is based on the modified Cam-Clay (MCC) model for saturated soils and enhances it by introducing anisotropy (via rotation of the MCC yield surface) and an unsaturated compressibility framework describing a double dependence of compressibility on suction and on the degree of saturation of macroporosity. As the anisotropic and unsaturated features can be activated independently, the model is downwards compatible with the MCC model. The CMUA model can simulate effectively: the dependence of compressibility on the level of developed anisotropy, uniqueness of critical state independent of the initial anisotropy, an evolving compressibility during constant suction compression, and a maximum of collapse. The model uses Bishop's average skeleton stress as its first constitutive variable, favouring its numerical implementation in commercial numerical analysis codes (eg, finite element codes) and a unified treatment of saturated and unsaturated material states.     

静三轴试验中水泥土力学特性及本构模型研究

通过不排水三轴压缩试验对水泥土的力学特性进行研究,重点分析了围压与水泥掺入比对水泥土体强度、孔压及刚度的影响。试验结果表明,随着围压与水泥掺入比的增加,水泥土体的强度与刚度均增加,而孔压随之减少;随着轴应变的增加,刚度逐渐减少。而在加载初期,刚度衰减较快,随着轴应变的继续增加曲线渐趋平缓,衰减现象并不明显;随着无量纲化偏应力的增加,无量纲化刚度逐渐减少,并且两者为曲线关系。通过对水泥土的刚度软化规律进行描述,得到了修正的邓肯-张模型。通过对试验曲线进行回归分析确定了模型参数。与实测数据对比发现,该修正模型不仅可以较好地模拟水泥土的应力-应变关系,还体现了水泥土应变软化型曲线的特点。     

非饱和土本构模型在预测地表沉降中的应用

地下水位降低将导致非饱和土体中净平均应力和基质吸力发生变化,从而引起土体体积变化。利用GDS非饱和土三轴仪,研究了重塑非饱和黏土在干燥过程中试样含水率变化和总体积变化。针对某一典型基坑,运用大型有限元软件ABAQUS模拟了井点降水而形成的二维饱和-非饱和稳态渗流。饱和土区域和非饱和土区域沉降变形有着本质的区别,基于试验和数值模拟结果,根据Fredlund非饱和土弹性体变本构模型和饱和土有效应力原理,分别估算了饱和土区和非饱和土区沉降变形量。结果表明,在总沉降量中非饱和土区的沉降量是不可忽略的。随着降水深度的增大,非饱和土区域沉降量在总沉降量中所占比例将逐渐增大。     

人工冻土黏弹塑性本构参数反分析研究

通过大量的人工冻结黏土蠕变试验研究,获得在高偏应力下人工冻结黏土具有显著的蠕变特性：当应力水平较低时,人工冻土发生黏弹性蠕变变性;当应力水平较高时,人工冻土发生黏塑性蠕变变性。因此,以西原模型为基础,增加一个黏弹性元件项和用抛物线屈服函数代替塑性屈服项,构建了高应力下抛物线型黏弹塑性蠕变本构模型。改进的西原模型可以较好描述人工冻土剪切蠕变特性。基于小生境技术的遗传算法和人工冻土黏弹塑性模型有限元理论,在FEPG（有限元程序生成器）自动生成平台上研发了位移反分析程序。利用现场实测数据对深井冻结井筒开挖过程进行了位移反分析,获得了与试验相一致的冻土本构力学模型参数,数值分析结果与实测数据之间的误差在6%以内,反演结果验证了模型的可行性。冻结井筒开挖过程的位移反分析获得的人工冻土本构模型参数,能反映冻结壁施工过程和有效冻结范围内冻土本构参数平均值,因而具有广泛的代表性,对冻结壁应力场、位移场和稳定性预测具有重要工程意义。     

基于摩尔-库仑模型的非线性本构模型的开发及其在应变局部化中的应用

以FLAC中的Mohr-Coulomb（M-C）本构模型为基础,在C++环境下实现了考虑拉伸截断的非线性本构模型的二次开发。针对应力及位移的分布规律,将理想弹塑性的Hoek-Brown（H-B）本构模型、M-C本构模型及自定义本构模型的数值解及H-B本构模型的理论解进行了比较,验证了自定义本构模型的正确性。采用弹-脆-塑性的自定义本构模型,以先加载,后挖洞的方式模拟了圆形巷道围岩的应变局部化过程,在计算模型的边界条件对称及均质本构参数的条件下,模拟出了4个对称的V型坑,模拟结果与静水压力条件下岩爆的现场观测及试验结果吻合,而采用接近脆性的H-B应变软化模型所得结果的对称性较差