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以陕西铜川的小河沟为研究区域,分析流域水土流失状况、成因,对以往实施的水土流失治理效果和生态环境问题进行评价,在此基础上以清洁小流域为治理目标提出具体治理思路。认为:小河沟流域的水土流失以水蚀为主,兼有重力侵蚀,风蚀微弱,主要由自然流失和人为因素引起。流域水土流失治理取得了一定成效,但通过调查分析可知仍然存在水土流失现象,影响小河沟流域内生态环境。可按照清洁小流域治理思路,将小河沟流域划分为生态修复区、生态治理区和生态保护区三个功能区,核定具体面积及边界,形成清洁小流域综合治理的三道防线,改善小流域的生态环境。 相似文献
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选择漓江流域及其典型岩溶小流域为研究对象,通过遥感数据综合分析和地面路线验证调查与定点监测相结合的方法,对漓江流域岩溶区和非岩溶区的水土流失特征进行了研究,并重点分析岩溶区内典型小流域——寨底小流域侵蚀影响因子对水土流失的影响。研究结果表明:漓江流域水土流失以中度和轻度等级为主,约占流域面积的29.9%;流域内岩溶区与非岩溶区的水土流失表现出一定的差异性,岩溶区以中度、极强烈和轻度等级水土流失为主,水土流失面积约占岩溶面积的53%;非岩溶区中度和轻度等级水土流失分别占非岩溶区面积的12.4%和10.4%。高程、坡度、植被覆盖、土地利用等因子对岩溶小流域土壤侵蚀面积和侵蚀量比例的影响表现出明显的差异性和独特性,这四种影响因子中的高程(300,500] m,坡度[15°,25°]、植被覆盖度≤20%、土地利用为工矿用地等对岩溶小流域土壤侵蚀的影响最大,是寨底岩溶小流域水土流失治理中应重点考虑的因素。 相似文献
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由降雨侵蚀引起的山坡面水土流失预测的数学模型 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
数学模型包括:坡面水流连续方程、水流运动方程、泥沙连续方程(水土流失方程)、坡面变形方程。考虑到坡面流的流速及非线性双曲型方程,采用迎风有限差分显格式来离散方程,编制计算程序,进行了计算。研究成果可以描述动态坡面降雨侵蚀过程,并可将研究成果扩展到整个小流域,从而为治理水土流失提供依据。 相似文献
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英格堡河是木垒县6条山溪性河流之一,为前山丘陵区。水土保持工作要以保护改善生态环境为中心,以治理水土流失为重点,建设秀美山川为目标,突出预防为主,坚持以小流域为单元的综合治理,依靠科技,深化改革,加快水土流失防治步伐,创建良好的生态环境,还木垒以清山绿水,使小流域的综合治理得到了前所未有的发展机遇。 相似文献
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平安岭小流域是本溪市明山区小流域治理成功的典型。本着"集中治理、连续治理"的原则,采取"瓜藤式"和"珍珠项链式"的治理模式,将生物措施、工程措施和耕作措施结合起来,基本控制了平安岭小流域内人为产生的水土流失,增加了森林覆盖率,减少了水中含沙率,取得了显著的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。 相似文献
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水土流失问题每年都对自然环境造成巨大的破坏,在目前的治理实践中,植被建设是治理水土流失最有效的方式。在土壤侵蚀综合治理的过程中,最小的治理单位就是小流域。新农小流域处于柳河西岸,地势低洼,水力侵蚀和风力侵蚀共同作用,导致水土流失严重。新农市政府采用工程建设与植被恢复相结合的方式来治理土壤侵蚀。经过不懈的努力,取得了一定的成效。本文就对新农小流域植被恢复的土壤侵蚀效应进行评估,利用RUSLE修正土壤流失方程,在ARCGIS10.2平台中,输入新农流域的基本数据,对2007-2015九个年份的土壤侵蚀进行模拟,进而对新农小流域植被恢复之后的土壤侵蚀效应进行评估。 相似文献
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齐齐哈尔市是黑龙江省水土流失重点治理区之一,也是全省风蚀最严重的地区,耕地水土流失面积占耕地面积的82.2%。分析了水蚀、风蚀的分布情况和草原"三化"状况,论述了水土流失变化趋势,水土流失严重,土壤肥力下降,治理速度落后于破坏速度。扎龙湿地中水利、交通、基础建设工程均占用了大面积湿地,由于干旱缺水造成了严重的水土流失。 相似文献
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土壤裸露是水土流失具体的空间表现,同时又是导致进一步水土流失的重要因素。由人类和自然相互作用下形成的景观格局对土壤裸露具有深刻的影响。为深入探讨二者间的内部联系,文章选定位于黄土高原的延安市宝塔区为研究区,分别就景观格局的类型组成和空间结构,分析其与土壤裸露的关系。研究结果可知人为活动强度较大的区域土壤裸露程度较高,在景观类型上,表现出滩地、农村居民点、其他建设用地、低覆盖度草地及山区旱地等景观类型的土壤裸露值较高,另外,从景观组成来看,农牧组成为主的流域土壤裸露值明显高于其他流域;通过景观空间结构与土壤裸露的关系分析,可知个体单元型态、空间构型以及整体多样性等景观空间结构特征,均对土壤裸露程度具有不同大小的指示意义,其中又以景观聚集度及平均斑块面积与土壤裸露程度有强烈负相关。 相似文献
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Chemical relationships among surface waters, soils and rocks were investigated in the drainage basin of the North Fork of the Shoshone River in northwestern Wyoming. The area is underlain entirely by andesitic volcanic rocks. Smectite is the only clay mineral forming in soils over much of the area, although minor kaolinite occurs in a few areas of higher-than-average rainfall.Mass-balance calculations relating stream water chemistry to rock alteration indicate that controls on the chemistry of surface waters take place not in the soil zone but in the altered rock zone. The dominant weathering process which controls the water chemistry is slight alteration of large volumes of rock, rather than development of chemical equilibria involving secondary phases in the soil zone. The altered rock is enriched in feldspars and depleted in ferromagnesian minerals compared to fresh rock. The high rate of physical erosion of the area is enough to remove the residue, reexpose the bedrock, and continue the weathering process. 相似文献
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Scale effects of eroded sediment transport in Wujiang River Basin,Guizhou Province,China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
In recent years, research on spatial scale and scale transformation of eroded sediment transport has become a forefront field in current soil erosion research, but there are very few studies on the scale effect problem in Karst regions of China. Here we quantitatively extracted five main factors influencing soil erosion, namely rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, vegetative cover and management, soil and water conservation, and slope length and steepness. Regression relations were built between these factors and also the sediment transport modulus and drainage area, so as to initially analyze and discuss scale effects on sediment transport in the Wujiang River Basin (WRB). The size and extent of soil erosion influencing factors in the WRB were gauged from: Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM), precipitation data, land use, soil type and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) or Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and observed data from hydrometric stations. We find that scaling effects exist between the sediment transport modulus and the drainage area. Scaling effects are expressed after logarithmic transformation by a quadratic function regression relationship where the sediment transport modulus increases before decreasing, alongside changes in the drainage area. Among the five factors influencing soil erosion, slope length and steepness increases first and then decreases, alongside changes in the drainage area, and are the main factors determining the relationship between sediment transport modulus and drainage area. To eliminate the influence of scale effects on our results, we mapped the sediment yield modulus of the entire WRB, adopting a 1 000 km2 standard area with a smaller fitting error for all sub-basins, and using the common Kriging interpolation method. 相似文献
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风蚀是中国北方脆弱生态系统土壤质量退化和沙漠化的关键因素。文章基于土壤剖面普查和土壤侵蚀遥感调查数据,计算出风蚀土壤有机碳的侵蚀量和空间分布,并与风蚀区的净第一性生产力(NPP)比较。结果发现土壤风蚀区的一个显著特征是表层土壤有机质含量较小,并且随着土壤风蚀强度的增加,相应的表层土壤平均有机质含量和NPP基本上逐渐减小,而相应的土壤有机碳的侵蚀量却明显增大。在中国北方严重风蚀的脆弱生态区,土壤有机碳的侵蚀量超过了NPP,风蚀影响了生态系统的正常碳循环。 相似文献
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Suspended sediment concentration is a major variable influencing soil erosion and loss, study on which at different spatial
scales is of great meaning to understand soil erosion mechanism and sediment transport process. Based on data from 4 sloping
surfaces and 7 basins ranging from 0.0003 to 187 km2 in area, the suspended sediment concentration in flood season (SSC) with drainage area is studied. With increasing drainage
area on the slope surfaces, the mean suspended sediment concentration in flood season (MSSC) enhances continuously until a
peak value of 685 kg m−3 occurs at the whole slope surface No. 7 runoff plot resulting from harder and harder erosion forms downslope. Entering basin
systems, the diluted action of subsurface water on the toeslope on MSSC and small water flow power Ω make a minimum MSSC value
of 568 kg m−3 occur in the first-order basin system Tuanshangou basin at an area of 0.18 km2, and then from Tuanshangou basin to larger basins, the positive feedback function among drainage density, water flow energy,
and hyperconcentrated flow as well as its reduction of settling velocity of coarser particles generates continuously increasing
MSSC with drainage area. 相似文献
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黔中喀斯特丘原区小河水库沉积物的 矿物磁性特征及其土壤侵蚀意义 * 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
对贵州中部小河水库的沉积物柱芯XS-1进行矿物磁性分析(χlf,ARM,IRM20mT,SIRM 和IRM-300mT)并计算了HIRM,χARM 和χARM/SIRM。主要根据沉积物的矿物磁性特征, 将这一岩芯的主要部分划分为11个小段。 通过解译这些矿物磁性参数,结合完成的137 Cs、粒度、TOC和C/N比值分析结果,定性地推测了过去45年(1960~2005年)小河水库所在汇水流域内的土壤侵蚀变化。在此基础上,通过对各阶段平均磁性参数的主成分分析,得到各阶段土壤侵蚀的相对强度变化的定量信息,并结合人类活动和降水资料初步探讨了影响土壤侵蚀的相对强度变化的主要因素。结果表明,1960~1968年、1973~1974 年和1998~2000 年是小河流域内土壤侵蚀最为严重的3个阶段。1960~1968年人类砍伐树木是造成该阶段土壤侵蚀强烈的主要原因,而1973~1974年和1998~2000年流域内土壤侵蚀强烈则是由于降水的偏多造成的。1968年以来,夏季降水是影响土壤侵蚀变化的主要因素。 相似文献