黄海、东海二类水体漫衰减系数与透明度反演模式研究

黄海、东海是典型的二类水体区域,总悬浮物含量高,水体光学特性复杂.利用2003年春秋季黄海、东海水色联合试验中获取的高质量现场实测数据,建立了由遥感反射比反演水体在490nm波段的漫衰减系数和海水透明度的统计反演模式.这两种模式皆采用490,555,670nm三个波段的组合,漫衰减系数的反演值和实测值的相关系数为0.96,平均相对误差为17.2%;透明度的反演值与实测值的相关系数为0.95,平均相对误差为16.8%.对两种反演模式对遥感反射比输入误差的敏感性进行了分析,结果表明反演模式对±5%的遥感反射比输入误差导致490nm波段的漫衰减系数反演误差最大为27.3%,透明度最大误差为22.7%,并利用2003年春秋季同一海区的实测数据对模型进行了检验,漫衰减系数的平均相对误差为25.0%,透明度的为16.5%.给出了412,443,510,520,555,565nm各波段的漫衰减系数同波段490nm的漫衰减系数之间的关系,结果表明,在400~600nm波段中的每一个波段的漫衰减系数与490nm波段的漫衰减系数的相关性较高,相关系数都超过了0.98.这样利用建立的各波段漫衰减系数关系模型可以从一个已知波段的漫衰减系数反演出其他任何波段的漫衰减系数,这就在水色反演和应用中大大减少了未知因子的个数.     

两种水体吸收系数测量方法的比较研究

基于2011年7月藻类培养实验期间的实测数据,对高光谱吸收衰减系数测量仪(AC-S)和紫外-可见分光光度计(UV2550)获取的水体吸收系数进行了比较分析.结果表明,短波波段AC-S测得吸收光谱曲线普遍低于UV2550测量结果,而长波波段恰恰相反;两种方法测量结果的相对误差基本可控制在±40％范围内;特征波段处,两种方法测量结果线性拟合的相关性较高,均可这98％以上,412 nm、440 nm、443nm波段斜率小于1,而488 nm、531nm、551 nm、667nm、675nm、678 nm波段斜率大于1.     

渤海海域MODIS波段衰减深度研究

衰减深度是传感器检测到的水体信息的90%的深度,衰减深度越大,传感器检测到的水体信息越多,提取水体信息的精确度越高,同时从衰减深度还可了解传感器获取的水体信息到底来自水下多深的水层。以MODIS数据为数据源,对渤海海域衰减深度进行计算,分析了某一时间渤海海域衰减深度波谱变化和某一波段渤海海域衰减深度季节变化。衰减深度波谱曲线为单峰曲线,不同区域的衰减深度波谱曲线的相似和差异情况与前人根据渤海海域悬浮泥沙含量和光谱情况进行分区的情况较一致,衰减深度最大值具有红移现象(不同区域衰减深度最大值的情况是:渤海西北海岸外区域和渤海海峡区域在波段531nm,渤海中部区域在波段551nm,现黄河口影响区域、老黄河口影响区域、辽东湾西侧区域、辽东湾东侧区域在波段555nm),衰减深度波谱佐证了渤海海域为二类水体;衰减深度在夏季最大,在秋季次之,在春季和冬季在不同区域大小顺序有所不同。不同区域衰减深度由小到大顺序是现黄河口影响区域和辽东湾东侧区域、辽东湾西侧区域、老黄河口影响区域、渤海西北海岸外区域和渤海中部区域、渤海海峡区域(除去412和645nm),其中现黄河口影响区域与辽东湾东侧区域和渤海中部区域与渤海西北海岸外区域的衰减深度的大小顺序在不同季节和不同波段有差异。     

光在胃组织中传输特性的蒙特卡罗模拟研究

利用蒙特卡罗方法模拟研究405和632 nm波长的高斯光束和均匀光束照射胃正常和肿瘤组织时,光在组织内的传输特性.得到漫反射率和透射率随径向半径r的分布规律和组织内能流率随组织厚度z和径向半径r的二维变化关系及等值线分布.模拟结果表明:632 nm波长光照射时,漫反射率和透射率以及穿透深度均>405 nm波长的值;相同功率和光束半径下,高斯光束的径向传播范围比均匀光束小,中心光场附近光能量集中但衰减较快,穿透深度小于均匀光束;对于632 nm激发光,光在胃正常组织中的穿透深度小于在肿瘤组织中的穿透深度,而对于405 nm激发光,光在胃正常组织中的穿透深度大于在肿瘤组织中的穿透深度.     

外差激光雷达测量水体布里渊散射可行性研究

该文分析外差激光雷达测量水体布里渊散射的可行性。借助测量水体布里渊散射的频移 ,可得到水体声速或温度。文中利用两条 12 7I2 吸收线锁定激光输出频率 ,产生稳定的频差约为7.5 GHz发射激光和激光本振。通过对 12 7I2 吸收线稳定度、激光频率稳定度、系统信噪比和反演精度的分析和计算机模拟 ,得出水体深度 2 5 m以内水体布里渊散射频移的测量误差可以控制在2 .5 MHz以内 ,达到水中声速 0 .6 m/ s或温度 0 .1℃的测量精度。     

春季黄海海雾中的激光衰减特性研究

海雾严重影响舰艇航行,而且在雾中舰载激光武器和激光雷达的工作效能受到制约。因此,研究激光在雾中的衰减特性对军事行动具有重要的科学意义。基于WRF中尺度气象研究模式,对2015年3月28日-4月1日的海雾过程进行模拟分析,发现使得海雾维持的是黄海南部输送来的暖湿气流,随后一个很强的冷高压使得风向转北,干冷平流切断了水汽输送,破坏了逆温层结构,海雾消散。考虑到春季黄海海雾产生和消散的天气形势,在海雾刚产生时,下风区的激光衰减系数小;海雾维持过程中,海雾雾区的外围衰减系数小;海雾快要消散时上风区衰减系数小。研究发现,海雾可以使得10.6μm红外激光的探测距离大大减小,在浓雾情况下,探测距离仅为正常情况下的2%。     

机载海洋激光荧光雷达测量海表层叶绿素a浓度的算法研究

基于中国海洋大学研制的我国首台机载海洋激光荧光雷达系统及其测量海水中叶绿素a浓度的方法;对该系统在烟台至荣成沿岸海域进行实验的情况作一回顾,并对实验数据进行了处理,采用拉曼校正归一方法,反演了海表层的叶绿素a浓度,同时利用激光雷达方程反演出了海水的衰减系数;另外,提出了最小二乘拟合提取信号峰值的新反演算法。反演结果与往年同时期采集数据较为吻合,使用最小二乘拟合提取信号峰值的算法反演的叶绿素a浓度更接近于近期实地测得的结果。     

千里崖海域真光层光衰减

根据1986年6月在黄海中部的千里崖海域的水光学实测资料和实验室光学测量,讨论了真光层内光衰减系数在遥感和初级生产力中的应用,定量估算影响光衰减的主要物质成分对光衰减的贡献;并探讨了真光层深度、光衰减系数和透明度三者之间的统计关系。     

机载海洋激光荧光雷达叶绿素a测量性能模拟和初步机载实验

发展机载激光荧光雷达系统测量叶绿素a的浓度,模拟了采用三倍频355 nm波长激光作为激发光,机载海洋激光荧光雷达在不同飞行高度和测量不同深度水层的情况下,测量海表叶绿素a浓度的相对误差。依据模拟的参数建立机载激光荧光雷达系统并进行初步机载实验,获得了同经验数据较为一致的测量结果。     

由TSRB辐射计数据估算海面离水辐亮度的经验方法

为建立基于经验统计的TSRB辐射计数据估算离水辐亮度的方法,利用SeaBASS数据库中640多个现场测量的辐亮度和辐照度光谱剖面数据,建立向上辐亮度衰减系数K_(lu)的经验算法.此算法为幂指数形式,输入变量为水下0.65 m的向上辐亮度(490 nm)与海面上向下的辐照度(555 nm或665 nm)之比(即为TSRB直接测量的两个参数).当水体较清时,输入为蓝绿波段之比,当水混浊时,采用蓝红波段之比.获得了K_(lu)后,海面以上的辐亮度(离水辐亮度)由z=0.65 m处的辐亮度外推获得.初步的检验结果表明,该方法对一类和二类水域都有很好性能,且算法实现简单,运行速度快.     

Variation of diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling irradiance in the Arctic Ocean

The diffuse attenuation coefficient(Kd) for downwelling irradiance is calculated from solar irradiance data measured in the Arctic Ocean during 3rd and 4th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition(CHINARE), including 18 stations and nine stations selected for irradiance profiles in sea water respectively. In this study, the variation of attenuation coefficient in the Arctic Ocean was studied, and the following results were obtained. First, the relationship between attenuation coefficient and chlorophyll concentration in the Arctic Ocean has the form of a power function. The best fit is at 443 nm, and its determination coefficient is more than 0.7. With increasing wavelength, the determination coefficient decreases abruptly. At 550 nm, it even reaches a value lower than 0.2. However, the exponent fitted is only half of that adapted in low-latitude ocean because of the lower chlorophyll-specific absorption in the Arctic Ocean. The upshot was that, in the case of the same chlorophyll concentration, the attenuation caused by phytoplankton chlorophyll in the Arctic Ocean is lower than in low-latitude ocean. Second, the spectral model, which exhibits the relationship of attenuation coefficients between 490 nm and other wavelength, was built and provided a new method to estimate the attenuation coefficient at other wavelength, if the attenuation coefficient at 490 nm was known. Third, the impact factors on attenuation coefficient, including sea ice and sea water mass, were discussed. The influence of sea ice on attenuation coefficient is indirect and is determined through the control of entering solar radiation. The linear relationship between averaging sea ice concentration(ASIC, from 158 Julian day to observation day) and the depth of maximum chlorophyll is fitted by a simple linear equation. In addition, the sea water mass, such as the ACW(Alaskan Coastal Water), directly affects the amount of chlorophyll through taking more nutrient, and results in the higher attenuation coefficient in the layer of 30–60 m. Consequently, the spectral model of diffuse attenuation coefficient, the relationship between attenuation coefficient and chlorophyll and the linear relationship between the ASIC and the depth of maximum chlorophyll, together provide probability for simulating the process of diffuse attenuation coefficient during summer in the Arctic Ocean.     

基于机载LiDAR测深水体波形的漫衰减系数提取方法

漫衰减系数是一个重要的海洋光学参数,能够为水体环境变化、水质分析以及水产养殖等方面提供基础性数据.针对目前船载实地测量效率与分辨率低、卫星遥感反演精度与分辨率较低的局限性,本文提出一种基于机载LiDAR测深水体波形的漫衰减系数提取方法.该方法首先通过分层异构模型的机载LiDAR波形分解算法得到水体散射回波,利用激光在水...     

基于VIIRS数据的南黄海区域激光测深性能评估

机载激光测深技术因其特有的优势备受关注,但现阶段其探测能力有限,为解决其适用范围问题,本文利用VIIRS(Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite)数据对南黄海区域的激光测深性能进行评估,首先利用外业实测数据和卫星影像反演南黄海区域的490 nm波段漫衰减系数,其次建立490 nm和532 nm波段漫衰减系数之间的线性关系,最后以CZMIL(Coastal Zone Mapping and Imaging LiDAR)系统为例评估了南黄海区域激光测深能力,并给出了江苏沿岸海域CZMIL系统的适用范围。研究结果表明:CZMIL系统在南黄海区域的最大测深能力范围为0.5~40 m;理论最低潮面时,江苏沿海海域CZMIL系统的适用范围约为4 700 km²。     

Wave attenuation characteristics of a tethered float system

Wave attenuation characteristics of a tethered float system have been investigated for various wave heights, wave periods, water depths, depths of submergence of floats and float sizes. As the floats are similar in size and shape, only a single tethered spherical float is considered for the theoretical analysis. Float motion is determined through the dynamical equation of motion, developed for a single degree of freedom. From incident and transmitted wave powers, transmission coefficients are computed. The results show that transmission coefficient does not vary with changes in wave height or water depth. When depth of submergence of float increases, wave attenuation decreases, showing that the system performs well when it is just submerged. As float velocity decreases with increase in float size, transmission coefficient increases with increase in float size. The influence of wave period on wave attenuation is remarkable compared to other parameters. The effect of drag on wave attenuation is studied for varying drag coefficient values. Theoretical results are compared with experimental values and it is found that theory overestimates wave attenuation which may probably be due to various linearisations involved in the theoretical formulation.     

波浪非线性对海草消波特性的影响

海草所形成的植物消波体系能有效防止岸线的侵蚀。利用Sánchez-González等的实验数据分析了波浪非线性对海草消波特性的影响。研究结果表明,相对水深和波陡对海草床的波能衰减系数影响依赖于海草淹没度。相对波高一定时,拖曳力系数随相对水深的增大而增大。对给定的相对水深,拖曳力系数随波陡的增大而减小。波浪非线性对于规则波和非规则波海草消波特性的影响并不一致。用无量纲参数（邱卡数、雷诺数、厄塞尔数）表达拖曳力系数的效果取决于拖曳力系数与无量纲参数的关系中是否充分考虑波浪非线性对拖曳力系数的影响。     

Characteristics of water masses and bio-optical properties of the Bering Sea shelf during 2007–2009

The hydrographic and bio-optical properties of the Bering Sea shelf were analyzed based on in-situ measurements obtained during four cruises from 2007 to 2009. According to the temperature and salinity of the seawater, the spring water masses on the Bering Sea shelf were classified as the Alaskan Coast Water, Bering Sea Shelf Water, Anadyr Water, Spring Mixed Layer Water, Remnant Winter Water, and Winter Water, each of which had varying chlorophyll a concentrations. Among them, the highest chlorophyll a concentration occurred in the nutrient-rich Anadyr Water ((7.57±6.16) mg/m3 in spring). The spectrum-dependent diffuse attenuation coefficient (K_d(λ)) of the water column for downwelling irradiance was also calculated, exhibiting a decrease at 412–555 nm and then an increase within the range of 0.17–0.48 m–1 in spring. Furthermore, a strong correlation between the chlorophyll a concentration and the attenuation coefficient was found at visible wavelengths on the Bering Sea shelf. Spatially, the chlorophyll a concentration was higher on the northern shelf ((5.18±3.78) mg/m3) than on the southern shelf ((3.64±2.51) mg/m3), which was consistent with the distribution of the attenuation coefficient. Seasonally, the consumption of nutrients by blooms resulted in minimum chlorophyll a concentration ((0.78±0.51) mg/m3) and attenuation coefficient values in summer. In terms of the vertical structure, both the attenuation coefficient and the chlorophyll a concentration tended to reach maximum values at the same depth, and the depth of the maximum values increased as the surface temperature increased in summer. Moreover, an empirical model was fitted with a power function based on the correlation between the chlorophyll a concentration and the attenuation coefficient at 412–555 nm. In addition, a spectral model was constructed according to the relationship between the attenuation coefficients at 490 nm and at other wavelengths, which provides a method for estimating the bio-optical properties of the Bering Sea shelf.     

基于高光谱遥感的渤海海冰厚度半经验模型

Sea ice thickness is one of the most important input parameters for the prevention and mitigation of sea ice disasters and the prediction of local sea environments and climates. Estimating the sea ice thickness is currently the most important issue in the study of sea ice remote sensing. With the Bohai Sea as the study area, a semiempirical model of the sea ice thickness(SEMSIT) that can be used to estimate the thickness of first-year ice based on existing water depth estimation models and hyperspectral remote sensing data according to an optical radiative transfer process in sea ice is proposed. In the model, the absorption and scattering properties of sea ice in different bands(spectral dimension information) are utilized. An integrated attenuation coefficient at the pixel level is estimated using the height of the reflectance peak at 1 088 nm. In addition, the surface reflectance of sea ice at the pixel level is estimated using the 1 550–1 750 nm band reflectance. The model is used to estimate the sea ice thickness with Hyperion images. The first validation results suggest that the proposed model and parameterization scheme can effectively reduce the estimation error associated with the sea ice thickness that is caused by temporal and spatial heterogeneities in the integrated attenuation coefficient and sea ice surface. A practical semi-empirical model and parameterization scheme that may be feasible for the sea ice thickness estimation using hyperspectral remote sensing data are potentially provided.     

Spectral contributions of the components of seawater to the beam attenuation coefficient in surface waters of the Mediterranean Sea

We compute model spectra of the beam attenuation coefficient in surface waters of the Mediterranean Sea. These spectra are used to determine the contribution of the components of seawater (suspended matter, yellow substance, pigments of phytoplankton, and pure water) to the beam attenuation coefficient in different types of seawater. For the surface waters, we establish the relationship between the light scattering coefficient and the attenuation coefficient at a wavelength of 547 nm and determine the background (limiting minimum) value of the coefficient of absorption by the yellow substance in waters of the Mediterranean Sea. It is compared with the values of the same parameter for some other basins (Black Sea, Lake Baikal, Baltic Sea, and oceanic waters).