依兰盆地达连河组油页岩成矿模式及类型

提要：达连河油页岩含矿区位于黑龙江省依兰地区,该区是一个半地堑式断陷盆地。古近系达连河组为一个完整的三级层序,油页岩形成于水进体系域和高水位体系域发育时期。本文认为达连河组油页岩存在两种成矿模式,即湖泊-沼泽相油页岩成矿模式、浅湖相-半深湖相油页岩成矿模式;不同成矿类型油页岩分布于层序的不同体系域,古地貌型、沉积密集段型油页岩成矿常分布于水进体系域,沉积密集段型、气候型油页岩成矿位于高水位体系域。     

黑龙江依兰盆地古近系煤与油页岩共生特点及层序地层格架

黑龙江依兰盆地是我国典型的煤与油页岩共生盆地,通过对盆地古近系达连河组层序地层格架下煤与油页岩共生特征进行研究,识别出四种煤与油页岩共生组合,即煤层／油页岩／煤层组合、油页岩／煤层／油页岩组合、油页岩／其它沉积腺层组合及油页岩／煤层组合。将达连河组划分为一个三级层序,其内部可以识别出4个体系域：低水位体系域（LST）沉积期,在地势低洼处发育厚度不大、分布局限的油页岩,向隆起区尖灭;湖扩张体系域（EST）沉积期,4种煤与油页岩共生组合均有发育;湖扩张体系域从早期到晚期、从滨湖到湖中心,共生组合中煤层厚度逐渐减小,油页岩厚度逐渐增大;早期高水位体系域（EHST）沉积期,主要发育厚度巨大、分布稳定的油页岩;晚期高水位体系域（LHST）不发育煤层和油页岩。可容空间增加速率与沉积物堆积速率的相关关系控制了煤、油页岩的发育和相互转换。     

黑龙江省依兰盆地古近系达连河组油页岩沉积特征

达连河油页岩含矿区位于黑龙江省依兰地区,该区是一个半地堑式断陷盆地。古近系达连河组为一个完整的三级层序,油页岩形成于水进体系域和高水位体系域发育时期。油页岩沉积相类型为半深湖相沉积,与泥炭沼泽相煤层伴生,为煤层的顶板,含油率为3.75%~8.37%,有较高的开采价值。煤层顶部发育的巨厚湖相劣质油页岩,分布广,层位稳定,含油率<3.5%。研究区油页岩成因类型为混合型和腐殖型。根据油页岩工业划分标准,达连河油页岩属于中灰分、低含油率的油页岩。     

陆相断陷盆地煤与油页岩共生组合及其层序地层特征

为了研究陆相断陷盆地煤层与油页岩共生发育的地质现象,采用沉积学、构造地质学、能源地质学和层序地层学的相关理论和方法对煤与油页岩共生发育特征进行了研究.研究发现:陆相断陷盆地煤层与油页岩主要存在5种共生组合类型;煤和油页岩的发育均需要稳定的构造和较少的陆源碎屑物质供应,共生发育的煤和油页岩中均含有高等植物和藻类;盆地基底的幕式构造活动对煤和油页岩发育的沉积环境及其转化起到主要控制作用,气候条件、陆源碎屑物质注入、有机质供应等起到次要控制作用;在层序地层格架下,各种煤与油页岩共生组合均可发育在湖扩张体系域,从体系域早期到晚期、从滨湖到湖中心,共生组合中煤层厚度逐渐减小,油页岩厚度逐渐增大;而早期高水位体系域,则主要发育厚度大、分布稳定的油页岩-煤层组合.可见,盆地基底幕式构造活动、沉积环境演化、气候条件、陆源碎屑物质注入、有机质供应等因素共同控制了陆相断陷盆地煤与油页岩的共生发育,且共生组合主要发育在湖扩张体系域和早期高水位体系域.      

广东省茂名盆地油页岩的沉积特征及分布规律

茂名盆地为伸展作用下形成的半地堑式断陷盆地,油页岩发育于古近系油柑窝组和新近系尚村组中。油柑窝组油页岩与煤层伴生,分布在煤层顶部,是最主要的含矿层位,形成于半深湖相沉积环境。茂名金塘含矿区是油页岩富集成矿的中心区带,北西向断裂控制着油柑窝组和尚村组油页岩矿层的埋深、展布以及成矿过程。由于受到沉积环境和物质来源的影响,油柑窝组油页岩含油率一般为5％～9％,最高可达13％;尚村组油页岩含油率为3.5％～6.5％,平均为4.5％左右。     

黄县盆地古近系煤与油页岩共生组合类型及发育特征

黄县盆地是我国东部重要的煤与油页岩资源赋存区。采用沉积学、层序地层学及构造地质学等多种学科研究方法,对黄县盆地煤与油页岩组合类型进行研究,并在层序地层格架下分析不同组合类型的沉积环境演化,这对于该区煤与油页岩资源勘查具有重要意义。研究结果表明:(1)该区煤与油页岩组合类型有四种型式:油页岩/其它沉积/煤层共生组合(煤4-泥岩-油4组合)、煤层/油页岩共生组合(煤3和油3,煤1和油2)、油页岩/煤层/油页岩共生组合(油2-煤1-油1)和油页岩/煤层共生组合(油上1和煤上1)。(2)在黄县断陷盆地古近系地层沉积充填序列中识别出两类三个性质不同的层序界面(SB1、SB2、SB3),其中李家崖组可划分出2个三级层序,各层序具有四元结构特点,即由低水位体系域、湖扩张体系域和早期高水位体系域、晚期高水位体系域组成。(3)黄县盆地古近系煤与油页岩共生组合主要在层序的低位体系域与湖侵体系域中发育,特别是在湖侵体系域中煤与油页岩组合类型丰富,主要与湖侵体系域复杂的沉积环境演化有关。     

依兰盆地达连河油页岩成矿控制因素研究

达连河油页岩含矿区位于黑龙江省依兰地区,该区是一个半地堑式断陷盆地。油页岩形成受到多重因素制约,构造上在靠近断裂F₂的煤和油页岩厚度较厚,随着湖盆沉积范围的扩大,表现了一种从湖平面逐渐向岸上上超的过程;高水位体系域浅湖-半深湖相和水进体系域湖泊-沼泽相形成不同成因类型油页岩;孢粉分析结果可知油页岩形成的气候总体呈现出气候温和、 温度下降的发展趋势;而气候的波动影响了古生物的发育,降低了有机质生产能力,进而造成油页岩含油率低。     

陆相盆地油页岩成矿规律:以东北地区中、新生代典型盆地为例

油页岩作为常规油气的重要替代或补充能源,在全球资源战略中的地位日益彰显。为了更好地揭示我国陆相油页岩的特征与分布规律,在总结多年油页岩勘查成果的基础上,分析了东北地区松辽和桦甸典型含油页岩盆地矿床特征及成矿特点,揭示了陆相坳陷与断陷盆地油页岩成矿规律。油页岩主要发育于三级层序的高水位体系域和水进体系域;古气候和沉积环境对大型坳陷盆地油页岩的形成有重要的控制作用,温暖湿润的气候条件使湖泊自身生产力大大提高,为油页岩形成提供丰富的物质基础;油页岩的平面分布受控于沉积环境的变化,主要分布于深湖—半深湖相,盐度较高使水体处于盐度分层,有利于有机质保存。构造条件对小型断陷盆地油页岩成矿起着至关重要的控制作用,通过控制可容纳空间而影响了油页岩的厚度分布及品质特征,油页岩主要富集相带为靠近控盆同生断裂一侧的半深湖—深湖环境,且靠近控盆同生断裂一侧油页岩厚度明显加厚和含油率增大;同时,干湿交替的气候控制了油页岩的层数和保存条件。对比分析表明:坳陷含油页岩盆地规模多为大型,油页岩矿单独存在、分布面积大,以中薄层中低含油率为典型特点;断陷含油页岩盆地规模多为小型,油页岩矿单独存在或与煤相伴生,以薄层高含油率或巨厚层中等含油率为典型特点。在三级层序的水进和高水位体系域中,有机质丰度和湖泊生产力较高,层状藻和结构藻较为繁盛,外源输入较低、水体盐度较大、还原性较强,且呈碱性环境,是油页岩形成的有利时期。因此,古构造、古气候和沉积环境综合控制下的丰富有机质来源和良好的湖水盐度分层是油页岩有机质富集的有利因素。     

再论陆相三级层序内四分方案及其在油气勘探中的应用

结合在陆相盆地中的实例研究,将一个发育完整的陆相三级层序细分为4个体系域：低水位体系域（LST）、水进体系域（TST）、高水位体系域（HST）和水退体系域（RST）,称为I型层序。或者一个层序可以不发育低水位体系域,而由水进体系域、高水位体系域和水退体系域组成,称为II型层序。低水位体系域发生在湖平面（基准面）快速下降时期;水进体系域出现在首次湖泛面到最大湖泛面之间;高水位体系域形成在高水位时期的湖平面相对静止期;水退体系域形成在湖平面缓慢下降期,在沉积物供给速率大于可容空间增加速率时形成。一般低水位体系域发育小型进积式准层序组,纵向沉积环境变浅,在盆地边缘形成河流下切作用;水进体系域发育退积式准层序组,沉积环境自下而上明显变深;高水位体系域发育加积型准层序组,纵向沉积环境变化不大,且多为静水沉积;水退体系域发育大型进积式准层序组,沉积环境自下而上明显变浅,沉积体系向盆地中心推进。结合对松辽盆地的实例研究,分别阐述了断陷盆地和坳陷盆地中各不同体系域的油气藏分布规律：低水位体系域主要在断陷盆地的陡坡侧和坳陷盆地的深水区发育透镜状岩性油气藏;水进体系域主要在断陷盆地的陡坡带发育上倾尖灭型岩性油气藏,在缓坡带和坳陷盆地的斜坡带发育地层超覆油气藏;高水位体系域主要以深水区的透镜状岩性油气藏为主;水退体系域在断陷盆地中主要发育地层不整合遮挡油气藏,在坳陷盆地中主要发育断块油气藏以及断层遮挡油气藏。从而,以理论与实践相结合的方式,阐明了陆相层序四分体系域的实用性。     

梅河盆地梅河组含煤-油页岩岩系成矿特征分析

综合利用野外露头及岩芯观察,岩石矿物组合、有机地球化学和工业分析等资料,对梅河盆地梅河组上含煤段煤与油页岩成矿特征进行深入分析。研究表明,油页岩与煤相比,具有较低的挥发分及有机碳含量,较高的灰分。煤层顶板油页岩与煤层底板油页岩相比,具有较高的挥发分及有机碳含量,较低的灰分。油页岩有机质类型为Ⅰ-Ⅱ_2型,其中,煤层底板油页岩主要为Ⅰ型,煤层顶板油页岩主要为Ⅱ_1-Ⅱ_2型;煤的有机质类型主要为Ⅱ_2-Ⅲ型。梅河组上含煤段发育于盆地萎缩阶段,含煤、油页岩岩系主要发育于扇三角洲前缘-浅湖-沼泽沉积环境,煤与油页岩的成矿序列形成于与沼泽有密切成因联系的浅湖环境,主控因素为浅湖时期的湖平面或沼泽时期的潜水面。     

Tectonic and climate control of oil shale deposition in the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation (Songliao Basin, NE China)

Oil shales were deposited in the Songliao Basin (NE China) during the Upper Cretaceous period, representing excellent hydrocarbon source rocks. High organic matter (OM) contents, a predominance of type-I kerogen, and a low maturity of OM in the oil shales are indicated by bulk geochemical parameters and biomarker data. A major contribution of aquatic organisms and minor inputs from terrigenous land plants to OM input are indicated by n-alkane distribution patterns, composition of steroids, and organic macerals. Strongly reducing bottom water conditions during the deposition of the oil shale sequences are indicated by low pristane/phytane ratios, high C₁₄-aryl-isoprenoid contents, homohopane distribution patterns, and high V/Ni ratios. Enhanced salinity stratification with mesosaline and alkaline bottom waters during deposition of the oil shales are indicated by high gammacerane index values, low MTTC ratios, high β-carotene contents, low TOC/S ratios, and high Sr/Ba ratios. The stratified water column with anoxic conditions in the bottom water enhanced preservation of OM. Moderate input of detrital minerals during the deposition of the oil shale sequences is reflected by titanium concentrations. In this study, environmental conditions in the paleo-lake leading to OM accumulation in the sediments are related to sequence stratigraphy governed by climate and tectonics. The first Member of the Qingshankou Formation (K₂qn₁) in the Songliao Basin, containing the oil shale sequence, encompasses a third-order sequence that can be divided into three system tracts (transgressive system tract—TST, highstand system tract—HST, and regressive system tract—RST). Enrichment of OM changed from low values during TST-I to high-moderate values during TST-II/III and HST-I/II. Low OM enrichment occurs during RST-I and RST-II. Therefore, the highest enrichment of OM in the sediments is related to stages of mid-late TST and early HST.     

依兰盆地始新统达连河组油页岩成因新认识

综合利用野外露头、岩石矿物组合、有机岩石学、元素地球化学等资料,研究了依兰盆地达连河组含煤-油页岩段与油页岩段油页岩成因。含煤-油页岩段油页岩有机质类型主要为II₁型,油页岩段油页岩有机质类型主要为II₁-II₂型,且都表现为弱氧化-还原特征,但是两者却具有不同的成因。含煤-油页岩段油页岩形成于湖泊-沼泽沉积体系,油页岩形成于湖泛作用基准面上升时期,直接发育在原来沼泽发育的位置,由于该时期水动力很弱,无法带入新的氧气,又有大量的生物生长并且不断原地死亡堆积,形成了有机质很丰富的油页岩。油页岩段油页岩形成于半深湖-深湖体系,该体系中频繁重力流作用的出现,把陆源碎屑带入深湖、半深湖中的时候,也把氧气带入到湖底,不利于有机质的保存,导致该油页岩段的有机质呈混合型以及弱氧化-还原特征。     

金衢盆地上白垩统金华组湖相页岩油气地质特征

以金衢盆地白垩系金华组为研究对象,在钻井资料分析的基础上,结合区域沉积背景,通过分析暗色泥页岩有机质丰度、厚度和分布范围,研究和探索了金衢盆地上白垩统金华组湖相页岩油气地质特征。金衢盆地金华组湖相暗色泥页岩样品的有机质丰度特征表明,TOC值一般小于0.5%,属于非烃源岩,个别样品达到1.57%,属于优质烃源岩; 富有机质层段以富砂夹泥型或富泥夹砂型为主,具多产层特征,盆地北部凹陷具备一定的页岩油气勘探潜力。金华组湖相暗色泥页岩主要发育在西北部衢州—龙游沉积中心区,区域较为局限,厚度不均,范围5~100 m,平均孔隙度3.867%,平均最大渗透率0.087 2×10^-3 μm²,属于典型的致密型储层。将富有机质层段砂泥地层作为一个整体进行页岩油气勘探,源储一体是今后陆相页岩油气的重要勘探思路。     

鄂西地区震旦系—寒武系页岩气成藏模式

通过对鄂西震旦系陡山沱组和寒武系牛蹄塘组页岩气勘查大量实际资料总结研究,创新性地提出了针对鄂西地区震旦系和寒武系"岩相控炭、成岩控烃、构造控藏"的页岩气成藏理论认识。震旦系陡山沱组和寒武系牛蹄塘组富有机质页岩沉积受控于鄂西裂陷海槽,富有机质页岩甜点层段主要形成于海侵体系域和早期高水位体系域。黄陵古隆起周缘震旦纪—三叠纪长期浅埋,为生油提供了充足时间,三叠纪短暂快速深埋,为页岩气生成的主峰期。古隆起刚性基底、区域性泥页岩盖层以及后期逆冲推覆构造,为页岩气保存提供了良好的条件。从而建立了鄂西震旦—寒武系"深水海槽控炭、古隆起浅埋控烃、古隆起+逆冲断裂控藏"的页岩气成藏模式。      

与盐碱矿共生的油页岩形成环境及沉积演化——以桐柏吴城盆地油页岩矿床为例

桐柏吴城盆地五里堆组油页岩为棕黑色,质细而软,呈薄片状产出,平均含油率为6.2％。其内可见大量星点状、结核状黄铁矿,并作为天然碱矿层的直接底板与天然碱、盐岩、白云岩及粉砂质泥岩构成了多个韵律旋回。研究表明：该油页岩形成于湿热气候下的山间封闭盆地;盆地构造环境稳定、周围陆源碎屑供给贫乏;沉积介质为弱还原-还原、半咸水-咸水的浅湖静水环境。在干-湿交替但以干热为主的山间封闭盆地大背景下,五里堆组含油页岩岩系经历了“湿热作用较强→干热为主→高度干热→干热为主→湿热为主”的气候变化旋回,形成了油页岩、天然碱、盐岩、白云岩、粉砂质泥岩的不同韵律组合。     

Prospects of Carboniferous Shale Gas Exploitation in the Eastern Qaidam Basin

Shale gas is a resource of emerging importance in the energy field. Many countries in the world have been making big financial investments in this area. Carboniferous shale in the eastern Qaidam Basin shows good exploration prospects, but limited research and exploration work for shale oil and gas resources has been undertaken. Geochemical analyses were performed on shale derived from the Upper Carboniferous Hurleg Formation in the eastern Qaidam Basin, Qinghai Province, and secondary electron imaging capability of a Field Emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM) was used to characterize the microstructure of the shale. The reservoir and exploitation potential of the studied shale was assessed by comparison with research results obtained from the Barnett Formation shale in Fort Worth Basin, North America and the Basin shale of Sichuan province. The results indicate that the eastern Qaidam Basin Carboniferous shale is high-quality source rock. There are four major microstructural types in the study area: matrix intergranular pores, dissolution pores, intergranular pores, and micro-fractures. The size of the micropores varies from 6–633 nm, the majority of which is between 39–200 nm, with a relatively small number of micro-scale pores ranging from 0.13–1 μm. The pore characteristics of the studied shales are similar to the North American and Sichuanese shales, indicating that they have good reservoir potential. No micropores are present in the organic matter, which is induced by its composition; instead we found an important lamellar structure in the organic matter. These micropores and microfractures are abundant, and are connected to natural visible cracks that form the network pore system, which controls the storage and migration of shale gas. This connectivity is favorable for shale gas exploitation, providing great scientific potential and practical value.     

Lake evolution and its influence on the formation of oil shales in the Middle Jurassic Shimengou Formation in the Tuanyushan area,Qaidam Basin,NW China

The non-marine Qaidam Basin is a petroliferous basin in northwest China. The Tuanyushan area is located in the Saishiteng Depression in the northern Qaidam Basin. Coal and oil shales are widely developed in the Middle Jurassic Dameigou and Shimengou formations in this area where the sedimentary sequence and controls on coal accumulation have already been well documented. However, the geochemical characteristics of lacustrine fine-grained sediments, including lacustrine oil shales, in the shale member of the Shimengou Formation and the main controlling factors of the formation of the oil shales are ambiguous. This paper aims to reconstruct the lake evolution history during the Middle Jurassic period and reveal its influence on the formation of the oil shales in this area. Oil shales and fine-grained sediments were systematically sampled to determine their mineralogical and geochemical characteristics (major, trace and rare earth elements; stable carbon and oxygen isotopes). Based on lithological variations and total organic carbon (TOC) contents, a complete third-order sequence is identified and can be further divided into four system tracts (lowstand system tract, LST; transgressive system tract, TST; highstand system tract, HST and regressive system tract, RST) that correspond to four lake evolution stages (A–D). Changes in the lake level show an initial shallow lake, followed by a continuous upward deepening trend, followed by a shallowing trend. Shallow lake facies developed in the LST, TST and RST, whereas semi-deep to deep lake facies developed in the HST. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes indicate that the Shimengou Lake was semi-closed to closed in the Middle Jurassic. Therefore, the water properties responded strongly to climate changes. According to elemental and mineralogical analyses, a moist climate prevailed, except during the early stages of the TST (stage B1) and HST (stage C1) when there was a semiarid climate. The semiarid climate influenced the water properties and detrital input and was the major controlling factor for the formation of the higher quality oil shales within a saline water environment. In comparison, under the moist climatic condition in the HST, the stable semi-deep to deep-water environment was the major controlling factor for the formation of lower quality oil shales within a fresh water environment.