浅议福建省海洋保护区建设与管理

福建省海洋保护区建设与管理经过20多年来的发展,取得了一定成效,但仍然存在一些问题,文章分析了该保护区的建设与管理现状,提出了福建海洋保护区在面积结构、总体布局规划、经费投入、管理体制、法律法规和科研工作存在的主要问题,并针对上述问题提出了建议。     

促进海洋经济绿色增长——2011年APEC蓝色经济论坛概述

为落实2010年APEC领导人宣言有关绿色增长及环境可持续发展方面的内容,APEC海洋可持续发展中心(AMSD)于2011年11月在中国厦门举办APEC蓝色经济论坛.通过APEC经济体代表们的广泛研讨,在蓝色经济研究方面提出了应重点关注的6个领域,包括陆海统筹、区域海洋经济统计标准、海洋生态系统服务价值、海洋经济政策调整、海洋经济数据政策及生态补偿等方面.基于此次论坛的研讨成果,作者建议中国蓝色经济未来的发展战略应是在深化理解蓝色经济理念的基础上,贯彻陆海统筹战略,建立区域海洋经济统计标准,形成政府政策导向,肯定海洋自然资本的价值,加强相关能力建设与深化国际合作.     

海洋保护区管理成效评估的研究现状及思考

当前海洋保护区的数量和面积在不断增长,但海洋生物多样性却持续衰退,海洋保护区的管理工作面临着巨大压力。管理成效评估作为评价保护区管理目标实现程度的重要手段,近年来得到各界的重视。本文从评估框架、评估指标、评估方法和运用实践四个方面评述了国内外保护区管理评估研究进展,通过比对得知我国海洋保护区管理有效性评估在指标选取、方法构建等方面均存在一定不足,开展相关研究分析和案例佐证任重道远,为此基于我国海洋保护区管理现状,提出区分国内外保护区建设管理差异、适应保护区管理新形势、凸显生态效应、借助新技术手段等开展我国海洋保护区管理成效评估的建议。     

APEC海洋可持续发展中心概况

1 APEC海洋可持续发展中心成立的背景海洋是亚太经合组织(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,APEC)区域重要的发展空间.APEC各经济体水产养殖量和渔业捕捞量分别超过全球总养殖量和捕捞量的90%、75%(m/m),同时,APEC区域也消耗全球鱼类总产量的70%(m/m).旅游业和水产业等依赖海洋资源的产业以及这些产业     

东海区国家级海洋保护区发展研究

东海区是我国最早开展海洋保护区建设的海区之一,被列为保护对象的生物资源、岛礁资源、景观资源和生态系统丰富多样。文章从数量和面积、典型特征以及保护对象3个方面概述东海区国家级海洋保护区的发展现状,提出目前保护区发展存在管理机构不完善、配套法规不健全、资金保障不稳定和监测能力不足等问题。在此基础上,提出加快管理机构建设,提升建设和管理水平;健全法律法规体系,夯实保护工作法律基础;拓宽资金来源,促进开发和保护协调发展;提高监视监测能力,加强保护对象监测评估的对策措施建议,以期为海洋保护区的建设和管理工作以及海洋生态环境的可持续发展提供参考。     

山东昌邑国家级海洋生态特别保护区生态环境现状及管护对策研究

山东昌邑国家级海洋生态特别保护区是目前国内唯一以柽柳林生态系统为主要管理和保护对象的国家级海洋保护区。为系统、全面地了解保护区内生态环境和保护物种的变化趋势,文章对山东昌邑国家级海洋生态特别保护区生态环境现状进行了监测与评价,并根据评价结果,分析了保护区保护与管理中存在的问题。研究表明,该保护区生态环境一直处于亚健康状态,为促进保护及管护,提出了加强保护区生态建设,改变保护区开发利用模式;加强能力建设,实现保护区动态监控;协调发展与保护的关系,实现资源可持续利用;大力开展柽柳生态修复,恢复柽柳的资源状况的对策建议。     

宁波市海洋保护区建设和管理现状及对策研究

在分析宁波市保护区建设情况和管理中存在的问题的基础上,提出了以下4个方面的对策与建议:①大力发展各种类型海洋保护区;②加强宣传教育,增强全民族海洋自然保护意识;③多方筹集资金,扩大融资渠道;④抓好海洋保护区的科研及科研管理。     

美国海洋保护区国家管理体系及其对我国的启示

从美国海洋保护区的立法基础、管理机构和职能分工、纳入国家管理体系的资质要求和流程等方面探析美国海洋保护区的国家管理体系。结合我国海洋保护区管理工作中存在的问题,提出完善我国海洋保护区的法律法规、建立健全海洋保护区综合管理网络体系、完善海洋保护区监督协调机制等对策建议,以期进一步提升我国海洋保护区管理的系统性和规范性,完善我国海洋保护区的管理体系,从而更好地保护我国的海洋生态,实现海洋资源的更有效利用,推进我国海洋生态文明建设的发展。     

美国海洋保护区的建设和管理及中美交流合作研究

文章以美国海洋保护区的主要类别即海洋庇护区和海洋保护工作开展较为成功的加州为例,介绍美国海洋保护区在制度框架、选址规划和监测评估等方面的管理模式。基于我国海洋保护区的现实情况以及中美双方共同的利益和诉求,从建立全国性的制度框架、完善海洋保护区的科学选址和合理规划、完善海洋保护区的监测评估体系以及建立中美海洋保护区对话机制等方面,探讨中美在海洋保护区领域开展交流合作的潜在机会,从而促进我国海洋保护区建设和管理的发展。     

我国海洋特别保护区制度变迁研究

贯穿我国海洋特别保护区制度建设过程的主题是基于保护的开发以及与开发相协调的保护，但实践中这一主题在保护与开发2个端点之间游移，未实现制度设计的初衷，又因体制机制改革而发生制度变迁。新时代海洋自然公园制度、海洋自然保护区制度替代海洋特别保护区制度，并与海洋生态保护红线制度等相关制度相互配合，协同推进海洋自然保护地的分类分区管控。     

A regulation-based classification system for Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a global conservation and management tool to enhance the resilience of linked social-ecological systems with the aim of conserving biodiversity and providing ecosystem services for sustainable use. However, MPAs implemented worldwide include a large variety of zoning and management schemes from single to multiple-zoning and from no-take to multiple-use areas. The current IUCN categorisation of MPAs is based on management objectives which many times have a significant mismatch to regulations causing a strong uncertainty when evaluating global MPAs effectiveness. A novel global classification system for MPAs based on regulations of uses as an alternative or complementing the current IUCN system of categories is presented. Scores for uses weighted by their potential impact on biodiversity were built. Each zone within a MPA was scored and an MPA index integrates the zone scores. This system classifies MPAs as well as each MPA zone individually, is globally applicable and unambiguously discriminates the impacts of uses.     

Creating compliance: A cross-sectional study of the factors associated with marine protected area outcomes

A model for the economics of marine conservation is developed and tested using data from a global sample of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Results from logistic regressions indicate that significant determinants of positive MPA effects vary among MPA subgroups. These significant regressors include enforcement in later time periods and certain “goodwill building activities” carried out by MPA management, as well as a number of institutional and socioeconomic characteristics of the communities. Policy implications and recommendations for additional research are discussed.     

Effects of management strategies on the landscape ecology of a Marine Protected Area

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are important tools for the conservation of coral reefs and associated habitats. We utilized a Geographic Information System (GIS) to evaluate the effect of marine park management in one of Mexico's most important MPAs by comparing benthic habitat structure between the MPA and an adjacent unmanaged region. Characters compared included measure of habitat β-diversity, total area and fragmentation of 15 different habitat classes, and size distributions of the patches of each of those classes. Habitat fragmentation distribution was similar between regions, but significantly higher β-diversity was seen in the managed area, and differences also occurred in the area and fragmentation of several substrate classes. The results suggest that management strategies which limit physical impact on benthic habitats are having a positive effect on the integrity of several important habitats in the MPA.     

Developing a co-management financing mechanism to enhance the financial sustainability of marine protected areas in Taiwan

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a cost-efficient and management-effective tool. Fishery Resource Conservation Zones (FRCZs) are one type of MPA in Taiwan, and they were designated to ensure the sustainability of fishery resources since 1976; however, government appropriations are the only financing source for FRCZs, leading to manpower and equipment shortages for FRCZ management. This study selected the Touching and Suao FRCZs in Yilan County of Taiwan as cases studies. To assess the feasibility of establishing a sustainable financing mechanism for MPAs, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was applied to examine respondents׳ willingness to pay (WTP) to setup a fund for FRCZ management. The empirical results indicated that approximately 90% of respondents would be willing to donate funding for MPAs, and the WTP per respondent is NT$586.51 (US$19.6). Thus, establishing an MPA fund is a feasible way to operate Taiwanese MPAs through a co-management framework involving the central government, local government, local communities and stakeholders. However, based on our empirical results, a co-management financing mechanism for MPAs should be established to ensure stable and diverse financing sources.     

Development and management of a network of marine protected areas in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region

Selected and managed effectively, regional networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) have the potential to be important strategies for conserving representative samples of global biodiversity and migratory species, and for the development of trans-national experience in resource management and conservation. This paper reviews current and proposed regional networks of MPAs, and describes the process of establishing an MPA network in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Region as a case study. Critical to the success of this network will be the implementation of a common, regionally agreed management framework, and the development of the necessary technical capacity and expertise in the planning and management of MPAs (currently lacking in several countries represented in the Network). This case study addresses the regional management framework, the mechanisms proposed to coordinate management of the participating MPAs, the mechanisms for strengthening regional capacity, and the potential constraints to achieving the objectives and goals of the network.     

Can management effort be predicted for marine protected areas? New considerations for network design

This study examined the level of management complexity (simultaneously occurring licensed human activities) within the currently designated Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Scottish waters and through modelling and statistical analysis determined which variables play an important role in defining the level of management effort required for each MPA. This study utilised surveyed distribution data for Priority Marine Features and modelled distribution data showing potential “Most Suitable” Priority Marine Feature habitat through the species distribution model, Maxent. Prediction indicators were developed through Spearman׳s Rank coefficients and a linear regression model. Results showed that, (1) there was a significant negative correlation between the management complexity score within 5 km of a MPA and the number of casework events (defined as any work or statutory consultation associated with an MPA, such as planning applications, discharges or new fisheries); and (2) a significant positive correlation between the number of casework events and location, number of features, and the type of features and most suitable scores. Calculations showed that Lochs Duich, Long and Alsh, Loch Sunart, Loch Sween and Loch Creran may potentially require most effort to manage once they are designated as MPAs. This study showed that it is possible to evaluate options within an MPA network to achieve cost effective options for the biodiversity and socio-economic objectives of MPA networks and that some MPAs are likely to be more efficient than others in terms of management time.     

Evaluating the social acceptability of Marine Protected Areas

Q methodology provides a novel, quantitative approach to reveal stakeholder perspectives and was used to assess social acceptance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) with fisheries and conservation management goals using the Devon & Severn region, UK as a case study site. Participants sorted a set of statements (n=42) into a forced-choice frequency distribution and centroid analysis revealed three factors for interpretation: (1) ‘pro-conservation’, characterised by views that conservation should be prioritised over commercial and economic interests; (2) ‘pro-fisheries’ who saw fishing as the priority and expressed concerns over the uncertainty of management measures and the number of planned MPAs; and (3) ‘win–win’ who felt that the current approach to marine management using MPAs would allow both fisheries and conservation goals to be met. Despite some differences in opinion, social acceptability of MPAs was identified across all three discourses, but was limited by the knock-on effects of the exclusion of stakeholders from the implementation of MPAs and the development of management measures. This resulted in disenfranchisement and uncertainty over the future of their activities. The results suggest that social acceptability of MPAs is generated by effective and ongoing stakeholder engagement, transparency and honesty relating to the costs and benefits of designations and a certainty that once sites are in place the resources exist for their effective management. Understanding social acceptability will guide adaptive management and increase the chances of MPA success and the meeting of global targets.