Field spectroscopy and radiative transfer modelling to assess impacts of petroleum pollution on biophysical and biochemical parameters of the Amazon rainforest

Biophysical and biochemical plant foliage parameters play a key role in assessing vegetation health. Those plant parameters determine the spectral reflectance and transmittance properties of vegetation; therefore, hyperspectral remote sensing, particularly imaging spectroscopy, can provide estimates of leaf and canopy chemical properties. Based on the relationship between spectral response and biochemical/biophysical properties of the leaves and canopies, the PROSPECT radiative transfer model simulates the interaction of light with leaves. In this study, more than 1100 leaf samples from the Amazon forest of Ecuador were collected at several study sites, some of which are affected by petroleum pollution, and across the vertical profile of the forest. For every sample, field spectroscopy at leaf level was conducted with a spectroradiometer. The goal of this study was to assess leaf optical properties of polluted and unpolluted rainforest canopies across the vertical profile and identify vegetation stress expressed in changes of biophysical and biochemical properties of vegetation. An ANOVA followed by Holme’s multiple comparisons of means and a principal component analysis showed that photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll and carotenoids have significantly lower levels across the vertical profile of the forest, particularly in sites affected by petroleum pollution. On the other hand, foliar water content showed significantly higher levels in the polluted site. Those findings are symptoms of vegetation stress caused by reduced photosynthetic activity and consequently decreased transpiration and water-use efficiency of the plants. Cross-comparison between SPAD-502 chlorophyll content meter index and chlorophyll content showed strong positive correlation coefficients (r = 0.71 and r ² = 0.51) which suggests that using the SPAD-502 chlorophyll index itself is sensitive enough to detect vegetation stress in a multispecies tropical forest. Therefore, the SPAD-502 can be used to assess chlorophyll content of vegetation across polluted and non-polluted sites at different canopy layers. The results presented in this paper contribute to the very limited literature on field spectroscopy and radiative transfer models applied to the vertical profile of the Amazon forest.     

两种用于作物冠层叶绿素含量提取的改进光谱指数

在深入探讨目前广泛使用的提取叶绿素含量的植被指数的光谱响应机制基础上,利用PROSPECT+SAIL模型模拟的作物冠层反射率样本数据对比分析了这些植被指数对叶绿素含量变化的敏感性差异,包括PSSRa、PSSRb、PSNDa、PSNDb、NPCI、PRI、MCARI和TVI等.结果表明,上述植被指数或对土壤背景变化敏感,或受高值LAI影响趋于饱和,对作物叶绿素含量反演效果均不理想.提出了4种基于TVI和MCARI的改进植被指数MTVI1、MTVI2、MCARI1和MCARI2,揭示了它们对土壤背景和LAI不敏感,对叶绿素含量变化更为敏感的光谱机制,并根据实验数据对其进行验证.实验表明,改进的植被指数MTVI2和MCARI2是作物冠层叶绿素含量较好的预测器,可据此建立作物冠层叶绿素含量反演模型.     

Spectral data source effect on crop state estimation by vegetation indices

Spectral vegetation indices (VIs) are a well-known and widely used method for crop state estimation. The ability to monitor crop state by such indices is an important tool for agricultural management. Even though differences in imagery and point-based spectroscopy are obvious, their impact on crop state estimation by VIs is not well-studied. The aim of this study was to assess the performance level of the selected VIs calculated from spaceborne multispectral imagery and point-based field spectroscopy in application to crop state estimation. For this purpose, irrigated chickpea field was monitored by RapidEye satellite mission and additional measurements by field spectrometer were obtained. Estimated VIs average and coefficient of variation from each observation were compared with physical crop measurements: leaf water content, LAI and chlorophyll level. The results indicate that indices calculated from spaceborne spectral images regardless of the claimed response commonly react on phenology of the irrigated chickpea. This feature makes spaceborne spectral imagery an appropriate data source for monitoring crop development, crop water needs and yield prediction. VIs calculated from field spectrometer were sensitive for estimating pigment concentration and photosynthesis rate. Yet, a hypersensitivity of field spectral measures might lead to a very high variability (up to 69%) of the calculated values. Consequently, the high spatial variability of field spectral measurements depreciates the estimation agricultural field state by average mean only. Nevertheless, the spatial variability might have certain behavior trend, e.g., a significant increase in the active growth or stress and can be an independent feature for field state assessment.     

干旱和复水对喀斯特石生穗枝赤齿藓水分及光合生理的影响

研究了石生穗枝赤齿藓对喀斯特环境变迁的水分及光合生理适应,为喀斯特石漠化生态环境的恢复与治理提供依据。选择贵州普定石漠化区域交织型石生穗枝赤齿藓（Erythrodontium julaceum (Schwaegr.) Par.）为材料,测定水分和光合生理等指标。结果表明:干旱胁迫下石生穗枝赤齿藓水势（Ψs）、自由水含量（Va）、组织总含水量和相对含水量（RWC）降低,束缚水（Vs）、水分饱和亏（WSD）和Vs/Va比值增大,复水后各水分生理指标均有不同程度的恢复。RWC与qN负相关,与Fv/Fm、Yield、ETR、qP、Pn呈正相关关系;叶绿素含量总体呈出先升后降再升高的趋势。轻度干旱胁迫Pn逐渐下降,重度急剧下降,光合作用受到了严重的影响;随干旱胁迫进程蒸腾速率（Tr）的变化未见显著差异。复水后各荧光参数在轻中度胁迫下能恢复到正常水平,而重度胁迫较难恢复到对照水平。喀斯特石生穗枝赤齿藓具有适应岩溶干湿交替的水分代谢和光合生理机制,是石漠化地区植被恢复与重建过程中的先锋物种。      

A comparison of forest fire indices for predicting fire risk in contrasting climates in China

The relationships between fire danger indices and fire risk have been extensively studied in many regions of the world. This work uses partial effect analysis in semiparametric logistic regression models to assess the nonlinear relationships among location, day, altitude, fire danger indices, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and fire ignition from 1996 to 2008 in four different climatic regions in China. The four regions are North China (NR), Northeast China (NE), Southeast China (SE), and Southwest China (SW). The three main results are as follows: First, different fire danger indices are selected as significant variables dependent on the region. The inter-regional difference could be partially explained by difference in local weather and vegetation conditions. Second, spatial location exerts highly significant effects in all four regions. NDVI values are selected as explained variable for NR, NE, and SE on fire ignitions. On a daily scale, altitude influences fire ignition for NR, SE, and SW. Third, the robustness of the probability models used in NE, SE, and SW is better than that in NR on a daily scale. The semiparametric logistic regression model used in this study is useful for assessing the ability of fire danger indices to estimate probabilities of fire ignition on a daily scale. This study encourages further research on assessing the predictive ability of fire danger indices developed at other temporal and spatial scales in China.     

石漠化区植被恢复过程凋落叶分解特征及其对土壤有机碳/氮的影响——以重庆中梁山为例

运用凋落物分解袋及样品室内分析的方法,研究了石漠化脆弱生态区植被恢复不同阶段主要建群种凋落叶分解及有机碳、氮释放动态及其与土壤团聚体有机碳、氮之间的关系。结果表明:(1)各植被恢复阶段凋落叶分解系数介于0.73～1.33之间,不同阶段之间表现为,草地<灌丛<乔木林<灌乔林,人工樟树林介于乔木林与灌乔林之间。(2)各植被恢复阶段凋落叶有机碳、氮净释放率介于58.5%～72.9%与21.2%～63.9%之间,有机碳在分解期间表现为净释放,有机碳、氮释放率随植被恢复年限的延长呈增加的趋势。(3)凋落叶分解与养分释放对土壤有机碳、氮含量的提高有促进作用。其中,凋落叶分解系数与0.25～1 mm、<0.25 mm粒径团聚体轻组有机碳、氮之间关系密切。在植被恢复过程中,凋落叶分解速率及有机碳、氮释放率随恢复年限延长而呈增加趋势,凋落叶分解对土壤有机碳、氮有重要影响,轻组有机碳、氮优先向小粒径团聚体输入,小粒径团聚体在土壤有机碳、氮积累中有重要作用。凋落叶分解一方面能为植物生长提供养分,同时也促进土壤有机质的形成与积累,植被恢复过程中应加强水土保持、提高土壤层的养分保蓄与抗水土流失能力。      

草地植被盖度的多尺度遥感与实地测量方法综述

植被盖度作为一个重要的生态学参数被用在许多气候模型和生态模型中。地表实测和遥感测量是获取植被盖度的两种基本途径。以草地植被盖度的测量为研究对象,综合讨论了目前地表实测和遥感测量常用的方法,分析了它们的优缺点,并对如何提高草地植被盖度的测量精度做出展望。数码相机、高光谱遥感以及多尺度遥感数据的综合使用可能是未来草地植被盖度测量发展的趋势。     

土壤呼吸主要影响因素的研究进展

影响土壤呼吸的因子有很多，在不同时间空间的不同生态系统其影响因子各不相同。综述了土壤呼吸主要影响因子的研究进展，主要从土壤温度、土壤湿度、降水、土壤C/N等非生物因子，植被类型、生物量、叶面积指数、植被凋落物等生物因子以及人类活动等方面阐述对土壤呼吸产生的影响。在此基础上对土壤呼吸的Q10值、关键影响因子及各种生态环境因子的综合影响进行了讨论。从众多研究中发现土壤温度、湿度是影响土壤呼吸的主要因子，建立土壤温度及湿度影响下的土壤呼吸模型更有助于对土壤呼吸进行定量的描述。但是在土壤温度及湿度过高或过低的情况下会出现较大的误差，为了尽量减少土壤呼吸的误差，给出了如下建议：①加强土壤呼吸和生态系统自动碳通量的结合研究；②加强对不同生物和非生物生态环境因子的同步测定，特别重视生物因子对非生物因子的调节和影响；③加强典型物候期和不同季节典型天气土壤呼吸的测定；④加强模拟试验研究和模式研究。总之，土壤呼吸是一个比较复杂的过程，虽然有规律可循，但是，很多时候由于因子间交互作用而表现偏离，对其准确估算需要找出关键因子，并综合分析其它因子的影响。     

植被指数研究进展

在遥感应用领域,植被指数已广泛用来定性和定量评价植被覆盖及其生长活力。由于植被光谱表现为植被、土壤亮度、环境影响、阴影、土壤颜色和湿度复杂混合反应,而且受大气空间—时相变化的影响,因此植被指数没有一个普遍的值,其研究经常表明不同的结果。20多年来,已研究发展了40多个植被指数。该文对已有的大部分植被指数进行了归纳分类,评价其各自优势和局限性,并探讨了未来研究的方向,这将有助于遥感在农业、植被和生态环境监测方面进行有效地开发与应用。     

Spatial distribution of surface soil water content under different vegetation types in northwest Guangxi, China

Geostatistical and statistical analyses were combined to examine the spatial distribution of soil water content under four vegetation types during the dry season, in the peak-cluster depression in the karst region in northwest Guangxi, southwest China. The soil water content significantly increased from farmland to plantation, secondary forest, and primary forest; whereas the variation coefficients, the sill (C ₀+C), and total spatial variance increased, although the range decreased. The spatial distribution of soil water content in the different vegetation types had a high spatial autocorrelation. Different models produced a best fit for the semivariograms of the four vegetation types. Elevation and slope position were the primary factors influencing the spatial distribution of soil water content, with other key factors differing between the four vegetation types. Moreover, even though different specific factors influenced soil water content in the four vegetation types, the correlations and degrees of associations between the soil water content and these various factors differed. Therefore, the corresponding strategies for rational usage and management of water resources should be different for the four vegetation types in this region.     

Remote Sensing Study of Gold Biogeochemical Effects in the Western Guangdong-Hainan Region——A Case Study of the Hetai Gold Deposit

The vegetation has been poisoned by gold in the western Guangdong-Hainan region. The gold content ofthe leaves there is as high as 10-1961 times the abundance, the chlorophyll content is 10%-30% lower thanthat of the vegetation in metamorphic terrains and 10%-20% higher than that in granite terrains, and thecarotenoid content is 10%-44% lower than the background value. The water content of leaves is 10% to 20%lower than the background value. The cells of leaves are deformed and broken. The leaf surface shows colourspots and becomes yellow or dark green. The spectral reflectance of the leaf surface is 5%-30% higher than thebackground value: the spectral shape has shifted 5-15 nm to the short wavelength. The gray scales of eanopyon images of Landsat TM and airborne imaging scanner (AIS) are 10%-100% higher than the backgroundvalues. On Landsat TM and AIS false colour images, plants poisoned by gold display a yellow color, whichdisinguishes them from background plants. According to the spectral and image features of goldbiogeochemical effects, the author has constructed a gold information system and expert prediction system,and thus two gold target areas and two gold prospect areas have been identified rapidly, economically andaccurately in the western Guangdong-Hainan region which is extensively covered by vegetation.     

青藏高原坡面冻土土壤水分空间变异特性

为深入揭示坡面冻土水分运移规律及其主要影响因子,以青藏高原巴颜喀拉山北坡为例,结合冻融变化过程,研究不同地形条件冻土土壤水分空间变异特征,利用分类回归树模型（CART）和典范对应分析（CCA）识别影响坡面冻土土壤水分空间异质性的主控因子及其相互作用关系。研究结果表明:①受坡面地形与冻融过程影响,冻结期坡面冻土土壤水分侧向流动减弱,以垂直迁移为主,上坡位含量高于下坡位,反之,融化期上坡位含量则低于下坡位。②影响坡面冻土土壤水分的主要环境因子为高程、土壤质地、土壤温度和植被覆盖度,但在不同冻融阶段下其影响因子存在差异,在冻结状态下主要因子为高程、土壤质地和土壤温度,其相对贡献率分别达到19.97%、19.45%和9.56%;在融化阶段下主要因子为高程、植被覆盖度和土壤质地,其相对贡献率分别为37.4%、14.9%和10.7%。③ 0~20 cm浅层深度上影响坡面冻土土壤水分的主要因素为坡度、高程和植被覆盖度,其相关系数分别高达0.941 2、0.903 9和0.563 1;中下层深度上其主要影响因素较为复杂。     

Remote Sensing Study of Gold Biogeochemical Effects in the Western Guangdong-Hainan Region1—A Case Study of the Hetai Gold Deposit

Abstract The vegetation has been poisoned by gold in the western Guangdong-Hainan region. The gold content of the leaves there is as high as 10-1961 times the abundance, the chlorophyll content is 10%-30% lower than that of the vegetation in metamorphic terrains and 10%-20% higher than that in granite terrains, and the carotenoid content is 10%-44% lower than the background value. The water content of leaves is 10% to 20% lower than the background value. The cells of leaves are deformed and broken. The leaf surface shows colour spots and becomes yellow or dark green. The spectral reflectance of the leaf surface is 5%-30% higher than the background value; the spectral shape has shifted 5-15 nm to the short wavelength. The gray scales of eanopy on images of Landsat TM and airborne imaging scanner (AIS) are 10%-100% higher than the background values. On Landsat TM and AIS false colour images, plants poisoned by gold display a yellow color, which disinguishes them from background plants. According to the spectral and image features of gold biogeochemical effects, the author has constructed a gold information system and expert prediction system, and thus two gold target areas and two gold prospect areas have been identified rapidly, economically and accurately in the western Guangdong-Hainan region which is extensively covered by vegetation.     

西南岩溶地区植被喀斯特效应

西南岩溶地区是我国主要岩溶带之一，也是世界岩溶研究重点地区，区内因人口众多，植被破坏严重，部分地区因人为作用已经产生一系列的环境问题，本文从岩溶地区植被演替规律出发，针对不同植被生态条件，通过对比不同表层岩溶泉的水化学特征和表层土壤空气CO2（g)（表示呀以气相形式存在）的含量，分析了植被在岩溶区，特别在表层岩溶带的喀斯特效应，由此，一方面可以推动岩溶研究的进一步发展；另一方面可以提高人们的岩溶环境保护意识，从而为西南地区生态恢复提供基础资料。     

基于HJ-CCD影像数据的新疆喀纳斯自然保护区植被叶面积指数估算

以新疆喀纳斯自然保护区为研究区, 评价了HJ-CCD影像数据估算植被叶面积指数(LAI)的能力及其对大气订正方法的敏感性.分别利用6S和FLAASH两种大气订正模型对HJ1B-CCD2影像进行大气订正, 比较了大气订正前后不同植被(针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林和草地)反射率及5种植被指数(NDVI、SR、SAVI、MSR、ARVI)的变化, 进而建立了4种植被类型LAI的遥感估算模型, 分析了LAI的空间分布格局.结果表明: 大气订正后可见光波段的反射率降低, 6S模型订正后近红外波段的反射率上升, 而FLAASH模型订正后近红外波段的反射率下降.大气订正后NDVI、SR、SAVI(除针叶林)和MSR上升, 6S模型订正后所有植被类型的ARVI下降, FLAASH模型订正后针叶林和阔叶林的ARVI上升, 而针阔混交林和草地的ARVI下降.大气订正提高了植被指数与LAI之间的相关性, 对于针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林而言, 利用6S模型订正后的反射率建立的模型优于FLAASH模型订正后的反射率建立的模型, 而草地却相反.经过大气订正, HJ-CCD影像数据可应用于研究区植被LAI的估算.研究区LAI的高值集中在湖泊和河流附近, 低值分布在海拔较高处.山地森林草原带、亚高山森林带、高山灌丛草甸带、高山冻原、高山冰川带植被LAI的平均值分别为2.6、3.9、2.5、1.7和1.0.     

宁夏地区水资源对植被生长的影响研究

植被状况的变化是反映区域性生态环境状况的重要指标之一,多年植被指数的变化则反映了植被生态环境随时间的变化规律。采用定量遥感技术及斜率法,以全球植被指数MODIS NDVI数据作为数据源,对宁夏地区2000-2004年期间的植被指数变化幅度及变化趋势进行了研究。结果表明,从2000年开始,宁夏部分地区的植被指数呈现下降趋势,植被出现退化现象。在此基础上,对贺兰山、六盘山地区植被变化与降雨量的关系做了定量研究,并对红寺堡及银川平原等地区的水资源开发利用对植被的影响进行了较为详细的分析。贺兰山、六盘山的植被主要受降雨量的控制,而红寺堡地区的植被退化是由于水资源的不合理应用导致土壤盐渍化的结果,银川平原的植被则与引用黄河水量的减少和地下水的过量开采有关。     

西北荒漠草甸植被光谱反射特征研究

选取位于西北干旱内陆地区的安西荒漠草场为观测试验区,分别对盐生低地草甸、极旱荒漠草甸和荒漠灌丛三类草地进行了地面反射光谱测定,并分析了主要荒漠草甸植被光谱反射的一般特征和红边参数特征,进而探讨了形成草地光谱特征差异的主要内在原因和影响因素。结果表明:在近红外波段,由于荒漠植被类别间叶片内部结构变化大,因此冠层光谱反射率差异较大;同一植被冠层光谱反射率的大小主要受植被长势的影响;受沙地背景的影响,在近红外波段,植被冠层的光谱反射率要明显小于叶片的光谱反射率;荒漠植被冠层光谱的红边也具有“双峰”现象,红边特征的参数表现为:沙地植被>绿洲植被>沙漠植被。对安西荒漠植被光谱特征的分析研究,对于研究干旱区荒漠植被的理化性能、遥感反演、植被分类、植被调查等都具有重要的意义。     

寒区植被对冻土微波辐射影响的研究

理论和实验表明,微波辐射可以用来研究冻土的特性.但当冻土的上层被植被层覆盖时,植被吸收、发射并散射微波信号,冻土的微波辐射特征就会被改变.所以,研究植被层对冻土微波辐射特征的影响,对于准确获取下层冻土的微波辐射特性及冻土的变化监测极为重要.介绍了一种基于光线跟踪原理和耦合矩阵算法的微波辐射模型,用来计算植被层的发射率,可以计算得到视场内来自不同观测角度的整体发射率,以及V和H极化的相位差.根据车载双极化微波辐射计在C,X,K,Ka等4个波段的实测数据与模拟结果的比较,分别计算出来自植被层和冻土层的辐射,从而研究寒区植被对冻土的微波辐射影响.     

An analysis of vegetation indices in relation to tree species diversity using by satellite data in the northern forests of Iran

Vegetation indices have been introduced for analyzing and assessing the status of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of vegetation using satellite images. However, choosing the best indices to be used in forest biodiversity and vegetation is one of the important problems faced by the users. The purpose of this research is to evaluate six vegetation indices in the analysis of tree species diversity in the northern forests of Iran. The present research uses LISS III sensor data from IRS-P6 satellite. Geometric rectification of images was performed using ground control points, and Chavez model was used for atmospheric correction of the data. The six spectral vegetation indices included NDVI, IPVI, Ashburn Vegetation Index (AVI), TVI, TTVI, and RVI. Shannon–Wiener species diversity index was used to analyze diversity, and the value of the index was calculated in each sample plot. Then, the spectral values of each sample plot were extracted from different bands. The best subset regression was used to analyze the relationship between species diversity and the related bands. The results obtained from the regression showed that polynomial equations under scrutiny as independent variables can assess tree and shrub species diversity better than other bands and compounds used (R ²?=?0.47). The obtained results also indicated a higher capacity in the case of the AVI index for estimating tree species diversity in the under study area.     

喀斯特区天然林不同演替阶段功能性状特征及其影响因素研究 ——以云南大黑山为例

不同演替阶段群落的环境条件有所不同,变化的环境因子驱使群落水平上功能性状和物种适应环境的生态对策改变,然而次生演替过程中群落功能性状和物种生态对策随演替时间的变化规律尚不清楚.本文以云南大黑山喀斯特地区弃耕后处于不同恢复阶段的天然次生林(3年,6年,20年,40年)和老龄林为研究对象,结合不同群落演替阶段的物种特征和群...