基于MLS的FLAC3D复杂三维地质建模

针对岩土力学分析软件FLAC3D建模效率较低的不足之处,在分析FLAC3D建模命令以及网格模型＊.FLAC3D文件格式特点的基础上,介绍了空间坐标变换、MLS插值的方法与意义,并提出了新的建模方法,开发了相应的计算机辅助建模程序.该程序直接读取原始数据点,无需借助第三方软件,通过坐标变换、MLS插值,可快速生成具有复杂边界的地质模型,且便于材料参数和应力边界条件参数的赋值,可有效地提高工作效率.     

我国城市地下空间开发适宜性评价研究现状与发展趋势

城市地下空间是缓解用地饱和矛盾、改善城市生态的重要空间资源,也是开创城市高质量发展新局面的良策,科学高效地进行城市地下空间开发适宜性评价工作至关重要。本文从评价指标体系、评价指标赋权、评价模型、三维建模与可视化、评价系统等5个方面,系统梳理了城市地下空间开发适宜性评价研究现状与不足;对如何合理构建评价指标体系、提升三维地质建模精度、搭建地下空间综合系统三个关键问题进行探讨并给出相应对策;阐明了城市地下空间开发适宜性评价的发展趋势：全要素、全资源的统筹协调,需求导向的针对性评价模式,创新性、连续化的评价模型。该研究成果可促进城市地下空间开发适宜性评价工作的深化,为城市地下空间的合理评价与有序开发提供一定指导。     

Urban landscape extraction and analysis based on optical and microwave ALOS satellite data

Accurate mapping of urban land cover from satellite data provides essential input to urban landscape analysis, modelling and urban ecosystem studies. Additionally, analysis of urban landscape metrics will provide a positive step towards comprehensive understanding of the features of urban landscape structure and further planning. In the present study, multi-spectral Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS)/Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR-2) images and ALOS/Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) dual-polarized (FBD) microwave images were used to extract urban land cover information by applying the decision tree method, and additional Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER/GDEM) was used to reduce the effects of mountains in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images due to high backscattering from urban construction land. A set of landscape metrics, such as landscape diversity, edge density and landscape shape indices with supplementary ecological meanings, were chosen to quantitatively analysis urban landscape patterns in arid environments. The overall accuracy assessment result was 91.50%, and the experimental results demonstrate that synergetic use of optical and SAR ALOS data has the potential and advantages for Arid Urban Region mapping, while the decision tree method showed intuitive simplicity and computational efficiency. The quantitative analysis results of landscape metrics showed that distribution of landscape types in Urumqi city were inhomogeneous, the urban landscape dominated by a few classes. Urbanization in this region has resulted in dramatic increases in patch density (PD), edge density (ED) and landscape shape complexity.     

景观指数的粒度变化效应

本文以延河流域的1:250000和1:500000土地利用图为对象,以景观格局分析程序Fragstats3.3为分析工具,探讨了不同比例尺条件下景观指数随粒度增加的变化特征.研究结果表明,随着粒度值由25m到400m的逐渐增加,除斑块丰富度外的景观指数均具有明显的尺度效应,其中聚集度和集合度没有尺度转折点,其他指数具有明显或不明显的尺度转折点.对比分析1:250000和1:500000土地利用格局指数的计算结果可以发现:1)尺度转折点不是一个值,而是一个相对较小的区间;2)尺度转折点与研究图件的比例尺有关,比例尺越大,所发生的第一次尺度转折点的粒度就越小;3)第一尺度域是选择适宜粒度的较好取值范围.对延河流域1:250000土地利用图进行景观指数计算的适宜粒度范围是70～90m,1:500000土地利用图的适宜粒度范围是90～120m.     

三维城市地球物理数据管理与服务系统框架

为实现地球物理数据对城市发展提供数据支持, 以3D GIS作为基础平台, 从数据与信息管理、多方法综合处理与显示、成果的三维可视化表达及信息发布等4个层次阐述了三维城市地球物理数据管理与服务系统框架的构建; 数据与信息管理子系统是整个系统的基础, 提供数据基础.GIS支持下的第2层次作为数据显示和多方法交互综合处理的工具而存在, 并为成果信息表达提供基础.后2个层次实现城市地球物理成果数据的展示功能.第3个层次是对成果数据的三维再现, 而第4个层次则通过Web来发布成果信息.在构建三维城市地球物理数据管理与服务信息系统时, 存在2个方面需要解决的问题: (1) 要实现多期次海量的城市地球物理数据的一体化管理问题.提出了以地球物理勘探点、线作为多方法数据融合的基础, 分层次、专题按要素的方式建立多维数据库, 以达到对数据的统一管理. (2) 成果信息的可视化问题.为了在三维空间中再现成果数据, 将地球物理形式的数据转换成地质形式, 设计了一个以线框模型为基本思想来表达三维地质模型的数据模型.将提出的系统框架结合华北某地区进行了应用, 取得了较好的效果.      

基于无人机载LiDAR的采煤沉陷监测技术方法——以宁东煤矿基地马连台煤矿为例

探索采煤地表沉陷的高新监测技术方法是推动采煤沉陷监测的重要工作,无人机载LiDAR采煤塌陷监测技术是无人机与LiDAR构建的一种新型低空三维空间测量技术。以宁东煤炭基地马莲台煤矿采煤沉陷区为例,采用无人机机载LiDAR监测技术获取了2017年4月及8月2期三维点云数据,通过数据三维建模和沉降信息提取,得到了地面沉陷情况的三维立体图,监测出了3处地面沉降区,并利用实测水准点和已有GPS自动监测站数据,对该技术监测地面沉降的精度进行评估。研究结果表明,无人机机载LiDAR监测技术方法可满足采煤塌陷的立体监测需求,具有机动灵活、成本低、效率高、精度高等特点,未来可在类似地区推广应用。     

Assessment of heavy metal contamination levels of street dust in the city of Lublin,E Poland

Heavy metals are constantly emitted into the environment and pose a major threat to human health, particularly in urban areas. The threat is linked to the presence of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in street dust, which consists of mineral and organic particles originating from the soil, industrial emitters, motor vehicles, and fuel consumption. The study objective was to determine the level of street dust contamination with trace metals in Lublin and to indicate their potential sources of origin. The analyses were carried out with an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The sampling sites (49) were located within the city streets characterised by varying intensity of motor traffic. The following mean content values and their variation (SD) were determined: Cd: 5.1?±?1.7 mg kg^?1, Cr: 86.4?±?23.3 mg kg^?1, Cu: 81.6?±?69.2 mg kg^?1, Ni: 16.5?±?3.9 mg kg^?1, Pb: 44.1?±?16.4 mg kg^?1, and Zn: 241.1?±?94.6 mg kg^?1. The level of pollution was assessed with several widely used geochemical indices (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, pollution index, index of ecological risk, and potential ecological risk index). For most of the indices, the mean (median) values are arranged in the following manner: Zn?>?Cu(or Cd)?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Cr. In general, street dust in Lublin does not show pollution with Cr, Ni, and Pb. I_geo and EF indices show moderate levels for Cu, Cd, and Zn; their presence in street dust is linked with anthropogenic factors (motor traffic). A significant threat is posed by Cd, and more than half of the samples show considerable pollution with cadmium (median for the index of ecological risk: 151). The spatial pattern of indices and the results of statistical analyses (CA, PCA) indicate three groups of elements: (1) Cr and Ni: natural origin; (2) Pb: mixed origin; and (3) Cd, Cu, and Zn: anthropogenic origin (mainly motor vehicle traffic). Higher content values for metals of anthropogenic origin in street dust indicate that it is a source of pollution of soil and air in the city.     

喀斯特峡谷洞穴景区景观保育与发展协同评价研究——以云南九乡峡谷洞穴景区为例

建立自然保护、恢复与社会经济发展相协调的保护地评价指标体系,以达到评估景观保育情况,分析在社会经济发展中的作用,获取景观保育持续提升的方向和对策是本文目标。以云南九乡峡谷洞穴景区为例,设计了景区景观的自然性、功能性和属地性指数评价体系。九乡景区景观自然性指数为7.004,属次生景观类;景区功能性指数是7.58,属发展型景区;属地性指数6.8,属景区产业向服务社区与居民就业方向转型的过渡产业型景区。根据九乡景区景观格局和保护利用状态,提出四个景观保育区,分别是乡土植物廊道和文化景观保育区、峡谷河道景观保育区、峡谷洞穴景观与地表植被保育区、植被管护与石漠化治理区等。景观保育措施主要是自然保育与恢复,以实现管理景观自然化,同时发展景区社区主导的旅游服务业与开发民特产品,增强景观保护的社会经济基础。      

城市地下空间三维地质模型可视化技术研究

目前,城市地下空间信息化发展面临着海量数据组织、管理和可视化显示等亟需解决的关键问题。本文顺应国家新型智慧城市建设趋势,提出并实现了城市地下空间三维地质模型可视化技术,构建地质三维模型分级数据,按照不规则四叉树结构形成LOD数据;基于构建的三维空间网格码规范编码,运用降维、非布尔运算的方法,实现最大精度化的地下空间模型数据无限逼近的融合;并采用多渲染引擎的混合渲染架构,支持DirectX、WebGL（OpenGL ES）、OSG（OpenGL）和游戏引擎（Unreal Engine）等多引擎渲染,实现TB级地下时空数据的真实感可视化与高效调度,为城市地下空间开发利用提供数据支持和辅助决策分析支撑。     

Investigation of microrubbers,microplastics and heavy metals in street dust: a study in Bushehr city,Iran

This study aimed to (1) investigate microrubbers (MRs) for the first time and identify microplastics (MPs) in street dust, (2) determine the physicochemical and mineralogical characteristics and morphology of dust particles, (3) understand the concentration and the possible source(s) of heavy metals/metalloids, (4) identify the chemical speciation and mobility potential of trace metals in urban street dusts, and (5) determine adverse health effects of street dust on children and adults living in the city of Bushehr in southwestern Iran. Generally, twenty four street dust samples were collected and analyzed. Calculated enrichment factors indicate high levels of contamination. Statistical analysis reveals that the two main sources of trace elements include road traffic emissions (Cu, Zn, Sb, Hg, Pb, Mo) and re-suspended soil particles (Al, Mn, Ni, Ti, Cd, Co). BCR sequential extraction results indicated that As, Zn, Cu, and Pb mainly occur in the exchangeable fraction and hence are highly bioavailable. X-ray powder diffraction analysis revealed the presence of calcite, dolomite, quartz, and magnetite. The size distribution of dust particles was also investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), while elemental distribution was analyzed using an attached energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM–EDS) unit. Dust particles from heavy traffic areas are much finer compared with other investigated areas. MPs and MRs, mostly fibers and fragments, were detected in all samples [ranging from 210 to 1658 (MPs) and 44 to 782 (MRs) items/10 g dust] using fluorescence microscopy. The hazard index for As is higher than 10^?4 for children and adults indicative of high risk. According to the calculated potential ecological risk index, Hg indicated moderate ecological risk in the street dust of the study area.     

贵州典型喀斯特流域土地利用空间格局及水文干旱研究

干旱是全球性普遍发生的一种自然现象,而喀斯特干旱不能简单归因于"气候异常、降水量减少"。在贵州省选择40个典型流域为研究样区,利用面向对象分类技术,构建土壤水体指数(SWBI),提取土地利用类型的遥感信息;借用景观指数计算软件(Fragstats4.0),计算土地利用类型的景观密度指数(PD)、最大斑块指数(LPI)、形状指数(SI)、景观分维指数(FDI),分析土地利用类型的空间分布格局;探讨不同土地利用格局下的流域储水空间的变化、流域地表储水能力的大小,研究土地利用类型及其空间分布变化对水文干旱的影响。研究表明:①疏林、旱地和灌木林分布相对集中、空间分布变化较大,水体和城镇分布相对分散、空间分布变化较小;②土地利用类型的斑块密度分布及最大斑块分布对水文干旱影响较大,土地利用类型的斑块边界分布及斑块形状分布对水文干旱影响较小;③土地利用类型的斑块密度指数、最大斑块指数、斑块形状指数及斑块分维指数越大,则土地利用类型对水文干旱影响越小。     

A visibility-based assessment of tsunami evacuation signs in Seaside,Oregon

Tsunami risk mitigation programs often include iconic evacuation signage to direct locals and visitors to safety during a tsunami event. This paper examines sign placement in Seaside, Oregon, from a visibility perspective. It leverages existing visibility analysis methodologies characterize the visibility of the community’s evacuation signage and reveals patterns in the viewable landscape. Additionally, we develop a topologically 3D approach to visibility analysis using raw LiDAR datasets. This applied work situates a discussion on existing patterns of visibility, how to improve existing signage placement, 2D and 3D representation of landscape, and the importance of visibility analysis. This work aims to stimulate discussion and development of hazard research that incorporates a visibility perspective.     

艾比湖绿洲实际蒸散量变化特征及与景观格局的关系

基于Budyko曲线方程计算新疆艾比湖绿洲1960—2013年实际蒸散量的年际和季节变化特征,选取研究区四期遥感影像进行土地利用/覆被分类,使用Fragstas 4.2软件计算景观格局指数,并分析实际蒸散量与景观格局指数之间的关系。结果表明：艾比湖绿洲实际蒸散量多年平均值为162.97 mm,并呈上升趋势,变化速率为7.76 mm·（10a）^-1;夏季和秋季的实际蒸散量为上升趋势,春季则呈下降趋势;年实际蒸散量在1987年发生突变性增加,夏季和秋季实际蒸散量的突变年份分别为1992年和1975年,春季不存在突变点,这与降水量的突变状况一致,说明降水量的变化对实际蒸散量的变化有很大影响。四期土地利用/覆被图中荒漠占主导地位,耕地和城镇用地增长较为明显,分别增长了409.69%和704.56%。斑块类型级别上,不同地类的景观格局指数差异明显;景观级别上,各景观格局指数均为波动增加趋势。斑块类型级别上,仅有水域斑块数量NP和斑块密度PD与实际蒸散量呈显著负相关;景观级别上,实际蒸散量与最大斑块指数LPI、蔓延度指数CONTAG及景观连通性指数COHESION呈负相关,与斑块数量NP、斑块密度PD等指数呈正相关。实际蒸散量与聚集度指数AI的相关性最高,达到0.953（P<0.05）;与NP和PD的相关性最低,仅为0.148。因此,AI指数在艾比湖绿洲可以较好地表征实际蒸散量的变化。     

北京五环城区浅部沉积层的三维地质结构建模

随着城市地下空间的开发利用,对三维地质结构的掌握成为科学合理开发利用地下空间的基本前提,三维地质模型的创建也得以迅速发展。三维地质结构模型可以直观展示地层空间分布形态,为地下空间资源的科学规划提供基础数据。本次工作首次完成了北京五环城区(750 km~2)的三维地质结构模型创建。建模工作基于研究区广泛分布的数千工程钻孔,通过筛选、标准化钻孔数据,绘制相应标准化地层剖面(107条),创建了钻孔模型,以及北京五环城区地下50 m以浅三维地质结构模型,并完成精度验证。本次建模过程整理了大量工程钻孔数据,综合考虑了冲洪积扇发育区地层互层、相交、尖灭、透镜体等复杂的地质现象,具有代表性,可为类似地质建模工作提供借鉴。此外,北京城区三维地质结构模型直观展示了研究区浅部的地层分布与地层结构,为后续三维属性模型的创建提供了实体框架,亦为区内地下空间资源地质评价提供了数据支撑。     

Monitoring of urban heat island in Shanghai,China, from 1981 to 2010 with satellite data

This paper investigates the urban heat island (UHI) characteristics of Shanghai, China, during 1981–2010 using Landsat thematic mapper/multispectral scanner and moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer satellite data from the perspectives of time and space, with further analysis of the landscape pattern, the urban heat island effect ratio, and formative factors. The results show the following: (1) From the interannual variation, the secondary-medium temperature area and the medium temperature area are the main bodies of Shanghai UHI, accounting for 67.16–83.69 % of the total area, and have a rising trend over time. (2) From the landscape pattern, the secondary-medium temperature area and the medium temperature area have a dominant position over the whole UHI landscape pattern of Shanghai; the relatively high-temperature area gradually decreases, and its dominance over the whole UHI landscape pattern declines. (3) From the spatial distribution, the pattern in which the urban area initially had complete domination has gradually transformed to become primarily urban area centered and other construction land supplemented with rapid urbanization. Rapid increase of the green land in the urban area has to some extent reduced the UHI characteristics of the Shanghai area in recent years.     

城市景观格局的大气环境效应研究进展

城市规划不仅需要适应区域气候,更需要通过城市自身的合理空间配置来缓解因城市化引起的城市大气环境问题,因此,加强城市景观格局大气环境效应的研究对于提高城市规划的水平具有重要的意义。从城市下垫面的大气环境效应、大气数值模式、遥感应用技术以及城市规划的气候适应性等方面综述了城市景观格局的大气环境效应的研究进展,并分析了城市景观格局的大气环境效应应用于城市规划面临的主要问题。尽管城市景观组分的大气环境效应已经得到充分认识和应用,但是景观组分的空间组合,即城市景观格局对城市大气环境的影响及其应用研究仅仅处于起步的阶段。为了推动城市景观格局的大气环境效应研究并应用于城市规划之中,除了需要深入研究“格局影响过程”的机制外,还需要重点解决2个问题：一是寻找能够用来研究城市景观格局与大气环境相互作用的格局参数;二是确认具有一般意义的理想城市景观格局模式。     

Vegetation recovery and landscape change assessment at Chiufenershan landslide area caused by Chichi earthquake in central Taiwan

This study discusses vegetation recovery and land cover change with reference to the Chiufenershan landslide, a major disaster caused by the Chichi earthquake, 21 September 1999. Image classification technology, landscape indicators from multi-temporal remotely sensed data and a field survey provide the data. Image differencing methods and threshold values coupled with pre- and post-quake satellite images were used. Multi-temporal images in combination with various vegetation indices were drawn on to classify land cover patterns and discuss differences and suitability of indices. Landscape indicators and field investigations fed into an investigation of vegetation recovery and landscape change. The study results show that the best image classification system is original wavebands coupled with a cropping management factor index (CMFI). The land cover analysis shows that areas of forest and grass are increasing and areas of landslide are decreasing. From the field investigation, because the left and right sides of the landslide area were not disturbed by the earthquake, their calculated similarity index is the highest (30.08%). Miscanthus floridulus is the most dominant pioneer plant at the landslide collapse area with an importance value index (IVI) of 63.6%.     

国土整治生态修复中的农业景观生物多样性保护策略

随着生态文明建设成为国家发展战略,国土整治修复需要更多生态科学和技术的支撑.农业景观生物多样性是重要的自然资源,为人类可持续发展提供了重要的生态系统服务,并提供了应对气候变化等风险的途径.本文分析了我国农业景观生物多样性保护及其对国土整治生态修复的重要性,国土整治生态修复中农业景观生物多样性保护面临的挑战,并总结了欧盟...     

城市地下空间开发利用地质适宜性三维评价指标体系研究 ——以杭州市为例

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