Grid interpolation algorithm based on nearest neighbor fast search

The nearest neighbor search algorithm is one of the major factors that influence the efficiency of grid interpolation. This paper introduces a KD-tree that is a two-dimensional index structure for use in grid interpolation. It also proposes an improved J-nearest neighbor search strategy based on ??priority queue?? and ??neighbor lag?? concepts. In the strategy, two types of J-nearest neighbor search algorithms can be used; these algorithms correspond to the consideration of a fixed number of points and a fixed radius. By using the KD-tree and proposed strategy, interpolation can be performed with methods such as Inverse Distance Weighting and Kriging. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms has high operating efficiency, especially when the data amount is enormous, and high practical value for increasing the efficiency of grid interpolation.     

基于三方向搜索的DEM中洼地处理方法

数字高程模型(DEM)是流域参数提取的基础,然而DEM中普遍存在的洼地和平地影响了流域水系的自动提取,因此洼地去除方法成为研究的热点。针对现有洼地去处方法存在的问题,提出了一种基于"三方向搜索"的洼地处理方法。该方法通过对洼地及其周围网格高程值增减来达到去除洼地的目的,避免了传统填洼方法大规模的对DEM进行增高处理。实验结果表明,该算法简单易行,能有效的去除洼地,消除DEM提取的河网中的伪河道及"平行线"现象;且对DEM中高程值的改动较小,从而较大限度的保留了原始地形信息。     

An approximate analysis procedure for piled raft foundations

A piled raft foundation comprises both piles and a pile cap that itself transmits load directly to the ground. The aim of such a foundation is to reduce the number of piles compared with a more conventional piled foundation where the bearing effect of the pile cap, or raft, is ignored. This paper describes a ‘hybrid’ approach for the analysis of piled raft foundations, based on a load transfer treatment of individual piles, together with elastic interaction between different piles and with the raft. The numerical analysis is used to evaluate a simple approximate method of estimating the overall response of the foundation from the response of the component parts. The method leads to estimates of the overall foundation stiffness, the proportion of load carried by the pile group and the raft, and an initial assessment of differential settlements. Parametric studies are presented showing the effect of factors such as raft stiffness and pile spacing, length and stiffness, and a worked example is included demonstrating the accuracy of the approximate design approach.     

水文地质参数识别的连续禁忌搜索改进算法

水文地质参数的正确与否是构建地下水数值模型的根本,而参数寻优结果很大程度上取决于优化算法的选择。禁忌搜索算法是一种广泛应用于组合优化问题的启发式全局寻优算法,但在连续函数优化领域应用比较少。基于上述考虑,本文首先引入求解连续函数优化问题的连续禁忌搜索算法并对其进行改进,进而提出一种连续禁忌搜索改进算法(ICTS),最后将其与地下水模型耦合进行水文地质参数识别。算例研究表明,ICTS算法较其他算法(CTS,SGA,Micro-GA,PSO)求解效率提高1.87～4.64倍,求解精度提高1.08～12.86倍。因此ICTS算法在参数反演计算中求解精度高、收敛速度快、寻优性能强,是一种值得推广的水文地质参数识别方法。     

Enhancement of backtracking search algorithm for identifying soil parameters

In this paper, an enhanced backtracking search algorithm (so-called MBSA-LS) for parameter identification is proposed with two modifications: (a) modifying the mutation of original backtracking search algorithm (BSA) considering the contribution of current best individual for accelerating convergence speed and (b) novelly incorporating an efficient differential evolution (DE) as local search for improving the quality of population. The proposed MBSA-LS is first validated with better performance than the original BSA and some other typical state-of-the-art optimization algorithms on a benchmark of soil parameter identification in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, and robustness. Then, the efficiency of the MBSA-LS is further illustrated by two representative cases: identifying soil parameters from both laboratory tests and field measurements. All comparisons demonstrate that the proposed MBSA-LS algorithm can give accurate results in a short time. Finally, to conveniently solve the problems of parameter identification, a practical tool ErosOpt for parameter identification is developed by integrating the proposed MBSA-LS and some other efficient algorithms for readers to conduct the parameter identification using optimisation algorithms.     

大规模群桩基础相互作用近似解耦方法

针对传统弹性理论法过高地估计了桩-桩相互作用效应,基于杆件有限单元法建立了半无限土体中群桩基础的桩侧剪应力求解方程,通过简化桩-桩的相互作用效应,将群桩基础桩侧摩阻力的求解方程近似解耦,实现了群桩基础桩身剪应力和位移的快速求解目标。通过两桩相互作用系数以及柔性承台下群桩基础差异沉降的对比分析,验证了该简化方法的合理性。参数分析结果表明,该简化方法计算得到的相互作用系数与严格的边界积分方程法解答较为接近,稍小于Poulos弹性理论法的计算结果;柔性承台下群桩的差异沉降在桩间距较小时与经典解答较为接近,而在桩间距较大时则存在一定的差别。该简化方法大幅减少了群桩计算工作量,适用于大规模群桩基础的快速计算要求。     

Finite-difference algorithm with local time-space grid refinement for simulation of waves

This paper presents a new approach to a local time-space grid refinement for a staggered-grid finite-difference simulation of waves. The approach is based on approximation of a wave equation at the interface where two grids are coupled. As no interpolation or projection techniques are used, the finite-difference scheme preserves second order of convergence. We have proved that this approach is low-reflecting, the artificial reflections are about 10^− 4 of an incident wave. We have also shown that if a successive refinement is applied, i.e. temporal and spatial steps are refined at different interfaces, this approach is stable.     

一种新的优化灌溉制度算法——自由搜索

应用现有典型算法求解灌溉制度优化设计模型时,由于各种算法本身存在着不足,可被接受的模型最优解往往不能够被成功搜索到。自由搜索(Free Search,FS)是一种新的优化算法,对其进行了适当改进,针对灌溉制度优化设计模型实例,在不同的可供水量下,应用FS算法对该模型进行求解。结果表明,FS算法表现出良好的稳健性和收敛性;与以往的动态规划逐次逼近法(DPSA)、遗传算法(GA)及混沌算法(CA)对该实例的寻优结果相比,FS算法提高了寻优精度。FS算法原理简单,操作简便,是一种较好的优化灌溉制度的新方法。     

双排抗滑桩上滑坡推力近似解析方法

双排抗滑桩是加固大型滑坡的常用工程措施之一,在实际工程设计计算中的关键环节在于简单且合理地确定作用于前后排桩上的滑坡推力。将抗滑桩受荷段前侧坡体视为水平向的温克勒（Winkler）地基,基于弹性地基梁模型,并充分考虑桩体受荷段与锚固段的变形连续性,通过迭代算法确定出后排抗滑桩受荷段前侧坡体抗力,进而可对排间坡体采用传递系数法计算出前排桩桩后滑坡推力,给出了相关的理论计算公式。通过室内模型试验验证了所提方法的合理性,并针对一大型基覆式滑坡实例,具体计算出了前后排桩上的设计滑坡推力荷载。所提计算方法可为实际工程的简化设计提供参考。     

A derivative-free methodology with local and global search for the constrained joint optimization of well locations and controls

In oil field development, the optimal location for a new well depends on how it is to be operated. Thus, it is generally suboptimal to treat the well location and well control optimization problems separately. Rather, they should be considered simultaneously as a joint problem. In this work, we present noninvasive, derivative-free, easily parallelizable procedures to solve this joint optimization problem. Specifically, we consider Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), a global stochastic search algorithm; Mesh Adaptive Direct Search (MADS), a local search procedure; and a hybrid PSO–MADS technique that combines the advantages of both methods. Nonlinear constraints are handled through use of filter-based treatments that seek to minimize both the objective function and constraint violation. We also introduce a formulation to determine the optimal number of wells, in addition to their locations and controls, by associating a binary variable (drill/do not drill) with each well. Example cases of varying complexity, which include bound constraints, nonlinear constraints, and the determination of the number of wells, are presented. The PSO–MADS hybrid procedure is shown to consistently outperform both stand-alone PSO and MADS when solving the joint problem. The joint approach is also observed to provide superior performance relative to a sequential procedure.     

基于网格搜索法优化支持向量机的围岩稳定性分类模型

为科学评价围岩稳定性,本次研究借助支持向量机(SVM)处理小样本、非线性问题能力强的特性,对围岩的稳定性进行了分类。选取16组围岩数据作为学习样本,以岩石质量指标、岩石单轴饱和抗压强度、完整性系数、结构面强度系数和地下水渗水量5个指标作为模型输入,围岩稳定程度为模型输出,建立了基于支持向量机的围岩稳定性分类模型。为增强模型的推广性能,提高其预测准确率,运用改进的网格搜索方法(GSM)寻找最优的支持向量机参数,并对8组围岩数据进行预测,并同BP神经网络模型的预测结果进行对比。结果表明,建立的GSM-SVM模型对预测样本的评判结果与实际结果一致,其预测精度较BP神经网络有很大的提升。     

An approximate method for evaluating the shear band thickness in saturated soils

A formula for the thickness of a shear band formed in saturated soils under a simple shear or a combined stress state has been proposed. It is shown that the shear band thickness is dependent on the pore pressure properties of the material and the dilatancy rate, but is independent of the details of the combined stress state. This is in accordance with some separate experimental observations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非圆形地下洞室地层特征曲线近似构建法

弹塑性地层特征曲线完整地描述了围岩对开挖的响应特征,是地下洞室稳定性分析及支护设计的关键,但目前仅圆形洞室具有完整的地层特征曲线解析形式,非圆形洞室需要通过复杂的数值方法拟合。为提高非圆形洞室计算效率,拓展解析法的适用范围,文中基于等代圆理论探讨了非圆形洞室近似解析地层特征曲线的构建方法。首先,利用数值分析,得到地下工程中常见非圆形断面在不同跨高比条件下,洞室周边围岩压力与变形的关系,建立基于数值分析结果的地层特征曲线;然后,基于和数值分析相同的初始条件,建立各种等代圆方法对应的近似地层特征曲线;最后,通过对比及相关影响因素分析,揭示不同工况下各种等代圆方法的适用性,为构建非圆形断面地下洞室地层特征曲线的最佳近似解析形式提供了一条简便有效的途径。     

An algorithm for detecting inter-ellipsoid contacts

An inter-ellipsoid contact detection algorithm was developed and used for simulating the behaviour of assemblies of ellipsoid-shaped particles using the well-known discrete element method (DEM). The contact algorithm was implemented in the modified version of the DEM program TRUBAL originally written to simulate the behaviour of assemblies of spheres. The modified program was used to perform deviatoric and axisymmetric compression tests on a 1000 prolate spheroid assembly in periodic space. The obtained stress–strain–dilation curves conform with the experimental evidence both qualitatively and quantitatively.     

An approximate analytical solution for calculating ground surface settlements due to diaphragm walling

This paper focuses on the derivation of an approximate analytical solution to predict ground surface settlements along the centre-line perpendicular to a slurry-supported diaphragm wall panel. An analytical model of trench excavation is constructed by applying linearly-distributed total earth pressure changes on the sidewalls and the base of the trench in a homogeneous, isotropic, elastic half-space. By applying the principle of superposition appropriately, an explicit solution to calculate ground surface settlements is derived by integrating Mindlin’s displacement formulae. The validity of the solution is verified by three-dimensional finite-element analyses and case studies. Based on the results obtained from a parametric study using the newly derived solution, an algebraic formula is obtained as a first approximation for calculating ground surface settlements.     

An adaptive grid technique for minimizing heterogeneity of cells or elements

Geostatistical techniques allow simulation of properties such as porosity or conductivity on a fine scale. Typically, porous media flow modeling is performed at a coarser scale. Upscaling properties from the fine scale to the coarser scale introduces potential errors which are constrained by the degree of homogeneity of the cell or element. Adaptive grid techniques can be used to minimize the heterogeneity in the individual cells or elements, thus minimizing potential upscaling errors. A geostatistical adaptive grid (GAG) algorithm based on local minimization of heterogeneity is introduced. Local minimization allows greater control over the type of distortion permitted. Comparisons are made with a general elastic grid adjustment (GEGA) algorithm based on global minimization of heterogeneity. Several sample problems are used to test and demonstrate the two approaches.     

An architecture for consolidating multidimensional time-series data onto a common coordinate grid

Consolidating measurement data for use by data models or in inter-comparison studies frequently requires transforming the data onto a common grid. Standard methods for interpolating multidimensional data are often not appropriate for data with non-homogenous dimensionality, and are hard to implement in a consistent manner for different datastreams. These challenges are increased when dealing with the automated procedures necessary for use with continuous, operational datastreams. In this paper we introduce a method of applying a series of one-dimensional transformations to merge data onto a common grid, examine the challenges of ensuring consistent application of data consolidation methods, present a framework for addressing those challenges, and describe the implementation of such a framework for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program.     

An approximate dynamic programming approachto decision making in the presence of uncertainty for surfactant-polymer flooding

The least squares Monte Carlo method is a decision evaluation method that can capture the effect of uncertainty and the value of flexibility of a process. The method is a stochastic approximate dynamic programming approach to decision making. It is based on a forward simulation coupled with a recursive algorithm which produces the near-optimal policy. It relies on the Monte Carlo simulation to produce convergent results. This incurs a significant computational requirement when using this method to evaluate decisions for reservoir engineering problems because this requires running many reservoir simulations. The objective of this study was to enhance the performance of the least squares Monte Carlo method by improving the sampling method used to generate the technical uncertainties used in obtaining the production profiles. The probabilistic collocation method has been proven to be a robust and efficient uncertainty quantification method. By using the sampling methods of the probabilistic collocation method to approximate the sampling of the technical uncertainties, it is possible to significantly reduce the computational requirement of running the decision evaluation method. Thus, we introduce the least squares probabilistic collocation method. The decision evaluation considered a number of technical and economic uncertainties. Three reservoir case studies were used: a simple homogeneous model, the PUNQ-S3 model, and a modified portion of the SPE10 model. The results show that using the sampling techniques of the probabilistic collocation method produced relatively accurate responses compared with the original method. Different possible enhancements were discussed in order to practically adapt the least squares probabilistic collocation method to more realistic and complex reservoir models. Furthermore, it is desired to perform the method to evaluate high-dimensional decision scenarios for different chemical enhanced oil recovery processes using real reservoir data.