Study of Ecological Compensation for Paddy Fields: Oriented towards Eco-environmental Restoration

Agricultural land provides not only food and fiber (an important element of food security), but also serves as a non-market commodity with characteristic externalities and public services. However, there are also many negative impacts on environment of the paddy production. Thus, Payments for paddy ecosystem services encourage farmers to engage in ecological or organic agricultural practices and agro-ecological/environmental supply. However, compared with forest, wetland, and pasture, the eco-function and ecosystem services of paddy fields have gotten insufficient attention. It is necessary to establish an eco-compensation mechanism for paddy fields that boosts behavior that protects farms to benefit the ecosystem. Based on a review of eco-compensation for paddy fields, this paper proposes the policy game framework of eco-compensation for paddy fields, which is oriented to ecological restoration. Secondly, this paper introduces methods for determination of compensation standards, including the cost the farmers’ willingness to accept, and the ecological benefits of adopting environmental friendly farming practices. And finally, this paper puts forward policy recommendations for eco-compensation for paddy ecosystems.     

Increasing China’s Agricultural Labor Productivity: Comparison and Policy Implications from Major Agrarian Countries

China’s low agricultural labor productivity has become the key weakness of its agricultural competitiveness and sustainable development, and strategies for improving China’s agricultural labor productivity lack clear and consistent theory and empirical support. To address this issue, the current study uses the methods of convergence index, correlation coefficient, and nonparametric test, to analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of agricultural labor productivity among 32 major agrarian countries during 1961-2013. This analysis shows that the development gap among countries has been narrowing. The USA takes the leading position among all the countries, while some countries with scarce land like Japan have succeeded in achieving transcendence, and other countries like India have experienced relatively slow speed. The agricultural labor productivity is significantly driven by agricultural labor surplus, agricultural product processing, and agricultural industrial structure. The effects of land resource endowment, agricultural mechanization, and biochemical inputs have been declining and in some cases are no longer even significant. It is therefore necessary to shift attention to marketization, diversification, and high quality, instead of the former focus on agricultural intensification, concentration and large-scale operations, and this shift is probably more closely aligned with current practices. There are more people and less land in China, and the agricultural labor force in China still accounts for nearly 30% of the total population. Considering these national conditions, it is very important to simultaneously improve the efficiency of agricultural production of small farmers and promote the successful urbanization of the agricultural labor force. In the medium and long term, it is imperative to improve the competitiveness of Chinese agriculture by adopting related policy arrangements such as induced agricultural technological innovation, production factor substitution, and multifunctional agriculture development.     

完善种粮补贴标准及其发放方式探讨——以广东省为例

目前我国种粮补贴政策已取得了明显的成效,但在实施过程中仍存在着补贴力度偏小、标准较低、各地差异大、发放方式不规范、行政成本高等问题.该文针对广东省情剖析种粮补贴政策实施过程中存在的问题,认为广东省种粮补贴政策亟须在以下方面加以完善:1)与农业生产资料价格挂钩,兼顾国际粮食市场价格;2)不同区域结合其耕地质量差异区别对待;3)与其经济发展水平相适应;4)向种粮大户倾斜,引导耕地有序流转.而种粮补贴的发放方式则应由"以农户为单位"改成"以村民小组为单位"发放,并逐步由"以地定贴"转变为"以粮定贴".     

Calculation of Ecological Compensation Standards for the Kuancheng Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System

Kuancheng Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System is located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Water Containment Function Area. The Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System is characterized by agroforestry compound, and some studies have shown that the compound planting of chestnut has better ecological benefits than the single chestnut planting mode. However, most of the local farmers in Kuancheng are mainly engaged in single chestnut cultivation. Through ecological compensation, farmers are being encouraged to change their chestnut planting mode, which can achieve the purpose of inheriting China’s important agricultural heritage and improving the ecological benefits. This paper introduces preference coefficients to correct for opportunity costs, and through interviews and questionnaires, we obtained the input and output of the single chestnut cultivation, chestnut-maitake, chestnut-millet, and chestnut-chicken and the income of laborers working outside the home in the Kuancheng area. Through analysis and calculation, we obtained the following results: (1) Although the net income of the three chestnut composite modes is higher, their economic input is higher than that of a single chestnut planting mode, and the return on unit investment is lower. (2) The average income of young and middle-aged workers who work outside is higher than that of the local farming industry, so the local chestnut agroforestry plantation has a higher opportunity cost. (3) The final calculation shows that the chestnut-chicken agroforestry operation mode needs no compensation, the chestnut-maitake plantation mode is compensated at least 1608.5 USD ha^-1 yr^-1, and the minimum compensation for the chestnut-millet plantation mode is 198.3 USD ha^-1 yr^-1, which can guarantee that farmers receive the full value of their creations. Ultimately, farmers are incentivized to revive the traditional agroforestry production mode to achieve both economic and ecological benefits while inheriting agricultural heritage.     

农户对农业绿色生产技术响应的影响因素 ——以青岛市为例

利用青岛市黄岛区和即墨区10个村庄共213个农户的实地调研数据,通过Logistic模型从秸秆还田、农家肥还田以及可降解农膜和绿色农药使用等方面考察农户对不同农业绿色生产技术的响应差异及影响因素。结果表明:(1)农户对农业绿色生产技术响应的影响因素确有差异。其中,施用绿色农药由农户资金情况主导,秸秆还田受种植结构和政策宣传影响较大,农家肥还田对土地规模要求较高,可降解农膜使用受种植结构影响较大。(2)户主和家庭特征对农户响应行为影响显著。(3)宣传与政策有利于促进农户采纳农业绿色生产技术,尤其是农户参与秸秆还田方面。针对结论提出了加强政策宣传与支持、开展专项教育培训、建立专项金融体系等政策建议。     

TPOA框架在禁牧政策效果评价与优化调控中的应用——以宁夏盐池县为例

位于北方农牧交错区地形、气候、植被过渡带的宁夏盐池县是典型的农牧生产和生态敏感区。基于农户视角,应用目标-过程-结果-调控四维分析框架（TPOA）和问卷数据,分析禁牧政策的实施效果和适时调整问题,对于全面了解禁牧政策的实施效用、制定相应的调控对策具有一定的实践指导意义,可为北方农牧交错区禁牧的适时调整与草原的合理利用提供案例支撑。禁牧政策实施中,60.40%、55.38%和11.83%的受访户分别采取了扩张型、调整型和收缩型适应策略,农户从事非农产业的比例提高,夜间偷牧现象普遍,存在饲草缺口大、养殖成本高、龙头企业带动力不强、市场监管难等困境。该政策的实施实现了盐池当地草原生态恢复和沙漠化逆转,38.79%的受访户认为禁牧政策确实“达到了”生态恢复的预期目标,60.87%的农户对草原补奖表示满意,46.09%的受访户认为禁牧政策亟待调整,可从提高禁牧补偿标准、生态适宜地区适当开牧、延长补助期限等方面着手。将TPOA框架应用于禁牧政策效果评价中,为评价生态政策的实施绩效提供了理论基础。     

基于空间溢出效应的粮食主产区粮食增产与农业生态污染关系研究

采用空间计量模型,立足于粮食主产区,并引入非主产区作为对照,通过评估主产区与非主产区粮食增产对农业生态污染的影响,探讨粮食增产与农业生态变化关系。结果表明：① 粮食产量与农业生态污染均存在显著的空间相关性,且两个变量的空间相关性在时间上存在异质性,这就意味着空间同质性假说不再适用,传统的关于粮食增产影响生态污染的研究可能存在局限性;② 粮食增产并未加剧农业生态恶化。粮食主产区的设立本是为了保障粮食安全,其结果是不仅在一定程度上扭转了“非粮化”的趋势,还削弱了对农业生态环境的污染;③ 粮食增产并未加剧农业生态恶化的原因在于,粮食生产规模比重的增加所产生的规模效应和一系列行之有效的政策措施降低了粮食主产区的化肥施用强度,而农业机械化投入对农业生态污染的影响存在一定的门槛效应,大中型农机跨区服务可能有利于减少主产区农业生产对生产环境的污染程度。上述结论意味着粮食安全与生态保护之间不存在不可调和的矛盾;未来在农业适度规模经营过程中应激发农业机械化抑制农业生态恶化的潜能;考虑到空间效应的影响,应建立邻近区域农业污染治理联动机制。     

Curbing enthusiasm for Brazilian agribusiness: The use of actor-specific assessments to transform sustainable development on the ground

Current enthusiasm for the potential of sustainable agricultural development must be based on a realistic assessment of the dynamics used by specific farming sectors. This study highlights the structural limitations that impede agricultural progress and explains why it is necessary to overcome these impediments in a case study of Brazil, one of the world's main agricultural exporters. In Brazil, the commodity-exporter large-farmers production chain is largely controlled by multinational corporations, with the investment of national capital a mere 12.4% in the technology-intensive sectors of the soy business (composed of seed production, fertilizers, pesticides, machinery, trading companies). The agricultural sector's future depends on increasing the share of national capital into domestic businesses and confronting the current and simplistic strategy of expansion into new agricultural frontiers, which often have high social and environmental costs. The future of family farmers depends on comprehensive development alternatives and challenging the current policies, since current development has been restricted to the 17.9% of family farmers who have access to rural credit, whom are mostly based in the Southern region of Brazil.     

基于演化博弈的中国橡胶主产区目标价格补贴政策及其敏感性研究——以西双版纳为例

当前,橡胶收入不足于吸引农户继续种植橡胶,为保障国家橡胶战略安全,利用演化博弈模型分析了目标价格补贴政策的有效性边界,并对影响目标价格补贴政策的因素进行了敏感性分析。结果发现,依据2019年西双版纳18个样本村的947个截面数据及地区统计公报等测算得出,在橡胶价格为8元/kg时,应将目标补贴价格定位为12.8元/kg;橡胶树单产为影响目标价格补贴额度变量中敏感系数最大的因素;在当前其他因素不变的情况下,橡胶树单产提升10%可使目标补贴价格额度下降25%。建议采取积极稳健的财政补贴政策,利用浮动的目标价格补贴稳定橡胶产区的农户预期,同时辅以橡胶价格保险等配套政策激励农户提高橡胶树单产,在达到政策目标的同时降低财政成本。     

关中平原典型村落农业转型对生态系统服务的影响研究

全球化和城市化驱动农产品市场需求的日益增长正在推动农村和农业的转变与重构,深刻影响着农村经济、社会和生态发展之间的关系。以关中平原典型村落—余家营和马家村为例,研究城市化影响下农业转型对农业生态系统服务产生了何种影响,对探索城乡互动机制、乡村特色农业发展以及生态景观建设等具有重要意义。通过问卷调查,半结构式访谈、野外填图等对余家营村和马家村的土地利用变化及农业生态系统服务进行测评,分析了关中平原农业转型变化及其对农业生态系统服务的影响与机制。结果表明：(1) “粮—粮”和“粮—果”转型使农业景观、种植结构、农户行为等都发生较大变化,在由传统粮食生产向水果、蔬菜、苗木花卉等现代型农业转变过程中,作物品种由低产量、低品质转为高产量、高品质,并更趋多样化;出现少许耕地转变为草地和林地的现象;农户积极性提高,科技水平有所提升。(2) “粮—粮”和“粮—果”转型的生态系统服务均以正服务为主,其中“粮—果”经济生产功能增长较大,增长了523.9%,但“粮—果”转型造成的负向生态系统服务也较高,因此在农业转型中生产经济价值增长越大对生态系统服务的负向影响就越大。（3） 农业转型主要受到城市化、国家政策的驱动,并通过影响农田的农业景观、农业结构、农户行为进而影响农业生态系统服务功能,反之,农业生态系统服务变化也会影响到国家政策以及农户行为。     

基于PRA方法的农户对干旱区草原生态保护政策的认知分析

自2000年以来,中国草原牧区实施的一系列草原建设和保护工程引起了草地利用方式和农牧民传统生产模式的改变。农牧户作为生产经营活动的直接参与者和草原生态保护政策的实施主体,其认知态度与行为选择将直接影响政策实施效果,对草原生态环境有着直接影响。以黑河上游肃南县干旱区草原为例,选取了自由放牧区、半农半牧区和舍饲养殖区三个不同类型牧区,采用参与式农户评估方法（PRA）,分析了农牧民对草原生态保护政策的认知情况和实施效果及其在当前政策背景下倾向性的草原放牧措施。结果表明：（1）相对宽松的草地资源约束使自由放牧区内农牧民的草原保护政策认知水平较高,58.1%的农牧户对季节性休牧和补贴数额有较高的认同度,但存在超载放牧现象。（2）半农半牧区和舍饲养殖区农牧民对草原保护政策的认知水平偏低,同时,舍饲养殖导致的生产成本上升使该趋势进一步加剧,71.7%的农牧户响应禁牧政策的积极性不高且认为禁牧补贴数额不合理。建议从增加非农就业机会、完善农村金融服务体系、细化草原补奖标准和调整草地资源约束的角度因地制宜采取配套措施,实现保护生态和农牧民增收双目标。     

Advancement of the Qianyanzhou Mode in the New Period

In the early 1980s, to control soil and water loss in the rainy season and problems of water shortages in the dry season in the red soil hilly region of central Jiangxi, the academician team of Li Wenhua from Qianyanzhou Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences proposed a comprehensive muti-dimensional agriculture development mode known as the “Qianyanzhou Mode”. Since then, models for the forest-livestock-food ecosystem, forest-fruit-economy ecosystem, and land-water compound muti-dimensional system and others have been tested, demonstrated, promoted and used to solve major issues in ecological restoration and agricultural production. With the dawn of the new era, the Qianyanzhou Mode is being given new connotations. In order to reduce the use of pesticides and eliminate the use of antibiotics for improving the quality of agricultural products, increasing farmers' income, and assisting in strategies for rural vitalization, Qianyanzhou Station is currently focusing on the development of experiments and demonstrations of green agricultural development modes, such as forest-fruit-fowl, hybrid paper mulberry-pig-fruit, grass-sheep(cattle)-fertilizer-fruit, hybrid paper mulberry-fish-goose, paddy-shrimp, and others. The goal of this new effort is to apply the wisdom of Qianyanzhou to the construction of the ecological civilization, including ecological environment protection and the prosperity of farmers in the old revolutionary base areas in central Jiangxi Province.     

基于土地发展权的征地补偿价格研究——以河南省周口市为例

首先,从理论角度探讨土地发展权内在机理,分析现行征地补偿价格的不足,提出了征地补偿价格应为集体农用土地价格与土地发展权价格之和,并以此构建基于土地发展权的征地补偿定价模型;其次,以周口市为例,应用构建的定价模型及农户问卷调查分析方法,测算了各县(区)基于土地发展权的征地补偿价格,并对测算结果和现行征地补偿价格进行了对比分析;最后,提出应从法律上确保农民土地发展权的权益,并在今后征地工作中逐步改革现行征地补偿制度,构建公平合理的征地补偿分配机制。     

北方农牧交错区草原利用与禁牧政策的关键问题研究

草原作为我国最大的陆地生态系统,对生态安全、生物多样性、畜牧业等具有重要的意义,但草原生态承载力有限,随着人口和社会经济压力的不断增加,对草原的过度利用导致草原生态破坏严重,草原生态系统面临巨大威胁。为了恢复和保护草原生态系统,2002年前后国家在草原破坏严重的地区实施禁牧政策。政策实施以来,草原得到很大程度的恢复,生态效果明显,但政策实施过程中也出现了一些新的问题。探索北方农牧交错区草原利用效率和存在的问题可为进一步制定相关政策提供依据,对北方农牧交错区的生态环境修复和可持续发展有重要的意义。本文通过对相关文献的综述和典型禁牧区的研究,从禁牧政策的效益、问题和农户支持度等方面,进行了研究和论述,主要结论包括：（1）北方农牧交错区草原生态承载力低,生态赤字严重。（2）禁牧政策虽对生态环境的改善起到很大作用,但在一些禁牧区,当地政府不能因地制宜实施禁牧政策,再加上配套实施和基础设施滞后,草场界限模糊以及政策宣传和监管力度不够等问题导致了新的草原退化,草原生态恢复大打折扣。（3）禁牧政策实施对农户的生产和生活造成一定的影响,部分农户无法顺利完成生计方式的转型,又因生态补偿标准低和补偿有失公平等问题无法弥补禁牧造成的经济损失,导致农户生活水平有所下降,加深了生态环境与农户生计之间的矛盾,部分农户对禁牧政策的支持度较低。     

日本绿色旅游发展及其对我国乡村旅游的启示

日本绿色旅游（乡村）主要在1990年代以后在国家农（山）村政策支持的背景下发展起来的。在阐述了日本绿色旅游发展的国家宏观政策演变,日本学者对绿色旅游的研究后,以长野县四贺村为例简要介绍了其开展逗留型市民农场旅游的经验：1、有基于村长的强有力的龙头的村领导的参与。2、通过“乡下的亲”制度的创办和各种活动的召开构建城乡村交流通道,改变价值观3、通过对区域绿色旅游开发条件利弊的分析,在有效利用和搭配资源,充分满足城市居民需要的前提下发展绿色旅游。最后在借鉴日本经验的基础上从宏观政策和具体的乡村旅游开发两方面对我国乡村旅游提出了建议。     

Factors Affecting the Willingness of Farmers to Accept Eco-compensation in the Qianxi Chestnut Agroforestry System,Hebei

Ecological compensation plays an important role in promoting ecological protection. Identifying factors affecting the willingness of farmers to accept eco-compensation has become a focus of ecological economics. The Qianxi traditional chestnut agricultural heritage system is a typical agroforestry system in China and adapts the local environment well. However, local farmers concentrate on chestnut monocultures, driven by short-term profits. The local ecological environment is very fragile. We surveyed 100 local rural households. Based on face-to-face interviews and questionnaires and model assessment, we analyzed factors affecting the willingness of farmers to accept eco-compensation in the Qianxi chestnut agroforestry system of Hebei. We found that many factors influence farmer willingness to accept, including education level, household income, environmental awareness, environmental protection practices and knowledge of ecological compensation. This research provides helps clarify the mechanism of farmer participation in eco-compensation and provides a basis for further development of compensation standards that benefit the local environment.     

基于结构方程模型的休耕地管护意愿及行为分析——以河北省邢台市为例

实行耕地休耕是我国近年对耕地保护和耕地利用转型的重大国家战略,而农户对休耕地进行管护是保证耕地休耕生态效应的重要前提。研究选取河北省邢台市2个乡镇12个村为分析样本,建立农户特征、家庭特征、认知意识、耕地利用状况等影响因素集合,利用结构方程模型对农户参与休耕地管护的意愿及行为选择进行分析。结果表明：（1） 有无经济补偿对农户休耕管护意愿影响较大。（2） 影响农户对休耕地管护的意愿和行为的潜在变量不尽相同,但认知意识对两者均起较大作用。（3） 党员身份、村干部身份、家庭总人数、农户心中的耕地保护责任人、对休耕政策的满意程度、对休耕地管护技术的了解程度、耕地面积、粮食种植比例等指标变量对休耕地管护意愿及行为产生正向影响;农户年龄、非农就业劳动力数量、家庭收入、耕地破碎度等指标变量对休耕地管护意愿及行为产生负向影响。研究结果为进一步扩大和推进耕地休耕制度落地实施提供参考：建议拓宽政策宣传渠道,完善休耕地管护的补偿方式;加强管护技术培训,激发农民对休耕地管护的热情;提高其管护的能力,保障耕地休耕的效果。     

我国农业主产区粮食补贴政策的分析评价

粮食补贴是许多国家采取的旨在保护和发展农业的政策。对我国农业主产区粮食直接补贴政策的实施现状和存在问题进行了具体评价和分析,并在研究国外发达国家实行的相关农业补贴政策的基础上提出了我国农业主产区粮食补贴政策的发展对策,如国家应建立符合世界贸易组织农业协议的补贴方式,构建农业收入支持体系,提高政策的执行效率等。为今后我国粮食补贴政策的科学实施和进一步完善提供了研究资料和理论思路。     

基于结构方程模型的农户生态补偿参与意愿影响因素研究——以宁夏盐池县为例

农户参与意愿是影响生态补偿的重要因素,为了探索农户生态补偿参与意愿的影响因素及其重要程度,寻找提高生态补偿实施绩效的对策措施,以宁夏盐池县为例进行研究。盐池县地处我国北方农牧交错生态脆弱带,承担着区域重要生态系统服务功能,在此背景下选取8个典型乡镇、26个行政村调研,基于279份农户调查数据,构建结构方程模型,分析盐池县农户生态补偿参与意愿的影响因素。结果表明:(1)农户家庭特征正向影响生态补偿参与意愿,它还通过自然资本拥有量、环境感知及政策认知,继而间接影响生态补偿参与意愿。(2)自然资本拥有量对生态补偿参与意愿产生直接显著的负向影响。(3)环境感知直接影响农户生态补偿参与意愿,且影响效应最小。(4)政策认知直接正向影响农户生态补偿参与意愿,且影响效应最大。最后,基于影响盐池县农户生态补偿参与意愿的关键因素,提出了完善生态补偿机制的对策建议。     

中国生态农业的发展与展望

农业是国民经济的基础,在通过科学技术进步和土地集约化利用取得巨大成绩的同时,也造成了生态与环境问题的日益加剧。在这一形势下,人类社会开始反思农业发展的政策、模式和技术,认识到农业的发展,不仅要提高产量以满足人们对农产品的数量需求,还要提高产品质量,保证食物安全,发挥生态系统的多种功能。20世纪末,中国生态学家和农学家共同提出了具有中国特色的生态农业概念。经过近30年的实践和发展,中国生态农业建立了较为完善的理论体系,总结了适应中国国情的成功模式,开展了不同层面的生态农业建设试点,取得了显著的成效,并得到国际社会的广泛承认与赞扬。但也存在一些问题,如对农业的多种生态服务功能没有给予充分的重视,缺乏市场化引导、规模化经营、专业化生产和品牌化推广等。面对着新时期社会经济发展的特点与资源环境瓶颈,中国生态农业需要在产业循环、多功能化、高品质、产业化以及融合传统精华与现代技术、实现农村可持续发展等方面多做努力。