Separation of a geochemical anomaly from background by fractal and U-statistic methods,a case study: Khooni district,Central Iran

Separation of geochemical anomalies from background are one of the important steps in mineral exploration. The Khooni mineral district (Central Iran) has complex geochemical surface expression due to a complex geological background. This region was chosen as a study area for recognition of the spatial distribution of geochemical elements and separating anomalies from background using stream sediment geochemical data. In the past decades, geochemical anomalies have been identified by means of various methods. Some of these separation methods include: statistical analysis methods, spatial statistical methods and fractal and multi-fractal methods. In this article, two efficient methods, i.e. U-statistics and the fractal concentration-area for separation and detection of anomalous areas of the background were used. The U spatial statistic method is a weighted mean, which considers sampling point positions and their spatial relation in the estimation of anomaly location. Also, fractal and multi-fractal models have also been applied to separate anomalies from background values. In this paper, the concentration–area model (C–A) was suggested to separate the anomaly of background. For this purpose, about 256 stream sediment samples were collected and analyzed. Then anomaly maps of elements were generated based on U spatial statistics and the C-A fractal methods for Au, As and Sb elements. According to obtained results, the U-statistics method performed better than C-A method. Because the comparisons of the known deposits and occurrences against the anomalous area created using thresholds from U-statistics and C-A method show that the spatial U-statistics method hits all of 3 known deposits and occurrences, the C-A fractal method hits 1 and fails 2. In addition, the results showed that these methods with regard to spatial distribution and variability within neighboring samples, in addition to concentration value frequency distributions and correlation coefficients, have more accurate results than the traditional approaches.     

Incorporation of principal component analysis,geostatistical interpolation approaches and frequency-space-based models for portraying the Cu-Au geochemical prospects in the Feizabad district,NW Iran

Delineation of mineralization-related geochemical anomalies of stream sediment data is an essential stage in regional geochemical exploration. In this study, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to 12 selected elements to acquire a multi-element geochemical signature associated with Cu-Au mineralization in Feizabad district, NE Iran. The spatial distribution of enhanced multi-element geochemical signature of the second component (PC2) was modeled by different geostatistical procedures including variogram calculation, ordinary kriging (OK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation techniques. Concentration-area (C-A) fractal and U-spatial statistics models were then applied to the continuous-value interpolated models for delineation of geochemical anomalies. Quantitative comparison of results based on the known mineral occurrences in the study area was carried out using normalized density index and success-rate curves. All generated models represent a high positive relation with known Cu (±Au) deposits in the study area, although, comparison of the results revealed that the OK-based U-spatial statistics model was superior to the rest of models. Besides, the low, moderate and high-intensity anomalies are spatially associated with geological-structural features in the study area.     

分形模型在黑龙江漠河地区金矿成矿预测中的应用

以漠河地区4 830个样品的化探数据为基础,采用“Ｃ-Ａ”(含量-面积)分形模型,通过对Au、Cu、Zn、Pb分维计算,揭示出各元素空间分布的分形结构特征和无标度区范围,得出Au、Cu、Zn、Pb元素化探异常下限值分别为3.1×10^-9、28.1×10^-6、114.1×10^-6、28.4×10^-6,圈定出33个金异常区。根据金异常区与主要地质要素及Cu、Zn、Pb异常区的关系,确定远景区分布于白卡鲁山－长缨站、笔架山－马林林场、蒙克山－防火站、富乐－阿木鲁山,共8个区域具有金矿找矿前景。预测结果表明,5个已知金矿化点落入其中2个预测区内,其余6个预测区中呈无已知矿化点,但具有找矿前景。     

Stream sediment geochemical exploration for gold in Central Eastern Desert,Egypt: Application of the concentration-number fractal model,factor analysis,and geochemical mineralization probability index

Geochemical exploration by stream sediment sampling using bulk leach extractable gold (BLEG) technique and applying concentration-number (C-N) fractal model, factor analysis (FA), and geochemical mineralization probability index (GMPI) resulted in the recognition of new Au occurrences around the Sukari gold mine in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt. The geochemical data of 128 stream sediment samples collected from the study area was used for delineating the geochemical anomalies and characterizing the dispersion trains of ore and associated elements (Au, Ag, As, Sb, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo). Statistical analysis of the geochemical data applying the C-N fractal modeling enabled us to identify significant anomaly and background populations of the investigated elements and to construct reliable geochemical anomaly maps. Factor analysis using centered log-ratios (CLR), to address the problem of closed compositional data, revealed significant element associations for mineralization (Au, As, Mo, Zn, Ba), country rock compositions (Rb, Li, Be, Sn, Bi for granite, and Co, Cr, Ni for mafic rocks), and element mobility (e.g. Sb, Zr, and Ag). Weak and moderate Au anomalies that cannot be detected by factor score maps can be delineated clearly by using the C-N fractal method and GMPI distribution map. Our study revealed that Ag, As, and Sb are the main pathfinder elements for gold mineralization in arid to semiarid regions exemplified by the Sukari gold district. Silver can be used as a “direct” pathfinder, whereas As and Sb are “indirect” pathfinders for Au in such regions. The spatial distribution of Au and Ag anomalies indicate that gold mineralization in the Sukari district is structurally controlled. However, the spatial distribution of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Mo is controlled by mineralogical and lithological factors and is not related to any significant base metal deposits.     

西秦岭常家山地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及其地质意义

西秦岭成矿带北亚带是重要的多金属成矿单元。为缩小找矿靶区,在常家山地区开展了1:2.5万水系沉积物测量工作,对采集到的1 141件样品中的Au、Ag、As、Sb、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn、W、Mo 10种元素进行核密度估算等数理统计分析,结果显示它们的浓度高于全国水系和区域水系沉积物的平均值,表明研究区成矿潜力大。通过因子分析得到F1(Bi、Cu、Zn)、F2(Au、As、Sb)、F3(Ag、Pb)、F4(W、Mo)4个主因子。使用浓度-面积(C-A)分形模型得到各元素和因子的异常阈值,并利用克里金插值法得到相应的地球化学空间分布图;结合区域控矿因素和异常分布特征圈定出Hz1、Hz2、Hz3 3处综合异常,前缘晕、近矿晕和尾晕显示出自西北向东南分布的趋势。水系沉积物地球化学异常分析结果表明,区内构造控矿特征明显,北西方向的礼县—闾井断裂是常家山地区有利的找矿部位。     

安徽省蔡家山金异常远景潜力地球化学追踪研究

蔡家山Au异常区位于长江中下游成矿带内,中小比例尺化探工作发现了以Au为主伴Pb、Zn、Ag、Cu、As、Sb、Hg、Bi等多种元素异常.1:1万的土壤测量圈出10个异常,组合成3个异常带,对异常进行了异常强度、规模研究,制定了剥蚀程度指标.AP4、AP5、AP3具有Au、Pb、Zn异常强度高、规模大、剥蚀程度低的特点...     

多重分形滤波方法和地球化学信息提取技术研究与进展

圈定地球化学异常是勘查地球化学和环境地球化学研究中的一项基础性工作。笔者通过详细分析近30年来与地球科学密切相关的分形和多重分形等现代非线性理论和新方法的迅速发展和应用,特别是以解决地球化学复杂背景与叠加异常分解难题为例,介绍了广义自相似理论与分形滤波技术的发展和应用,相信在资源、环境、灾害的其他应用领域也将发挥重要影响。文中阐明了多重分形是更具普适性的地球化学元素分布模式,"密度-面积"分形模型是刻画地球化学异常的基础模型,并为多个空间开展分形滤波和分解地球化学复杂背景与叠加异常的理论基础。该方法的显著优势在于将地球化学场的各向异性、尺度不变性、广义自相似性等特征集于一体,具有压制变化性背景干扰,突出局部异常的能力,其中C-A和S-A业已广泛应用于矿产勘查靶区圈定和环境污染模式识别,形成了分解地球化学复杂背景和叠加异常的常用技术,在国内外多个成矿区带取得了显著的找矿效果。     

Application of spectrum–area fractal model to identify of geochemical anomalies based on soil data in Kahang porphyry-type Cu deposit,Iran

The aim of this study is to identify geochemical anomalies using power spectrum–area (S–A) method based on the grade values of Cu, Mo and Au in 2709 soil samples collected from Kahang porphyry-type Cu deposit, Central Iran. S–A log–log plots indicated that there are three stages of Cu, Mo and Au enrichment. The third enrichment was considered as the main stage for the presence of Cu, Mo and Au at the concentrations above 416 ppm, 23 ppm and 71 ppb, respectively. Elemental anomalies are positively associated with monzo–granite–diorite and breccias units which are in the central and western parts of the deposit. The anomalies are located within the potassic, phyllic and argillic alteration types and also there is the positive correlation between the anomalies and nearing faults in the studied area. The results obtained via fractal model were interpreted accordingly to incorporate the information for the mineralized areas including detailed geological map, structural analysis and alterations. The results show that S–A multifractal modeling is applicable for anomalies delineation based on soil data.     

大兴安岭北段南木地区斑岩型铜矿地质特征与成矿预测

南木火山盆地位于大兴安岭中北段的林西-扎兰屯多金属成矿带中,是华北板块北部大陆边缘与西伯利亚板块东南陆缘增生带的交汇部位. 侵入岩以岩株、岩脉出露为特征,岩性以花岗斑岩、石英斑岩为主. 蚀变类型主要有绢云母化、褐铁矿化、硅化和绿泥石化,构成多条蚀变带. 在1:5万矿产调查评价工作基础上,采用激电中梯与激电测深两种方法进行金属矿产勘查. 研究发现低阻、高极化异常带与地表岩脉矿化部位及土壤地球化学异常吻合良好. 研究区圈定激电异常4处,测深穿过JD2高极化、中低阻层,推测地下存在含铜石英斑岩体. 综合地质、化探及物探特征,南木地区斑岩体、孔雀石化和激电异常均有存在,具有一定的深部找矿前景.     

河北峪耳崖金矿苋草沟区次生晕异常及找矿预测

通过对苋草沟测区1：10000土壤地球化学测量,采用多重分形异常下限计算方法,固定了该区Au、Ag、Fe、cu、Ph、zn、As、Sb、Bi、Hg10元素异常范围。根据各元素所反映的丹常特征并结合元素组合特征及现有矿化点的分布特征,综合评价固定了两处乙,类异常和一处丙,类异常,为进一步找矿提供了指导。运用因子分析方法选...     

Identification of geochemical anomalies by using of number–size (N–S) fractal model in Bardaskan area, NE Iran

Geochemical anomaly separation and identification using the number–size (N–S) model at Bardaskan area, NE Iran is studied in this paper. Lithogeochemical data were used in this study which was conducted for the exploration for Au and Cu mineralization and enrichments in Bardaskan area. There are two major mineralization phases concluded epithermal gold and a disseminated systems. N–S log–log plots for Cu, Au, Sb, and As illustrated multifractal natures. Several anomalies at local scale were identified for Au (32 ppb), Cu (28 ppm), As (11 ppm), and Sb (0.8 ppm) and the obtained results suggest existence of local Au and Cu anomalies whose magnitudes generally are above 158 and 354 ppm, respectively. The most important mineralization events are responsible for presence of Au and Cu at grades above 1,778 and 8,912 ppm. The study reveals threshold values for Au and Cu are a consequence of the occurrence of anomalous accumulations of phyllic and silicification alteration zones and metamorphic rocks especially in tuffaceous sandstones and sericite schist types. The obtained results were correlated with fault distribution patterns, revealing a positive direct correlation between mineralization in anomalous areas and the faults present in the mineralized system.     

基于S-A多重分形滤波方法的深层土壤Au元素异常识别—以皖东张八岭—管店地区为例

张八岭—管店地区位于皖东张八岭构造带北部,区内已发现多处金多金属矿点,但尚未取得显著突破。近年来,多维分形理论与地球化学勘查相结合的方法已被广泛应用于Au、Cu矿床的找矿勘查工作,其中S-A(能谱密度-累计面积)方法是一种建立在能谱空间上的分形滤波技术,能够利用傅里叶变换对物化探数据进行异常和背景分解。以张八岭—管店地区深部土壤Au元素为例,利用S-A方法对研究区深部土壤中Au元素地球化学场进行异常识别。结果显示,该方法能够有效分离地球化学背景,识别已知金铜矿点的矿致异常信息,在区内已知矿点以外识别出多个Au元素异常区域。研究成果可为进一步找矿勘探提供新的目标和方向。     

新疆西天山(南段)区域地球化学异常特征

西天山（南段）地区地处伊犁亚板块南缘活动带和塔里木板块边缘活动带内.向北突出呈弧形展布的近东西向主干断裂控制本区地层、岩浆岩及地球化学异常的分布.主体为志留、泥盆系富含碳质的碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩沉积.西天山（南段）主要成矿元素及其伴生元素集中在志留系、泥盆系和石炭系中,因而它们是研究区内最有潜力的找矿层位.志留系Au、As、Sb、Sn、Zn、Cr、Ni、Co、Ti富集,微量元素分布不均匀,元素组合多样,局部地段有富集成矿的趋势,地球化学图上有明显的Au、As、Sb、Hg、Cu的单元素异常或多元素的组合异常出现;泥盆系总体地球化学背景偏高,空间分布不均匀,元素组合复杂.富集元素有Au、As、Sb、Hg,有多元素的综合异常显示.根据区内元素异常分布、组合类型及控制异常分布的主要地质因素,将本区划分为4条综合异常带（9条亚带）.     

豫西熊耳山地区槐树坪金矿岩石-土壤找矿指示元素的确定及其应用

槐树坪金矿床位于河南省洛阳市嵩县境内,是豫西熊耳山地区近年来新发现的大型金矿床。本次研究对槐树坪金矿区地表及井下不同类型的较新鲜围岩、蚀变岩和矿石以及地表1∶20000面积性土壤采样,分析29项微量元素,从岩石和土壤两种采样介质来确定槐树坪金矿床的地球化学找矿指示元素。一方面基于较新鲜围岩的元素含量特征确定每个微量元素在该区岩石中的异常下限,进而分别计算了蚀变岩和矿石中微量元素平均含量与异常下限的比值,即异常衬度。按照异常衬度大于1.4的标尺确定了蚀变岩与矿石中明显富集的微量元素组合。另一方面,基于Au与28项微量元素在较新鲜围岩、蚀变岩、矿石三种介质中含量关系散点图直观确定了指示金成矿的微量元素组合。综合二者确定出槐树坪金矿区岩石地球化学找矿的指示元素组合为Au、Ag、As、Sb、Hg、Sn、Mo、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Nb计13项。针对地表1∶20000面积性土壤调查,采用上述岩石中异常衬度为1.4作为土壤异常下限绘制了槐树坪金矿区微量元素的地球化学异常剖析图,以槐树坪金矿区已探明鸡公山一带的主成矿段为模型确定了土壤地球化学找矿的指示元素组合为Au、Ag、As、Sb、Hg、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、B计11项。综合上述结果认为在找矿指示元素组合方面土壤对岩石具有明显的继承性。基于岩石与土壤介质中共同的10项找矿指示元素,构建了归一化的综合异常指标,以鸡公山矿段为标准对整个槐树坪矿区进行了综合评价,发现槐树坪矿区内马蹄沟、秦佛爷沟、姜疙瘩和天坪西4处具有类似鸡公山矿段的找矿潜力。     

河南省刘老湾地区地质、物化探特征及找矿前景分析

河南省刘老湾地区位于大别造山带北麓,南临梅山—龟山区域断裂带,西邻燕山晚期的商城花岗岩体。通过1∶5万水系沉积物测量工作,在区内圈定了以Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn为主要元素的综合异常,其中Au异常浓集中心明显,规模大,与各元素套合好。1∶5万地面高磁异常明显,且与化探异常吻合较好。通过大比例尺地质、物化探综合剖面对物化探异常进行查证,圈出多个Au土壤高值异常段,并伴有高极化、低电阻率异常。本文对该区地质、物化探异常进行了详细剖析,分析了成矿地质条件,认为在中酸性岩体和胡油坊组的接触带、北西西向的断裂构造是找矿的有利部位;在土壤Au高值异常带,正负磁场突变,高级化率、低电阻率的地段,找矿前景较好。     

内蒙古镶黄旗道郎和都格矿区钨多金属成矿地质背景与综合定位预测方法

郎和都格矿区地表沙土和草原覆盖严重,直接寻找钨多金属矿的信息较少。地质地球化学研究结果表明,与钨多金属矿关系密切的是早白垩世钾长花岗岩,赋矿围岩主要是二叠纪辉石闪长岩。根据围岩与矿体之间的物性差异,完成了矿区1∶1万地质填图、磁法和重力测量,对数据进行重磁联合反演,识别出3条走向北东、长度800～3 000 m、宽度50～100 m的重要的构造蚀变带（分别对应于负磁异常带）,均分布在矿区西北侧的辉石闪长岩中,且平行于辉石闪长岩和钾长花岗岩的接触带。预测了6个综合物探异常区,也位于矿区西北侧的辉石闪长岩分布区,单个异常面积为500 800 m²,异常深度不超过1 000 m。经钻探工程验证,在3个异常部位发现了隐伏的构造破碎带型钨多金属找矿靶区,钨多金属矿体埋藏深度为150～650 m,单个矿体厚度为2～4 m。表明成矿地质条件分析与重磁联合反演相结合的定位预测方法,在覆盖区寻找钨矿效果明显,值得进一步推广。     

Alteration and primary geochemical dispersion associated with the Bulletin lode-gold deposit, Wiluna, Western Australia

The Bulletin lode-gold deposit is within the northernmost part of the Norseman–Wiluna greenstone belt in the Archaean Yilgarn Block, Western Australia. It is located within a brittle–ductile shear zone and hosted by tholeiitic metavolcanic rocks. Syn-metamorphic wallrock alteration envelops the gold mineralisation and is pervasive throughout the entire shear zone and extends up to 150 m into the undeformed wallrocks. Alteration is characterised by the sequence of distal chlorite–calcite, intermediate calcite–dolomite, outer proximal sericite and inner proximal dolomite–sericite zones. The thickness of the alteration envelope, and the occurrence of dolomite in the alteration sequence, can be used as a rough guide to the width, extent and grade of gold mineralisation, because a positive correlation exists between these variables. Mass transfer evaluations indicate that chemical changes related to the wallrock alteration are similar in all host rocks: in general, Ag, As, Au, Ba, CO₂, K, Rb, S, Sb, Te and W are enriched, Na and Y are depleted, and Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Nb, Ni, P, Se, V, Zn and Zr are immobile, while Ca, Si and Sr show only minor or negligible relative changes. The degree of mobility of each component increases with proximity to gold mineralisation. The largest potential exploration targets are possibly defined by regional As (>6 ppm) and Sb (>0.6 ppm) anomalies. These anomalies, if real, extend laterally for >150 m from the mineralised shear zone into areas of apparently unaltered rocks. Anomalies defined by Te (>10 ppb), W (>0.6 ppm), carbonation indices, local enrichment of Sb (>2.0 ppm) and As (>28 ppm), and potassic alteration indices also form significant exploration targets extending beyond the HJB shear zone and the Au anomaly (>6 ppb) and, locally, into apparently unaltered rock. Gold, itself, has a restricted dispersion, with an anomaly extending for 1–35 m from ore, and being restricted to within the shear zone itself. Amongst individual geochemical parameters, only As and Sb define significant, consistent and smooth trends (vectors) when laterally approaching the ore. However, the respective dimensions of individual geochemical anomalies can be used as an extensive, though stepwise, vector towards ore.     

Application of number–size (N-S) fractal model for separation of mineralized zones in Dareh-Ashki gold deposit, Muteh Complex, Central Iran

The goal of this study is to separate different mineralized zones in Dareh-Ashki gold deposit located in Muteh Complex, Central Iran, by using number–size (N-S) fractal model. The N-S log–log plot shows seven geochemical populations and four Au-mineralized zones. Based on obtained results, Au thresholds are 0.17, 0.32, 6.3, and 12.6 ppm which represent weakly, moderately, highly, and extremely mineralized zones in terms of Au grades, respectively. Au values lower than 0.17 ppm illustrate wall rocks. Main mineralization stage of gold commences from 6.3 ppm in this deposit. The moderately mineralized zone with Au values between 0.32 and 6.3 ppm has occupied the biggest part of the studied deposit. However, highly (with Au values between 6.3 and 12.6 ppm) and extremely (higher than 12.6 ppm) mineralized zones have small extension. Correlation between geological model and results from N-S fractal model reveals that the gold mineralized zones specifically the moderately mineralized zone are situated in green schist units.     

西藏改则县多不杂斑岩型铜金矿床勘查模型

西藏改则县多不杂斑岩型铜金矿床是近年来由西藏地质五队在班公湖-怒江成矿带发现的一个具超大型规模的铜金矿床,系继玉龙、驱龙、雄村、甲玛等超大型铜矿床之后的又一重大找矿突破,也是班公湖-怒江成矿带的第一个超大型斑岩铜金矿。多不杂斑岩型铜金矿产于早白垩世花岗闪长斑岩及其与早侏罗世曲色组变长石石英砂岩的接触带,区域成矿地质背景得天独厚,岩浆活动频繁,为斑岩型铜金矿的成矿提供了有利的条件。该矿床具有典型的斑岩型铜矿的蚀变分带,在斑岩体及其围岩由内向外形成钾硅化带、粘土化带、青磐岩化带、角岩化带。地球物理勘查表明,含矿斑岩区为低视电阻率、高视极化率异常区;1:1万土壤测量显示,斑岩铜矿产于高背景区,并与强度高、浓集中心明显的Cu、Au、Ag、Mo元素的化探综合异常相对应,在空间上尤其与Cu、Au异常分布高度吻合。1:5万水系沉积物测量表明,Au、Ag、As、Sb、Cu、Pb、Zn元素高异常常与激电探测异常吻合。本文通过综合研究初步总结建立了适合本区地质-地球物理-地球化学综合勘查模型。通过勘查和初步评价,在矿区外围新发现了波龙、拿顿、拿若、赛角、尕尔勤、铁格龙、地堡那木岗等斑岩矿(床)点,并最终形成多龙斑岩型铜金矿集区,对该区域找矿起到指导作用。     

青海省玛沁县友后青地区钴铜矿化带成矿地质特征及找矿前景

青海玛沁县友后青地区大地构造位置处于阿尼玛卿缝合带内,在友后清地区发现了与基性-超基性岩体关系密切的钴铜矿化带。本文主要分析了友后青地区钴铜矿化带的成矿地质特征,认为华力西-印支期NW-NWW向的深大断裂控制着钴铜成矿作用。高精度磁测显示,区内有一条近NWW走向的磁异常带,异常强度中等偏高,呈串珠状分布。水系沉积物测量表明,以镍钴铬为主的多金属综合异常规模大,元素组合齐全,镍钴铬元素异常套合好。水系沉积物地球化学异常与高精度磁测异常可以很好的叠合在一起,在空间上与基性-超基性岩关系密切。沿NW-NWW向断裂带,与基性-超基性岩叠合较好的物化探异常区是该地区寻找钴铜矿的有利地段。