Water status in winter wheat grown under salt stress

1 IntroductionSalinization is one of the major problems in arid and semi-arid regions in relation to land use and in particular to agricultural production[1]. Excessive salinity leads to toxicity in crops and reduction of the availability of water to crops, by reducing the osmotic potential of the soil solution[2]. Movement of soil water induces solute transport, and solutes are transferred towards the ground surface by the upward soil-water movement caused by evaporation, resulting in an accu…     

土壤水分及土壤-大气界面对麦田水热传输的作用

文章根据1996年在中国栾城农业生态试验站观测的田间试验资料,分析了土壤水分和土壤-大气界面对麦田水热传输的抑制和加速作用。对于显热和潜热输送,土壤水分起决定作用,土壤水分越小,显热通量越大,潜热通量越小,反之亦然。只在土壤水分较小时界面厚度对显热和潜热输送作用较大。对于土壤热输送,界面厚度起决定作用,界面厚度越大土壤热通量越小。分析还发现60cm深处土壤水势与叶水势和大气水势的相关系数较其它深度处的土壤水势大。0～60cm土层是确定土壤水分运动对界面水热传输影响的一个良好的指示层。     

鲁西北平原冬小麦耗水过程与节水灌溉管理模式讨论

本文利用禹城综合试验站土壤-植物-大气综合观测场冬小麦田间的小气候梯度仪和大型蒸渗仪的观测资料,结合作者建立的模拟SPAC系统中水、热、CO2通量和光合作用的综合模型,研究了冬小麦全生育期的耗水过程;根据模拟计算的土壤水分动态,对山东省鲁西北平原现行的灌水管理模式进行了讨论。(1)冬小麦全生育期耗水438mm;返青以前耗水占20%,拔节-灌浆期是耗水的旺盛时期,占67%;(2)灌水后地表以下1m处的渗漏量与土层前期储水量和灌水量有关,前期含水量越大,灌水量越大,损失越大,灌水利用率越低;(3)鲁西北平原现行的越冬水-返青水-灌浆水-黄熟水的灌水模式在各次的灌水量控制上应谨慎处理,否则会造成大量的水资源浪费,从而影响灌水利用率。     

修订后水分盈亏指数在甘肃省冬小麦干旱监测中的应用

提高西北旱作农业干旱监测准确性和时效性,对农业生产防灾减灾有重要意义。利用甘肃省3个农业气象观测站长期土壤水分和冬小麦生育状况观测资料、1971—2016年43个冬小麦种植县气象观测资料及产量资料,基于冬小麦播前底墒和生育期水分盈亏量修订了作物水分盈亏指数,并确定了干旱等级指标,改进后作物水分盈亏指数与土壤贮水和冬小麦减产率高度相关,能更准确的反映甘肃省冬小麦干旱实况,并利用ArcGIS分析了近46 a甘肃省冬小麦不同生育期、不同等级干旱发生频率的时空分布特征。结果表明:甘肃省冬小麦从播种至开花期随着发育期推移,呈现干旱频率增加、范围扩大的趋势,多以中旱居多,其中拔节—开花期发生面积最大,陇中、庆阳市北部、平凉市西部、天水市西部、陇南市南部干旱出现频率较高;开花—成熟期随着降水量增加干旱发生频率减少、程度减轻。     

干旱沙漠地区小麦田土壤水分变化的数值模拟

利用SWAP模拟程序模拟沙漠地区小麦土壤水势变化、水分利用的结果,无论是灌淤土,还是流动沙丘沙土,即使是在最低灌溉标准(土壤水分含量保持田间持水量的40%),小麦作物仍不受干旱威胁。由于每次灌溉水量偏大,以及土壤的高渗水特性,流动沙丘风沙土深层渗漏损失率高达60%~90%,而灌淤土也达30%~70%,这种损失随灌溉量增加而增加,这表明在这一地区将灌溉量降到目前的最低标准(6 490 m³·hm^-2)以下是值得考虑的。实验区土壤养分含量较低,且施肥改良土壤水肥保持能力的效果不能立即表现,在目前的施肥标准下,施肥量对土壤水势、以及水分利用率没有显著影响。流动沙丘沙土的灌溉量远高于灌淤土,但根系区土壤水势平均值、最低值均相对较高,特别是最低值是灌淤土的2~3倍。相比两种土壤,除在表土层、根系层土壤水势有明显差异之外,临界层以下土层并无显著差异。     

Leaching requirement and salinity threshold for the yield and agronomic characteristics of halophytes under salt stress

An experiment was carried out at Nahshala Farm, north west of Al-Ain City, U.A.E. during the 1998–2000 growing seasons, using six halophytes (Batis maritima, Distichlis spicata, Juncus roemerianus, Paspalum vaginatum, Salicornia bigelovii and Spartina alterniflora) and two levels of leaching fraction (0·25 and 0·50) under three irrigation salinity levels (10, 20, and 40 gL⁻¹) in a randomized complete block design arranged in split plots. The purpose of the research was to apply the theory of crop salt tolerance on aboveground yields and agronomic characteristics of halophytes to determine their thresholds for salinity and to determine leaching requirements. The results indicated that the halophyte species tested can grow with minimum reduction in the growth potential at <20 gL⁻¹of mean salinity of soil solution. Leaching fraction (LF) of 0·25 at the highest salinity of irrigation water (40 gL⁻¹) was inadequate to attain the steady-state salt balance during the growth period, although the drainage salinity reached more than 90 g L⁻¹. Furthermore, if the same level of LF is used for longer period, soil salinity under this high salt treatment will continue to rise, and plant growth may deteriorate. Leaching fraction of 0·50 is preferable if salinity of irrigation water was more than 20 gL⁻¹and dry matter production is considered, although the amount of water use will be excessive     

北京市小麦籽粒的重金属含量及其健康风险分析

为评价北京市小麦重金属含量及其健康风险,采集北京市现有小麦种植区土壤和小麦籽粒对应样品68份,分析其重金属含量,并估算消费导致重金属摄入量。结果表明:北京市麦地土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均值分别为7.46、0.165、37.8、20.3、24.2、14.3和70.1mg/kg,处于比较清洁水平。这说明小麦种植这种土地利用方式并不会导致土壤重金属升高。小麦籽粒中重金属含量,除Cr与食品卫生标准限值没有显著性差异外,其他元素均显著低于相应标准限值。普通人群通过小麦制品消费,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的摄入量分别为0.005、0.004、0.136、0.994、0.041、0.024、4.75mg/人 · d。北京小麦种植的主要4个区中,顺义产小麦的Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb导致的重金属摄入量高于其他3个区,房山产小麦导致的重金属摄入量最低。对于普通人群而言,通过小麦和蔬菜摄入重金属没有明显风险。     

民勤绿洲不同土地利用类型下土壤水盐的空间分布特征分析

以石羊河流域下游——民勤绿洲为研究区域,通过野外采样、实地调查和实验分析,对不同土地利用类型下(耕地、林地、草地、湿地、盐碱地、撂荒地和荒漠)土壤的水盐特征进行研究,结果表明研究区土壤含水率整体偏低,范围为5.35%～20.58%,土壤含盐量的平均值为47.02 g·kg^-1,盐渍化程度严重。土壤含水率和含盐量表现为中等变异性,说明其易受到气候、地形、水文地质以及人为活动的影响。不同土地利用类型下土壤水盐的垂直分布差异显著,土壤含水率在垂直方向上的变化特征较为复杂,但含盐量在垂直方向上主要表现为"表聚型"和"振荡型"。民勤绿洲各土层土壤水盐的水平分布均呈条带状分布,土壤含水率整体表现出西高东低,南高北低,而土壤含盐量则表现出相反的趋势。     

松嫩平原苏打盐渍土土壤水分特征研究

以苏打盐化草甸土和苏打碱土2 种土壤类型为研究对象,研究苏打盐渍土土壤水分特征,并对土壤水分特征曲线进行模拟。结果表明,0~40 cm土壤层,盐化草甸土总孔隙度大于50%,毛管孔隙中以0.1~1.2 mm当量孔径的粗孔隙为主,苏打碱土总孔隙度低,主要以小于0.1 mm当量孔径的细孔隙为主;0~40 cm土壤层在相同水势作用下,盐化草甸土土壤含水率明显高于苏打碱土,说明苏打碱土土壤持水能力较低。通过模型模拟,获得不同土壤层的水分特征曲线参数,模拟值与实测值相关系数均在0.9 以上,模型具有可靠性。     

Impacts of climate change on winter wheat growth in Panzhuang Irrigation District, Shandong Province

Global climate change has significant impacts on agricultural production. Future climate change will bring important influences to the food security. The CERES-Wheat model was used to simulate the winter wheat growing process and production in Panzhuang Irrigation District (PID) during 2011–2040 under B2 climate scenario based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) assumptions with the result of RCMs (Regional Climate Models) projections by PRECIS (Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies) system introduced to China from the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. The CERES-Wheat model was calibrated and validated with independent field-measured growth data in 2002–2003 and 2007–2008 growing season under current climatic conditions at Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station (YCES), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). The results show that a significant impact of climate change on crop growth and yield was noted in the PID study area. Average temperature at Yucheng Station rose by 0.86℃ for 1961–2008 in general. Under the B2 climate scenario, average temperature rose by 0.55℃ for 2011–2040 compared with the baseline period (1998–2008), which drastically shortened the growth period of winter-wheat. However, as the temperature keep increasing after 2030, the top-weight and yield of the winter wheat will turn to decrease. The simulated evapotranspiration shows an increasing trend, although it is not very significant, during 2011–2040. Water use efficiency will increase during 2011–2031, but decrease during 2031–2040. The results indicate that climate change enhances agricultural production in the short-term, whereas continuous increase in temperature limits crop production in the long-term.     

气候变化对山东省潘庄灌区冬小麦生长的影响(英文)

Global climate change has significant impacts on agricultural production.Future climate change will bring important influences to the food security.The CERES-Wheat model was used to simulate the winter wheat growing process and production in Panzhuang Irrigation District(PID) during 2011-2040 under B2 climate scenario based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios(SRES) assumptions with the result of RCMs(Regional Climate Models) projections by PRECIS(Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies) system introduced to China from the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research.The CERES-Wheat model was calibrated and validated with independent field-measured growth data in 2002-2003 and 2007-2008 growing season under current climatic conditions at Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station(YCES),Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).The results show that a significant impact of climate change on crop growth and yield was noted in the PID study area.Average temperature at Yucheng Station rose by 0.86℃ for 1961-2008 in general.Under the B2 climate scenario,average temperature rose by 0.55℃ for 2011-2040 compared with the baseline period(1998-2008),which drastically shortened the growth period of winter-wheat.However,as the temperature keep increasing after 2030,the top-weight and yield of the winter wheat will turn to decrease.The simulated evapotranspiration shows an increasing trend,although it is not very significant,during 2011-2040.Water use efficiency will increase during 2011-2031,but decrease during 2031-2040.The results indicate that climate change enhances agricultural production in the short-term,whereas continuous increase in temperature limits crop production in the long-term.     

气候变暖背景下中原腹地冬小麦气候适宜度变化

通过构建冬小麦光照、温度、降水及综合气候适宜度计算模型,探讨气候变化对冬小麦气候适宜性的影响。结果表明:冬小麦全生育期温度、光照、降水及综合气候适宜度均值分别为0.54、0.64、0.37及0.50;冬小麦对光照适宜性较好,降水是限制冬小麦生长发育的主要因子;温度和降水适宜度以0.001·a^-1线性趋势下降,光照适宜度以0.002·a^-1线性趋势下降,气候因子匹配效果变差对冬小麦的生长不利。冬前生长阶段温度、光照和降水适宜性较弱,各气候因子匹配效果较差。出苗-拔节期降水适宜性较强,各气候因子组合效果较差;拔节-抽穗期和抽穗-乳熟期温度与光照适宜性较强,水分胁迫较大,气候因子组合效果趋好。乳熟-成熟期光照和降水适宜性较强,综合气候适宜性变差。光照、温度和降水适宜度在全生育期的中后期与冬小麦产量的相关性比较显著。     

河北平原冬小麦播种面积收缩及由此节省的水资源量估算

以河北平原1998-2010 年11 地市的农业统计数据和22 个气象站点的逐日气温、降水量、水汽压、风速、日照时数和相对湿度等资料为基础,对该地区冬小麦播种面积的收缩情况及由此引发的耕作制度变化进行了分析;同时,结合作物系数法和逐旬有效降水量法,计算了不同耕作制度下的水分亏缺量,进而估算了该地区因耕作制度变化节省的水资源量。结果表明:① 该时段河北平原11 地市冬小麦的播种面积均呈收缩趋势,总面积下降了16.07%,约49.62×10⁴ hm²。京津唐城市群表现最为明显,下降了47.23%;② 冬小麦的降水满足率仅为20%~30%,而春玉米和夏玉米均为50%以上;冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟制所需的灌溉水资源量为400~530 mm,而春玉米一年一熟制仅为160~210 mm;③ 该时段河北平原因冬小麦播种面积收缩而节省的灌溉水资源量约为15.96×10⁸ m³/a,相当于南水北调中线一期工程为京津冀三省市供水量的27.85%。     

Impact of the shrinking winter wheat sown area on agricultural water consumption in the Hebei Plain简

This study firstly analyzed the shrinkage of winter wheat and the changes of crop- ping systems in the Hebei Plain from 1998 to 2010 based on the agricultural statistic data of 11 cities and meteorological data, including daily temperature, precipitation, water vapor, wind speed and minimum relative humidity data from 22 meteorological stations, and then calcu- lated the water deficit and irrigation water resources required by different cropping systems, as well as the irrigation water resources conserved as a result of cropping system changes, using crop coefficient method and every ten-day effective precipitation estimation method. The results are as follows. 1） The sown areas of winter wheat in the 11 cities in the Hebei Plain all shrunk during the study period. The shrinkage rate was 16.07% and the total shrinkage area amounted to 49.62×10^4 ha. The shrinkage was most serious in the Bei- jing-Tianjin-Tangshan metropolitan agglomerate, with a shrinkage rate of 47.23%. 2） The precipitation fill rate of winter wheat was only 20%-30%, while those of spring maize and summer maize both exceeded 50%. The irrigation water resources demanded by the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system ranged from 400 mm to 530 mm, while those demanded by the spring maize single cropping system ranged only from 160 mm to 210 ram. 3） The water resources conserved as a result of the winter wheat sown area shrinkage during the study period were about 15.96×10^8 m^3/a, accounting for 27.85% of those provided for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei by the first phase of the Mid-Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.     

额济纳绿洲主要植物的水势与环境因子的关系

通过对额济纳绿洲几种植物的水势分析,结果表明,水势从小到大排序为:红砂 < 柽柳、苏枸杞、苦豆子 < 胡杨、梭梭、骆驼蓬 < 花花柴 < 沙拐枣。胡杨和柽柳水势日变化在5月和7月大体呈"V"型;9月份日变化大体呈直线型。不同植物对环境条件反应不同,乔木、灌木的水势与深层土壤中含水量密切相关,而草本对较浅层的土壤含水量相关。阔叶植物对大气中的水分相关性更强。植物水势与大气温度相关性最差。     

新疆奇台绿洲农田灌溉前后土壤水盐时空变异性研究

对比研究了新疆奇台县绿洲农田灌溉前后土壤水盐的时空变异特征。结果表明,灌溉前,剖面各层土壤含水量较低（18.43%～20.30%之间）,且呈中等（偏弱）变异性。大水漫灌后1周,除40～60 cm和100～120 cm土层外,其他层土壤含水量均变为弱变异性;剖面平均土壤含水量升高6.90%,脱盐率达11.37%,其中,表层（0～20 cm）土壤水分增加率（50.93%）及脱盐率（27.14%）最大,底层（100～120 cm）土壤水分增加率（26.59%）及脱盐率（-4.76%）最小。灌后3周,剖面平均含水量减少3.64%,其中,表层（0～20 cm）失水率（28.84%）最大;剖面平均脱盐率降为9.63%,0～60 cm土层平均脱盐率（7.58%）减小,而60～120 cm土层脱盐率（11.01%）增大。除20～40 cm土层外,其他层含水量变异性均与灌前一致,说明含水量已接近灌前水平。至灌后第3周,各层含盐量、剖面平均盐分（中等变异性）及平均水分（弱变异性）含量的变异性未变,但其变异系数均在减小;剖面平均含水量的空间自相关性由中等转为强烈,变程一直增大,而平均含盐量均具有强烈的空间自相关性,变程先增大后减小。     

冬季气候变暖对山西省冬小麦可种植区的影响

基于山西省境内较为均匀分布的70 个地面气象观测站1970-2012 年冬季逐日气温资料,采用线性倾向估计法分析了负积温、最冷月平均气温和年极端最低气温的变化特征,采用累积距平法确定其突变点,以突变点为界分为前后2 个时间段,依据前后时间段等值线的变化分析冬季气候变暖对山西省冬小麦可种植区的影响。结果表明：山西省负积温呈现显著减少趋势（通过了α=0.01 的显著检验）,最冷月平均气温和年极端最低气温呈现不显著升高趋势;突变后,负积温平均减少了103.4℃,最冷月平均气温和年极端最低气温分别升高了0.8℃和0.7℃;在3 个指标中,决定山西省冬小麦能否种植的关键因子是负积温和年极端最低气温,最冷月平均气温的影响较小;冬季气候变暖后,平均状况下,冬小麦可种植区域面积扩大了约2.9×10⁶ hm²,扩大52%,80%保证率下,冬小麦种植面积扩大了约2.3×10⁶ hm²,扩大79%。     

Change of winter wheat planting area and its impacts on groundwater depletion in the North China Plain

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The North China Plain is one of the most water-stressed areas in China. Irrigation of winter wheat mainly utilizes groundwater resources, which has resulted in...     

黄土高原旱作区马铃薯叶片和土壤水势对垄沟微集雨的响应特征

于2011年在黄土高原半干旱地区以平地不覆膜为对照,研究了不同沟垄和覆膜方式对马铃薯叶片和土壤水势水势的影响。结果表明：不同沟垄和覆膜方式在不同土层和不同生育期对土壤和叶片水势的影响差异显著。（1）土壤水势日变化趋势：0～20 cm土层,土垄处理在开花期为先下降后上升型,土垄和覆膜垄处理在块茎膨大期为先下降后上升型,覆膜垄和全膜双垄沟播处理在成熟期为先下降后上升型,其余为逐渐下降型;20～40 cm土层,各处理土壤水势呈逐渐下降趋势。（2）叶片水势日变化趋势：开花期和块茎膨大期表现为双低谷型,双低谷分别在13：00和17：00,成熟期为“V”型,即单低谷型,低谷出现在17：00。各处理变化趋势相同,但水势存在差异。土垄处理在水分关键期（开花期和块茎膨大期）叶片水势显著高于其他处理,而全膜双垄沟播处理在成熟期最高。（3）生育期土壤水势和叶片水势均表现为先减小后增大的趋势。20～40 cm土层对叶片水势影响较大,土垄处理在该土层具有较好的水分状态,蒸腾作用较强加速了水分运移速率,是导致覆膜垄和全膜双垄沟播处理水势低于土垄的主要原因。在前期降雨较少的年份,由于较小的蒸腾作用,土垄处理可以保证马铃薯承受较小的水分胁迫;在前期降雨量较多的年份,覆膜垄和全膜双垄沟播处理则可以凭借其较大的蒸腾作用发挥较大的增产效果。     

沙坡头地区固沙植被土壤水分动态研究

沙坡头地区始建于1956年的无灌溉人工固沙植被,是我国交通干线防沙体系的成功模式。利用40余年的土壤水分定位观测数据,分析了不同期间建立的固沙植被土壤水分的时空变化特征及对植被的影响。结果表明,固沙植被发展至9~10a后土壤含水量开始明显下降,特别是较深层(>100cm)的含水量下降明显;0~40cm层土壤水分含量与降水相关显著,而降水对40~300cm层土壤水分的含量影响不显著;深根系固沙植物对根际区域水分的利用,进一步恶化了固沙区土壤深层的水分状况,进而抑制了这些植物的生长和生存,间接地影响了原有固沙植被组成和稳定性;经过40多年的演变,固沙植被中优势灌木种的盖度从最大盖度47.6%降至6%~9%,群落中草本和微生物结皮层得到发育。当深根系灌木的盖度降低至6%~9%时,深层土壤可维持一个相对稳定的低含水量。