纵横波初至的相位关系及全波测并的意义(英文)

本文描述了在全波实验中所见到的三种现象,即:1.纵横波初至的振幅(绝对值)具有相同的变化规律;2.纵横波初至的相位彼此总是反向的;3.纵横波初至的振幅变化周期为2π。经过充分的分析和解释指出这些现象应该出现在全波测井条件下,从而为利用相位差从全波中提取有用的信息奠定了基础。     

岩石的纵、横波速度与密度的规律研究

选择了济阳坳陷第三系地层四类不同岩性、237块典型岩心样品,在变温变压条件下进行超声波纵、横波速度及密度的测定,样品的孔隙度范围从2％到27％.根据变温变压测试数据,得出纵横波速度的压力、温度校正公式,将高温高压条件下测量的弹性参数校正到60 MPa条件,再进行密度、Vp和Vs数据分析.分析结果表明：Vp、Vs具有很好的线性相关性,得到新的密度与Vp关系式.同时将Vp、Vs关系融入到Gardner公式中,将Gardner函数推广为〖JP2〗ρ=CVApVBs的函数形式（称为广义Gardner公式）,拟合出砂岩的密度、Vp和Vs间的新关系式：ρ=1.575 8V0.287 9pV0.019 7s.〖JP〗文中讨论了该公式在横波速度预测、岩石物理模拟和AVO正反演等的作用,指出这些规律性认识可服务于油气勘探和开发.     

西昌市场地剪切波速与土层深度经验关系

收集了西昌市已有的土层钻孔资料及有关报告,在此基础上踏勘布置了具有一定代表性的钻孔,逐个进行了剪切波速度的测定。对所有的剪切波速资料进行了整理,通过回归分析方法给出西昌市场地不同土类剪切波速与土层深度的关系式,为西昌市防震减灾规划土层地震反应分析提供土层的背景资料和分析依据,同时,也为西昌市以后的地震危险性、建筑工程场地分类以及抗震设防小区划提供有意义的参考资料。     

地震横波勘探及其在浅层岩土分层中的应用

简单论述了横波的基本特点,指出在松散层勘探中,横波勘探的优势主要在于探测精度高且不受饱水度的影响.因此,可以选择地震横波勘探进行第四纪松散层层序划分及厚度探测.并以广州市城市地质调查项目为例,介绍了地震横波勘探在浅层地层勘测中的数据采集方法,分析了地质解释依据,并结合波速测井方法对地层层面进行了划分.分析结果表明了多数岩土层与反射界面有较好的对应关系,用地震横波勘探结合波速测井进行第四纪松散层层序划分及厚度探测是可行的.     

The characteristics of shear wave splitting in the source region of the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake

Using seismic data of the aftershocks sequence of the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake recorded by seismic temporary and permanent stations in the source region, with the visual inspection of particle motion diagrams, this paper preliminarily contains the polarization directions of fast shear wave and the time-delays of split shear waves at every station, and analyzes the crustal anisotropic characteristics in the source region. In the study area, the polarization direc- tions at stations BAX, TQU, L 132, L 133, L 134, and L 135 are northeast, which is consistent with the strike of Dachuan- Shuangshi fault. There are two polarization directions at MDS and L131, which are northeast and southeast. The scatter of polarization directions suggests the complex stress field around these two stations where two faults intersect. For the normalized time-delays at every station, the range is 1.02-8.64 ms/km. The largest time-delay is from L134 which is closest to the mainshock, and the smallest one is from L133. The variations in time-delays show the decreasing at stations BAX, L134, and L135 because of the stress-relaxation after earthquake.     

土壤剪切波速与埋深关系的统计分析

为解决工程中剪切波速测试不能达到工作要求深度的问题,文中根据大量黑龙江地区的地震安全性评价资料,运用主要的经验公式:线性拟合Y=a+bX;多项式拟合Y=a+bX+cX2;指数拟合Y=aXb,分别统计了土壤剪切波速与埋深之间的关系,给出回归参数及适用深度。结果表明:(1)剪切波速与杂填土土层深度无论采用何种方式回归,都得不到令人满意的结果;(2)除粗砂多项式拟合方式略好于线性拟合方式外,各土类剪切波速与土层深度的关系采用线性拟合方式要优于多项式和指数拟合方式;(3)采用多项式和指数拟合方式也可以得到比较令人满意的结果;(4)除粘土(可塑、软塑)外,采用多项式拟合方式要略优于指数拟合方式。结果可为今后黑龙江地区工程场地分类,抗震设防小区化提供参考依据。     

Variations of shear wave splitting in the 2013 Lushan Ms7.0 earthquake region

In this paper, variations of shear wave splitting in the 2013 Lushan Ms7.0 earthquake sequence were studied. By analyzing shear wave particle motion of local events in the shear wave window, the fast polarization directions and the delay time between fast and slow shear waves were derived from seismic recordings at eight stations on the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone. In the study region, the fast polarization directions show partition characteristics from south to north. And the systematic changes of the time delays between two split shear waves were also observed. As for spatial distribution, the NE fast polarization directions are consistent with the Longmenshan fault strike in the south of focal region, whereas the NW fast direction is parallel to the direction of regional principal compressive stress in the north of focal region. Stations BAX and TQU are respectively located on the Central and Front-range faults, and because of the direct influence of these faults, the fast directions at both stations show particularity. In time domain, after the main shock, the delay times at stations increased rapidly, and decreased after a period of time. Shear-wave splitting was caused mostly by stress-aligned microcracks in rock below the stations. The results demonstrate changes of local stress field during the main shock and the aftershocks. The stress on the Lushan Ms7.0 earthquake region increased after the main shock, with the stress release caused by the aftershocks and the stress reduced in the late stage.     

Variations in shear wave splitting during aftershocks of the Luquan earthquake in Yunnan Province

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西沙地块海底地震仪转换横波的数据处理与震相识别

主动源海底地震仪（OBS）转换横波震相的分析和模拟,能够从泊松比的角度更准确地约束地下结构和物质组成,有助于地壳精细结构和构造属性的研究.本文对南海北部陆缘西沙地块的OBS2013-3测线进行了转换横波数据处理和分析,通过能量扫描法求取极化角,并对OBS水平分量数据进行旋转,获取了径向分量数据.结合本测线的地质情况,求解佐布里兹（Zoeppritz）方程,得到了不同转换模式的能量分配关系,定量地指示了沉积基底和海底面为主导的P-S转换界面,Moho面为次一级转换界面.在OBS2013-3测线的各个台站径向分量地震剖面上识别出了一系列PPS和PSS型转换震相,最大偏移距达到130km,并进行了初步的正演模拟试算和验证.结合本测线实际情况,对OBS转换横波研究的基础问题进行了探讨.这些工作为后续的二维横波速度结构和泊松比结构模拟、物质组成和地壳属性分析打下了坚实的基础,为研究方法的进一步完善提供思路.

     

鲁西平原地区土体剪切波速与埋深关系研究

鲁西平原地区属黄河冲积平原,地势平坦,工程地质情况较单一,场地类别以Ⅲ类场地为主。利用鲁西平原地区常见土类的剪切波速与埋深的数据,使用4种回归模型建立了它们之间的经验关系式,并对这些经验式的合理性进行了讨论。结果表明:鲁西平原地区常见土类的剪切波速与埋深之间有明显的相关性,基于幂函数的回归模型（v_si=ah_i^b+c）得到的经验关系式拟合效果最佳,具有较好的应用价值。     

Nonlinear wave propagation on a sphere: Interaction between Rossby waves and gravity waves; stability of the Rossby waves

Abstract

An analytical spectral model of the barotropic divergent equations on a sphere is developed using the potential-stream function formulation and the normal modes as basic functions. Explicit expressions of the coefficients of nonlinear interaction are obtained in the asymptotic case of a slowly rotating sphere, i.e. when the normal modes can be expressed as single spherical harmonics.     

电场平行于入射面的低频电磁波在导电界面的类全反射相角

根据非均匀电磁波在导电媒质中传播时其相移常数和振幅衰减常数方向的不一致性,利用低频非均匀电磁波在导电地层界面反射时的反射系数导出了电场偏振化方向在入射面内的低频电磁波类全反射相角.     

The relation between the response spectrum and the phase diference spectrum

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山东临沂地区砂土剪切波速与标准贯入击数关系统计分析

剪切波速(V_S)与标贯击数(N)之间存在相关关系,受地区土壤条件影响很大。对临沂地区场地实测得到的砂土的剪切波速和标贯击数之间的关系进行了统计分析,得到了砾砂、粗砂、中砂和细砂相应的关系曲线。结果发现受沉积环境的影响,砂土层粒径与埋深呈正相关,砂土粒径越大其密实段样本点数量越多。为消除不同密实程度段之间的相互影响,以密实度为划分标准进一步进行分区段统计分析,得到了不同密实程度的四类砂土的相关关系方程,通过实际钻孔数据对比了分段与不分段的统计分析结果,分段模拟能更好地反映两者之间的相关关系。将砂土根据密实度进行划分再给出剪切波速和标贯击数的回归关系可以提高分析结果的准确性,同时可以考虑土体特性的影响,更为科学。此研究为临沂地区提供了一种简便预估剪切波速的方法,对相关地区的工程建设和科学研究也具有参考价值。     

Experimental and conceptual evidence about the limitations of shear wave velocity to predict liquefaction

Based on the liquefaction performance of sites with seismic activity, the normalized shear wave velocity, V_s1, has been proposed as a field parameter for liquefaction prediction. Because shear wave velocity, V_s, can be measured in the field with less effort and difficulty than other field tests, its use by practitioners is highly attractive. However, considering that its measurement is associated with small strain levels, of the order of 10⁻⁴–10⁻³%, V_s reflects the elastic stiffness of a granular material, hence, it is mainly affected by soil type, confining pressure and soil density, but it is insensitive to factors such as overconsolidation and pre-shaking, which have a strong influence on the liquefaction resistance. Therefore, without taking account of the important factors mentioned above, the correlation between shear wave velocity and liquefaction resistance is weak.In this paper, laboratory test results are presented in order to demonstrate the significant way in which OCR (overconsolidation ratio) affects both shear wave velocity and liquefaction resistance. While V_s is insensitive to OCR, the liquefaction resistance increases significantly with OCR. In addition, the experimental results also confirm that V_s correlates linearly with void ratio, regardless of the maximum and minimum void ratios, which means that V_s is unable to give information about the relative density. Therefore, if shear wave velocity is used to predict liquefaction potential, it is recommended that the limitations presented in this paper be taken into account.     

超声反射法套管-地层环空间介质波阻抗反演方法与成像实例

针对套管井反射式超声波水泥固井质量检测问题,本文利用超声反射波频谱中套管共振透射窗内的复合反射系数,提出了定量反演套管-地层环空间内介质的波阻抗的方法. 利用复合反射系数中多个频率点的相移反正切函数主值,给出了波阻抗的计算公式,并把套管-地层环空间介质中波的相移的整、实特性作为波阻抗反演收敛的判据. 针对井下实际测井环境中超声换能器性能受温度和压力等的影响而发生变化,导致的声源波形（子波）和复合反射系数不确定的困难,提出了用井下原地（in situ）实测波形定量估计声源波形和复合反射系数的方法. 通过对合成数据的处理,分别考察了已知介质的声学和几何参数存在的偏差对套管-地层环空间内介质的波阻抗反演结果的影响. 本文对多组模型井检验数据进行了目的层介质的波阻抗反演与成像,成像结果与真实情况吻合,验证了反演方法的有效性. 最后对现场实测资料进行了套管-地层环空间内介质的波阻抗定量反演与成像.     

The phase velocities of Rayleigh waves and the lateral variation of lithospheric structure in Tibetan Plateau

According to a Sino-U. S. joint project, eleven broadband digital PASSCAL seismometers had been deployed inside the Tibetan Plateau, of which 7 stations were on the profile from Lhasa to Golmud and other 4 stations situated at Maxin, Yushu, Xigatze and Linzhi. Dispersions and phase velocities of the Rayleigh surface waves (10s–120s) were obtained on five paths distributed in the different blocks of Tibetan Plateau. Inversions of the S-wave velocity structures in Songpan-Ganzi block, Qiang-Tang block, Lhasa block and the faulted rift zone were obtained from the dispersion data. The results show that significant lateral variation of the S-wave velocity structures among the different blocks exists. The path from Wenquan to Xigatze (abbreviated as Wndo-Xiga) passes through the rift-zone of Yadong-Anduo. The phase velocities of Rayleigh waves from 10s to 100s on this path are significantly higher than that on other paths. The calculated mean crustal velocity on this path is 3.8 km/s, much greater than that on other paths, where mean crustal velocities of 3.4–3.5 km/s are usually observed. Low velocity zones with different thicknesses and velocities are observed in the middle-lower crust for different paths. Songpan-Ganzi block, located in the northern part of Tibetan Plateau is characterized by a thinner crust of 65 km thick and a prominent low velocity zone in the upper mantle. The low velocity zone with a velocity of 4.2 km/s is located at a depth form 115 km to 175 km. While in other blocks, no low velocity zone in the upper mantle is observed. The value of Sn in Songpan-Ganzi is calculated to be 4.5 km/s, while those in Qiang-Tang and Lhasa blocks are about 4.6 km/s. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, Supp., 566–573, 1992.     

晋冀鲁豫交界地区数字化波形识别

以邯郸数字化地震台网数据资料为基础,分析晋冀鲁豫交界地区的主要震相特征,利用软件程序对实验数据进行频谱分析,得出本区域识别构造地震、人工爆破和塌陷的数字化波形特征的显著方法。经过大量数据检验,验证该方法的准确性,为提高基础台站数据的准确性和可利用率提供思路。     

Phase relations and P–T conditions of the Ryoke pelitic and psammitic metamorphic rocks in the Ina district, Central Japan

The Ina district of the Ryoke Belt is divided into two mineral zones, based on the mineral parageneses of the pelitic and psammitic rocks at the peak metamorphism. A biotite–muscovite zone (quartz + plagioclase + biotite + muscovite with or without K-feldspar) constitutes the northwestern part, and a biotite–cordierite–K-feldspar zone (quartz + plagioclase + biotite + cordierite + K-feldspar) comprises the central to southern and eastern parts. The isograd reaction between two mineral zones is defined by a divariant reaction: Mg-rich biotite + muscovite + quartz = Fe-rich biotite + cordierite + K-feldspar + H₂O (1), which, in the K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O (KFMASH) system, occurs at ∼ 590 °C at 0.2 GPa and 660 °C at 0.4 GPa. Fibrolite accompanied by andalusite porphyroblasts in aluminous pelitic rocks of the biotite–muscovite zone and the low-grade part of the biotite–cordierite–K-feldspar zone, suggests that sillimanite was the stable aluminosilicate at the peak metamorphic condition throughout the area. In the high-grade part of the biotite–cordierite–K-feldspar zone, fibrolite mostly occurs as inclusions in cordierite or in plagioclase. The phase relations and the compositional zoning of plagioclase in relation to fibrolite inclusions suggest that fibrolite was formed under relatively high-pressure conditions, and that partial melting took place.