内蒙古镶黄旗乌兰哈达中二叠世碱长花岗岩LA—ICP—MS锆石U—Pb年龄和地球化学特征

内蒙古镶黄旗乌兰哈达岩体位于华北克拉通北缘中段,岩性以中细一中粗粒碱长花岗岩为主。LA—ICP—MS锆石U—Pb定年结果表明．该花岗岩的侵位年龄为265．1Ma_＋1．5Ma（MSWD=I．5）,形成于中二叠世。该花岗岩富硅（SiO2为73．63％-75．47％）,富碱（Na2O＋K2O介于9．25％-9．49％）之间。在SiO2-K2O图中,样品多数落入高钾钙碱性系列。A／CNK值在1．00-1．03之间,属弱过铝质花岗岩。稀土元素含量高（∑REE=94×10^-6-383×10-6）,轻重稀土元素分异明显,（La／Yb）N=6．59～13．20,具有明显的负Eu异常（δEu=0.22-38）。相对亏损Ba、sr、Nb、P、Ti元素,而高场强元素含量高（Zr＋Nb＋Ce＋Y〉350×10^-6）,且具有较高的10000XGa／M比值（236-2.79）。地球化学特征暗示了乌兰哈达碱长花岗岩具有典型的A型花岗岩特征。相对低的Nb的含量进一步暗示了该岩体具有A,型属性。构造环境R,一R：判别图和构造环境（Y＋Nb）一Rb判别图解显示,该岩体可能形成于后碰撞的拉张环境。结合鸟兰哈达岩体的大地构造位置、构造环境及侵位时代．初步推断研究区内华北板块北缘与西伯利亚板块南缘碰撞缝合时代应早于265．1Ma。     

江西三清山国家地质公园花岗岩SHRIMP年龄、地质-地球化学特征和岩石成因类型

江西三清山国家地质公园位于扬子地块和华夏地块的接壤部位的赣东北地区。公园内的花岗岩是区域上怀玉山岩体的一部分，出露面积约98km^2。根据它们的接触关系可以划分为3期：第1期为中粗粒黑云母碱长花岗岩；第2期为中粒黑云母碱长花岗岩；第3期为细粒黑云母碱长花岗岩，其中以第2期的规模最大，公园内最重要的景点即分布于该期花岗岩内。利用SHRIMP锆石U—Ph方法对第2、3期花岗岩的测年结果表明，其年龄分别为123±2．2Ma和115．6±2．0Ma，晚于区域上的成矿岩体。在矿物组成和化学成分特点上，这3期花岗岩基本相似，均由黑云母、条纹长石、钠长石（An〈8％）和石英组成，发育晶洞构造，具有高Si（〉75％）、高碱（7．7～8．8％）、低钙（〈1％）、高FeO^＋／MgO（11～54）的特点。在微量元素特征上，明显富集REE（Eu除外）、Zr、Nb和Ta等高场强元素（HFSE），而Sc、Cr、Co、Ni、Sr和Eu等含量较低。此外，还具有高的10000×Ga／Al值特征（3．3～4．0），所有这些特征均说明其与I型和S型有明显区别，而具有A型花岗岩的特点，在相关判别图上属于A2型花岗岩，为造山后大陆壳熔融的产物，其形成于约10km的深度，并于6km左右发生侵位，侵位时的温度约850～900℃。     

湘东南瑶岗仙岩体岩石化学特征、成因与构造环境

湘东南燕山早期瑶岗仙岩体主要由黑云母二长花岗岩组成。岩石SiO2和K20平均含量分别为75．83％和4．78％,Na2O＋K2O平均8．02％,K2O／Na2O比值平均为1．53,Al2O3平均为12．98％。总体属弱过铝质钙碱性花岗岩类。εNd（t）值为-11．13～-9．13;t20M为1．70～1．86Ga,与湘桂内陆带花岗岩的背景值（1．8～2．4Ga）和区域基底的时代（1．7～2．7Ga）相吻合。上述特征表明,瑶岗仙岩体岩浆来源为中地壳结晶基底,属典型S型花岗岩。氧化物构造环境判别图解及区域构造演化背景反映瑶岗仙岩体形成于后造山构造环境。     

南秦岭华阳花岗岩LA—ICP—MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学和Hf同位素组成——对五龙岩体群成因的约束

华阳岩体位于南秦岭中部地区,岩体主体岩性为黑云母二长花岗岩。对中粒黑云母二长花岗岩和细粒黑云母二长花岗岩的LA—IcP—MS锆石u—Pb定年分别获得214Ma±2Ma和228Ma±2Ma的年龄,表明该岩体形成于晚三叠世。华阳花岗岩属于弱过铝质和高钾钙碱性系列,具有I—A型花岗岩过渡的特征,A／CNK值为1．01-1．14,Na2O为3．15％～3．83％,K2O为3．04％～5,70％,K2O／Na2O为0．84-1．80,Mg^n为0．24-0．48;稀土元素配分曲线表现为右倾型,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,具有显著的Eu负异常。该花岗岩富集Rb、K、Pb、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损zr、Hf、Ta、Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素,表明华阳花岗岩的物源以壳源物质为主。锆石饱和温度和Ti温度计等的估算显示,华阳岩体岩浆源区的初始温度为750-8000C。花岗岩的锆石εHt（t）值变化范围较小,为-6．17～2．27,平均值为-3．19;二阶段模式年龄孔。为1．65-1．12Ga,加权平均值为1．46Ga,结合区域地质背景和前人研究成果认为,华阳花岗岩是早—中元古代古老地壳物质部分熔融的结果,伴有少量幔源物质的加入;岩体的形成与华南板块和华北板块碰撞有关．是同碰撞向后碰撞构造体制转变或后碰撞伸展早期的产物。     

四川乡城-稻城地区花岗岩地球化学特征及构造背景探讨

四川乡城-稻城地区发育4套花岗岩体：包括石英闪长玢岩、花岗细晶岩、二长花岗（细晶）岩和花岗闪长岩,形成时代为印支期到燕山晚期。花岗岩的地球化学研究表明：w（SiO2）=57．82％～81．66％,σ=0．06～2．45,w（K2O＋Na2O）=1．38％～7．76％,AR=1．26～2．93,属于亚碱性岩体;EREE含量较低,轻稀土相对富集,δEu=0．09～1．28,（La／Yb）N=1．88～11．96,总体表现为右倾型。各套花岗岩微量元素地球化学特征差异明显,相对富集大离子亲石元素,贫化高场强元素,Rb／Sr=0．04～6．18。根据花岗岩的R1-R2,Rb—Yb＋Ta,Ta—Yb构造判别图解和区域构造演化史研究,认为二长花岗岩形成于板内构造环境,花岗细晶岩、闪长玢岩和花岗闪长岩形成于岛弧构造环境,其形成与义敦岛弧带碰撞造山活动有关。     

陕西勉县地区关帝坪闪长岩体的LA—ICP—MS锆石U—Pb年龄及其地质意义

秦岭造山带印支期花岗岩的成因研究是当前秦岭造山带研究的热点问题。通过对出露于陕西勉县地区勉略缝合带中光头山岩体西端的关帝坪黑云母闪长岩锆石LA—ICPMSU-Pb年代学研究,探讨其地质意义。岩石主要由斜长石、角闪石和黑云母组成,蚀变较轻。LA—ICP—MS锆石U—Pb测年得到的加权平均年龄为220．5士3．1Ma（MSWD=0．66,2σ）,代表该闪长岩体的结晶年龄。该年龄与附近的光头山黑云母斜长花岗岩的年龄216±2Ma很接近,由此推断两者应产出于相同的构造背景。结合前人研究结果,推断该黑云母闪长岩体可能为勉略洋闭合后的碰撞后期产物。     

湘东锡田钨锡多金属矿区成岩成矿时代的再厘定

湘东锡田钨锡多金属矿床是地质大调查期间发现的一个大型矿床。矿体赋存在锡田复式花岗岩中及其与中泥盆统棋梓桥组的接触带上,主要矿床类型为矽卡岩型和破碎带蚀变岩型,其次为云英岩（或云英岩一石英脉）型。该复式花岗岩可划分为主体（中细粒斑状黑云母花岗岩）、补体（细粒含斑黑云母花岗岩）和晚期侵入体（细粒二云母花岗岩）。采用锆石SHRIMPU—Pb法,获得主体花岗岩的形成年龄为230．4±2．3Ma（MSWD=1．6）。本文通过对课题组及前人其它测年资料的对比分析,认为锡田复式花岗岩主体、补体和晚期侵入体分别属于印支期、燕山早期和燕山晚期;成矿作用与燕山早期花岗岩关系密切,是华南燕山早期大规模成岩成矿作用高峰期的产物。     

大兴安岭敖包查干地区安山岩年代学、地球化学研究

在大兴安岭敖包查干地区首次识别出中三叠世安山质岩石,主要岩性为玄武质安山岩、粗面安山岩,应用锆石U—DbLA—ICPM—AS法定年,结果表明安山岩形成于234．8±3．2Ma～231．4±1．2Ma,属中三叠世。地球化学特征显示,研究区安山岩具高SiO2（54．19％～62．30％）、A12O3（15．78％～17．30％）、K20（1．77％～3．92％）、Na2O（2．95％～5．66％）、Na2O＋K20（5．4～8．99）的特征和低MgO（1．23％～3．66％,Mg^#=27．89～50．48）含量,并与SiO2含量呈负相关关系。岩石富Na20（Na2O／K2O=1．01～2．86）,铝指数A／CNK=0．81～1．21,属准铝质一弱过铝质钙碱性系列岩石。富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）K、Rb、Th和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素（HFSE）№、Ta、P、Ti,轻重稀土元素分馏明显[（LaMb）N=3．31～10．33]．无Eu异常（δEu=0．80～1．03）,显示弧火山岩的特征,但所研究样品的Zr、Hf呈弱正异常、Rb弱负异常却不同于正常岛弧安山岩,Zr／Y—Zr图解以及高钾特征显示出板内伸展构造环境的特征。综合研究表明敖包查干地区中三叠世钙碱性安山岩可能为古亚洲洋残余俯冲洋壳部分熔融的产物,与底侵作用有关,形成于大陆内部伸展构造环境。     

甘肃省阿克塞县当金山花岗岩地球化学特征及构造意义

当金山黑云母二长花岗岩位于阿尔金大断裂南侧与南祁连构造带西部的交汇部位,岩石为高钾钙碱性一钙碱性,SiO2含量68．69％-72．53％,具相对富钠贫钾Na2O=3．97％～4．7％,K2O=3．28％。3．66％,Na2O／K2O=1．1-1．38,富镁（MgO=0．98％-2．14％）、低钛（TiO2=0.3％-0．5％）、低铝（Al2O3=13．08％-15．04％）,准铝质（A／NKC=0．98-1）的特点,在CIPW标准矿物计算中有极少量的刚玉出现。REE分配曲线呈右倾的特,最,轻稀土相对富集,亏损重稀土,具弱NEu负异常。研究结果表明当金山黑云母二长花岗岩为I型花岗岩,推测其是在加里东晚期研究区从挤压体制向拉张体制转变时,地壳减薄,下地壳基性程度偏高的火成岩、变火成岩受到底侵玄武岩浆的加热部分熔融后,经过分离结晶作用形成的。这个结论为研究阿尔金地区的岩浆活动及构造演化提供了有力的证据。     

东昆仑得尔龙地区华力西期花岗岩地质地球化学特征及构造环境分析

东昆仑得尔龙地区花岗岩体侵位于二叠纪—三叠纪早期,岩石类型为黑云母花岗闪长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩、二云母二长花岗岩。早期次的黑云母花岗闪长岩中含有暗色的镁铁质矿物包体。SiO2含量为65．04％～73．47％,全碱含量为5．29％～8．52％,K2 O／Na2 O 平均值为0．70,Al2 O3平均为14．79％;亏损高场强元素 Ta, Nb;∑REE平均为142．9＆#215;106,轻稀土元素相对富集,（La／Yb）N 平均为17．15,δEu 平均为0．71,表现为弱亏损。研究表明得尔龙地区花岗岩属次铝过铝（高钾）钙碱性 S 型花岗岩,形成于后造山环境;岩浆源区的物质是多源的,主要为地壳物质的重熔,其次为幔源岩浆的底侵。     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Wavelets and the Generalization of the Variogram

The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.     

共和盆地层状地貌系统与青藏高原隆升及黄河发育

利用卫星遥感影像,结合实地调查和测年结果,对共和盆地层状地貌系统进行了解译、分析。研究表明,共和盆地层状地貌系统由山麓剥蚀面、洪积扇面、盆地面以及黄河阶地面构成,其空间结构、物质组成对发生于早更新世早期的青藏运动C幕和中更新世末期的共和运动反映清晰。青藏运动C幕使青藏高原主夷平面在高原差异性隆升中彻底解体,垂直变形量高达1700m。共和运动使黄河在0.11Ma进入共和盆地,其后黄河平均以3.5mm/a的侵蚀速率下切盆地,同时在盆地边部的山前古冲洪积扇以大致相近的速率被抬升,最终导致高差在2000m左右的层状地貌系统的出现。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

南海的形成演化与新特提斯在南海的重新活化

南海位于印度板块、欧亚板块和太平洋板块之间,是世界上最大的边缘海,其构造位置处于太平洋构造域和特提斯构造域,地质构造复杂.关于南海形成演化的动力学机制存在有多种不同观点,其中最重要的一个观点是印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞致使华南地块和印支地块地幔物质沿东南方向蠕动,从而导致南海的海底扩张.从特提斯的演化规律,以及新特提斯的闭合过程来看,南海并不是特提斯洋的残留海,而是新特提斯在闭合过程中配合印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞导致华南地块和印支地块地幔物质东南方向蠕动的动力学机制下,在南海重新活化的结果.     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.