北京市延庆地热田成因模式

通过对地热流体水化学、同位素以及热储岩石热物性测试,分析了延庆地热田大地热流特征、地热流体补给来源、年龄、循环深度以及热储温度等,从源、通、储和盖四方面系统总结了地热田成因。结果显示:延庆地热田属于由正常大地热流加热的非火山型地热系统,热田内大地热流值为75.6m W/m~2,地热流体补给来源于延庆西北部山区的大气降水。热田内三个主要热储中的地热流体年龄和循环深度存在一定区别。燕山期花岗岩、白垩系砂岩和蓟县系白云岩热储中地热水年龄分别为15～21ka、28ka、48ka。花岗岩和砂岩热储中地热流体循环深度约2500m。白云岩热储中流体循环深度为2900～3600m,热储温度分布范围为80.5～98.3℃,平均热储温度90.6℃。     

北京市通州区地热流体水化学和同位素特征及其地热学意义

通过对北京市通州区蓟县系岩溶热储中地热流体的水化学组分、2H、18O、3H、14C、锶同位素组成的研究,论述了区域内地热系统中水的补给径流循环特征和地温分布特征.研究区内蓟县系热储中地热水的出水温度分布在35～91℃范围内,补给来源为北京市西北部或北部山区大气降水,平均补给高程为1510 m.热储中地热水年龄和热储温度...     

雄安新区容城地热田热储空间结构及资源潜力

雄安新区地热条件优越,尤其是牛驼镇凸起和容城凸起具有多年的地热开发历史。容城地热田绝大部分地区适合地热的规模化开发,同时容城地区也是新区建设初期主要的规划开发区,地热资源在服务新区生态文明建设和清洁供暖方面具有重要的意义。容城地热田主要热储层包括新近系明化镇组孔隙型砂岩热储,寒武系、蓟县系以及长城系基岩热储。蓟县系为区域主要的热储层,埋深700～3000 m,厚度500～2000 m,热储温度50～98℃,具有水量大、水质好、储层易于回灌的特点;长城系热储在凸起中心部位仍具有较大的开采潜力,D14钻孔显示长城系热储单位涌水量达到2.6 m³/h·m,井口水温63.7℃,可作为新区的后备资源。容城地热田按照主要热储层上部覆盖地层构造差异由西向东分别为西部斜坡区、中央隆起区、东部断陷区,由西向东热储开发潜力逐渐变大。本文通过热储法计算了容城地热田年地热可采资源量折合标准煤76.3万t;数值法模拟了水位下降不低于150 m,开采井温度下降小于2℃条件下,年地热可采资源量折合标准煤81.09万t,两者结果相近,评价结果可为容城地热资源规划开发提供参考。     

由相对地热梯度推断的腾冲火山区现存岩浆囊

为利用温泉来研究和监测腾冲火山区的现今岩浆分布并探讨其活动性，提出相对地热梯度的概念：假设各热田或水热活动区的热储深度相等，则热储温度与地表温泉温度之差为该地相对地热梯度。通过对前人在该地区获得的温泉的基本要素和温泉水化学分析数据分析，选取了159个温泉计算相对地热梯度。用这159个数据，通过克里金插值方法获得了腾冲火山区的相对地热梯度平面分布。结果发现腾冲火山区有3个相对地热梯度在100℃以上的高值区域。结合其他资料，认为腾冲火山区现今存在3个岩浆囊，它们的几何尺度为19～28kin，深度为4～12km或更深，并且目前的活动性各不相同。     

西藏玛旁雍错地热水地球化学特征及其成因机制分析

西藏地区位于欧亚板块与印度板块碰撞造山带,构造活动强烈,具有丰富的地热资源。本次研究在西藏阿里地区水热活动强烈的玛旁雍错地热田实地采集地表热泉样品进行水化学分析,依据地热水水化学特征,评估研究区热储平衡状态与热储温度,分析地热水在深部的水文地球化学过程,识别地热系统深部热源类型并阐明地热系统成因机制。通过此次研究表明：区内地热水主要为碱性Cl-Na型或HCO₃-Cl-Na型水和酸性SO₄-Na型水,地热水在深部已经与热储围岩达到完全平衡状态,通过地热温标计算热储温度在200℃左右;地热地表显示、热水水化学组分特征、热储温度类型等分析揭示玛旁雍错为岩浆热源型地热系统,地表不同类型地热水是深部母地热流体沿断裂向上运移过程中经不同水文地球化学过程形成。

     

平顶山八矿地热温标的选取及热储温度估算

在地热系统中,地热温标通常被用来评价地下热储温度,但是众多地热温标计算出的热储温度往往相差很大,需要进一步判断矿物-流体的平衡状态。以平顶山八矿地热系统为例,讨论了地球化学温标的应用条件;通过Na-K-Mg三角图及以WATCH程序建立的多矿物平衡法在该矿的应用,证实玉髓地热温标最适合估算该矿区深部热水温度,该矿区深部热水温度约为50℃。     

广安市铜锣山背斜三叠纪岩溶热储结构特征及热水成因研究

为探讨广安市铜锣山背斜三叠纪岩溶热储特征、地热水水化学与同位素组成、热储温度及地热水循环机理,采用地热钻探、水化学与同位素取样测试、热水溶质组分图解分析等手段和方法,开展了地热水成因的研究工作。结果表明：研究区三叠纪碳酸盐岩热储结构相对完整,热储盖层、热储层和热储下部隔水层形成独立的地热水文地质单元。岩溶地热水水化学类型主要为SO₄-Ca·Mg和SO₄-Ca型,富含F、Sr、Li、B和SiO₂物质,其水源补给为大气降水,补给区位于铜锣山以北的大巴山一带,深部地热水补给高程大于1 100 m,补给区年均温度为9 ℃。热储温度为56~76 ℃,热水循环深度为2 013~3 030 m。地热水在循环过程中,主要发生碳酸盐岩和蒸发岩溶解、冷热水混合过程,且冷水混入比例大于80%。结合区域地热地质条件,构建了研究区地热水成因概念模型。     

雄安新区高阳地热田蓟县系热储特征及资源量评估

雄安新区高阳低凸起区钻获华北盆地温度和产能最高的地热井, 揭示雄安新区3000 m以深存在地热开发的第二空间——蓟县系碳酸盐岩热储。高阳低凸起区深部碳酸盐热储规模化开发在服务雄安新区生态文明建设和清洁供暖方面具有重要的意义。本文建立雄安新区范围高阳低凸起热储空间结构, 初步查明了地热田雄安新区范围5000 m深度内的热储分布和性质。结果表明雄安新区高阳地热田深部主要为碳酸盐热储包括蓟县系雾迷山组、高于庄组。蓟县系雾迷山组顶界埋深3000～3500 ｍ, 厚度300～1000 ｍ, 热储温度100～120 ℃, 出水量90～170 m3 /h, 具有温度高、水量大、热储易于回灌的特点; 高于庄组热储顶深3500～4200 m, 一般厚度不低于800 m, 热储温度一般在110~140 ℃, 出水量50~100 m3/h, 可作为新区的后备资源。文章分析了深部碳酸盐热储空间结构, 整个地热田分为三段, 由西向东分别为西部凹陷区、中央隆起区、东部斜坡区。西部凹陷区西向东逐渐覆盖了寒武系、石炭二叠系; 中央隆起区造上为雁翎潜山; 东部斜坡区雾迷山组上部为古近系地层覆盖。本文通过热储法计算了雄安新区高阳地热田蓟县系热储年地热可采资源量折合标准煤86.72万t; 数值法模拟了水位下降不低于150 m, 开采井温度下降小于２ ℃条件下, 蓟县系热储年地热可采资源量折合标准煤89.86万t 热储法与数值法结果相近, 评价结果可为高阳地热资源规划开发提供参考。     

应用地热温标估算地下热储温度

利用6省区49个热水样品的测试数据,分4类方法估算热储温度,以天津地区为例,讨论区域地质背景下热储温度的估算,并对怀疑发生混合作用的水样点建立混合模型。结果表明,不同地热温标的应用条件各不相同,应用到实际水样后得到的温标估算结果差异很大,需要利用Na-K-Ca三角图和lg （Q/K）图判断矿物-流体的平衡状态,还要综合考虑蒸汽散失、混合等对温度的影响。天津地区8个地热井估算的热储温度在83～120 ℃之间;广州三元里井热水混合前的深部热储温度为79.3 ℃,混入的冷水比例为83%。     

福建无岩浆热源的深循环水热系统

近年来对福建省存在具有岩浆热源的高温水热系统的呼声甚高。因而在福建是否可能存在具有岩浆热源的高温热田再次成为必须回答的重要问题。在综述前人研究成果的基础上,论述了福建省地热活动的地质构造背景、温泉分布状况、地热系统的特征、深部是否存在岩浆热源以及地壳的热结构,系统论述了福建深循环水热系统的特征。认为由于地质构造条件所决定,福建有大量的温泉出露,其中大部分为中温水热系统(90~150 ℃)和低温水热系统(＜90 ℃),均属受断裂控制的深循环水热系统,皆为温水热储。极少数高温热水系统(＞150 ℃)也仅仅是地下水沿断裂循环的深度较大所致。笔者认为福建不具备形成“有岩浆热源的水热对流系统”的条件。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料,就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因,其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应,以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上,讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the