塔里木河流域冰川系统平衡线的计算及其分布特征

根据ELAh与Hme之间存在较好的线性关系，计算了塔里木河全流域冰川系统所有冰川的平衡线高度ELAhc。在此基础上分析流域平衡线分布特征，探讨极限面积(Slim)与导出雪线(Hcli)等参数同冰川系统的关系。结果表明：冰川系统中，当冰川规模不低于某极限面积时，其平衡线高度会趋近到导出雪线高度，整个流域导出雪线高度分布受热量条件控制，呈现纬度地带性，又由于东西水分条件的差异，经度地带性也较明显。     

北极Svalbard地区冰川物质平衡研究进展

回顾了Svalbard地区冰川物质平衡观测研究的历史,总结了该区域自1950年代以来冰川物质平衡的主要特征.结果表明:1)冰川净平衡、冬季积累和夏季消融没有明显长期变化趋势,净平衡一般为负值,导致冰体不断地缩减;2)冰川冬季积累年际波动较小,基本保持稳定状态;夏季消融年际波动较大,但没有融化增加的迹象;3)面积/海拔高度分布的不同导致了各冰川物质平衡的差异,面积较小(<10 km²)、海拔较低(<500 m)的冰川持续退缩;而具有更高海拔高度、更大面积的冰川则处于平衡或略微增长状态;4)净平衡与冰川平衡线高度(ELA)具有良好的负相关性,平均物质平衡梯度无明显变化,物质平衡对平衡线高度变化(气候变化)的敏感性保持稳定;5)Svalbard地区冰川物质平衡与该区夏季各月正积温和冬季降水具有密切的相关性.最后提出了加强Svalbard地区冰川物质平衡内补给过程研究以及与我国天山冰川物质平衡的对比研究,以求更加准确地认识Svalbard地区冰川物质平衡特征.     

中国冰川面积随高程分布规律研究

冰川面积随高程分布规律是冰川系统结构研究中的重要内容. 根据中国第一次冰川编目数据集,将全国冰川划分为27个研究区域,基于SRTM-DEM数据,分别提取了各研究区分段高程所占面积,分析了冰川面积随高程的变化. 结果表明：各研究区冰川面积都随高程呈偏态分布. 依据统计理论,建立了冰川面积随高程分布的二阶高斯分布偏态回归模型,回归模型决定系数均大于0.97,相对误差较小. 根据偏态回归模型,计算出了冰川系统高度特征值,并分析了冰川面积分布的区域性差异. 该模型一方面可以表达冰川面积在中间高程的集中程度;另一方面可以描述冰川面积在两侧分布的差异性,并可以用来分析未来冰川的变化. 偏态分布模型能很好地描述中国冰川面积随高程分布规律,为冰川系统结构的研究和冰川区域分布差异提供参考.     

山地冰川平衡线高度作为气候变化代用指标的讨论

对以平衡线高度作为气候变化代用指标的理论依据进行了讨论,依据天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川的大量观测资料,建立和完善现代冰川平衡线高度与气候统计关系,从传统方法以区域范围内气候因子为参数改造为以冰川范围内气候因子为参数,通过检验认为改造后的公式比较合理.将公式外推到小冰期第二次冰进时的1号冰川,并运用侧碛垄最大高度法确定了小冰期第二次冰进时冰川的平衡线高度,给出了该次冰进时气候条件的半定量推算结果.证明利用山地冰川平衡线高度作为气候变化的代用指标,并且对气候状况进行半定量推断是可行的.     

近期冰川表面径流系数变化的影响因素——以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例

采用水量平衡法计算得到天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川1982—2014年物质平衡值,与实测物质平衡值对比分析发现:(1)水量平衡法适用于冰川区多年物质平衡的计算,其中1号冰川1982—2014年计算值与实测值误差在1%以内,与之对应的山岩区和冰面径流系数分别为0.7和0.85。(2)1982—2005年的物质平衡值与实测物质平衡值高度相关,且误差较小,在这一阶段径流系数能较好地反映冰川区的产流情况;而2005—2014年计算得到的物质平衡值与实测物质平衡值之间有较大差距,且变化趋势差异明显,说明这一阶段径流系数受一些因素影响存在较大的波动。选取误差较大的2005—2008年和误差较小的1996—1999年进行逐月分析,发现在夏平衡中,计算结果普遍要高于实测物质平衡值。分析认为水热条件的改变以及相应的冰川产流系数的变化是导致这一差异的主要原因。分析结果表明在长时间尺度上利用水量平衡计算冰川物质平衡值准确度较高。     

特征地形参数的冰川数值分类法(英文)

分类的基本出发点是认为在一定的景观条件下,雪线的位置决定地形结构,因而也决定冰川作用类型。根据特征地形参数有可能对冰川进行分类。 作者提出一种计算图,它同雪线确定法相结合,能判定不久以前的冰川和现代冰川的特征坡度关系(Kuhle,1985a)。以阿列奇冰川为例来说明这一方法(图1和图2)。其中,中值高度(即少妇峰4158m的最高峰值与1503m的冰川末端值的数学平均)以上各支冰川顶点(只算顶峰)的平均值视作冰川积累区的上限。效仿霍费尔(V.Hfer,1879)的方法,将积累区的平均上限(3875m)与冰川末端高度(1503m)进行数学平均,求出数学雪线(S_((m))=2689m)。沿冰川流动方向,从S_((m))点量到积累区最高点(只到积累区平均上限),取其在水平面上的投影作为水平距离(b)。若是复合型冰川,水平距离则要对每主要支冰川逐一进行计算。以同样的方法算出冰川末端到S_((m))的水平距离(e)。用正切关系式,不难从水平和垂直距离求出倾角α和δ(图2)。作者计算了地球上12个不同山区的223条冰川的α和δ值,并点绘成分布图(图3)。 为了使数值分类具有现象学特点,即概念上易被接受,分类仍采用施奈德述语(Schneider,1962)。冰川的分布情况表明,数值分类法给出一种有意义的冰川分类。其思路如图3所示。明显可见,各别现象类型明显地构     

基于SAR影像的喜马拉雅山珠穆朗玛峰地区冰川运动速度特征及其影响因素分析

合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar, SAR)具有其全天候、全天时、穿云透雾的工作能力, 广泛应用于山地冰川动态监测中. 利用2006年6-9月三期ALOS/PALSAR雷达影像, 采用偏移量跟踪技术, 提取了喜马拉雅山珠穆朗玛峰(珠峰)区域的冰川运动速度, 分析了区域内冰川运动速度空间差异及其影响因素. 结果表明: 研究区31条山谷冰川平均运动速度为9.3 cm·d^-1, 总体上以珠峰-洛子峰南北向山脊线为界限, 东侧和东南侧冰川日均运动速度(11.1 cm·d^-1)普遍高于北部和西北部冰川日均运动速度(5.4 cm·d^-1). 冰川消融区非表碛区冰川平均运动速度为表碛覆盖区平均运动速度的2.2倍, 冰面湖的发育在一定程度上加剧冰川运动速度波动. 在气候与非气候因子共同作用和相互间的此消彼长中, 研究区65%的冰川的运动速度自中值高度往下显著减小, 16%的冰川自中值高度往下呈显著增大趋势, 19%冰川消融区运动速度无显著变化趋势.     

中国天山冰川区气温和降水的初步估算

利用天山山区气象站和冰川目录资料,建立了平衡线高度处年消融量(A)的经验公式:A=0.78(T_(6-8)+9.0)~(3.09)。推算了天山各山脉冰川雪线附近的年降水量,讨论了天山山区冰川发育的气候条件,冰川分布特征与气候条件的关系,天山部分山脉南坡冰川数量多于北坡的原因和成冰作用带谱的分布状况。     

大陆型冰川与海洋型冰川物质平衡对比研究——以天山和阿尔卑斯山典型冰川为例

物质平衡是冰川对气候变化最直接的响应,是冰川变化的重要参数.大陆型冰川与海洋型冰川发育在不同的水热环境下,它们对气候变化的响应程度、过程和机理存在很大差异,因此在全球变暖背景下对这两类不同性质冰川物质平衡变化特征及其机理做一全面的对比研究意义重大.以东、西天山的乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川和图尤克苏冰川以及阿尔卑斯山东、中、西部的欣特雷斯冰川、Caresèr冰川和Sarennes冰川为参照冰川,在对比分析这五条参照冰川近60 a来物质平衡变化幅度差异和阶段性差异基础上,对大陆型冰川与海洋型冰川物质平衡变化特征及其机理进行了对比研究.结果表明:在物质平衡阶段性变化上,阿尔卑斯山参照冰川物质平衡变化具有相似的阶段性,而天山和阿尔卑斯山参照冰川之间以及天山内部两条参照冰川之间物质平衡阶段性变化存在很大的差异,可见,无论不同性质冰川还是同一性质的不同冰川,其物质平衡的阶段性变化都可能存在差异,这与不同冰川所处环境水热变化的时间差异有关,而与冰川性质无关;在物质平衡变化幅度上,海洋型冰川变化幅度明显大于大陆型冰川,原因是不同性质冰川发育的水热环境及其对气候变化敏感性差异;在前人对冰川加速消融机理的研究基础上,本文也讨论了大陆型冰川与海洋型冰川物质平衡变化的机理及其异同.     

冰川物质平衡线的估算方法

冰川物质平衡线高度(ELA)与气候变化, 特别是与气温和降水的变化关系密切, 是重建古气候和反映冰川积累和消融变化的重要代用指标.直接观测方法可以获得较为精准的ELA, 但不能大范围展开.因此, ELA的间接估算方法, 如赫斯法(Hess)、 积累区面积比率法(AAR)、 面积–高程平衡率法(AABR)、 末端至冰斗后壁比率法(THAR)、 终碛到最高峰高差比率法(TSAM)、 侧碛最大高度法(MELM)、 冰斗底部高程法(CF)、 冰川作用阈值法(GT)等, 得到了广泛的发展与应用.然而, 由于受到雪崩或风吹雪补给、 表碛覆盖、 冰川类型和形态等因素的影响, 单一使用某种方法易受到算法本身的限制, 误差较大, 需综合考虑各种算法的适用性和选取参数的差异, 以提高计算的精度, 同时也要考虑到后期构造抬升等的影响.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the