论虚拟地理环境

提出虚拟地理环境概念，并讨论其特征。虚拟地理环境，是包括作为主体的化身人类社会以及围绕该主体存在的一切客观环境，其中的化身人类是表示现实世界中的人与虚拟世界中的化身相结合后的集合整体。虚拟地理环境结构由地理位置层面、内表达数据层面、外表达境象层面、单主体感知认知层面和互主体社会层面组成，它的孕育演化包括虚拟群落社会、虚拟村落社会和虚拟城市社会3个阶段。最后讨论了地学虚拟环境与虚拟地理环境，以及虚拟地理环境和现实地理环境的相互关系。     

利用CryEngine构建虚拟地理环境

尝试采用新一代图形引擎CryEngine实现小尺度条件下多要素耦合与逼真表达,探索基于该引擎的虚拟地理环境构建方法,包括虚拟地形环境的快速构建方法、车辆建模与动态模拟方法、人物建模与智能行为模拟方法,以及场景集成与渲染方法等。以虚拟校园为原型系统,验证所提方法的可行性以及可视化效果,结果表明,基于CryEngine构建虚拟地理环境路线可行,尤其在面向小尺度虚拟环境时,能够很好地将环境、实体和人物紧密耦合在一起,且其逼真程度较现有虚拟环境有大幅度提升。     

使用角色构建虚拟地理环境群体协同方法

为解决虚拟地理环境缺乏有效组织、规划、管理群体协同的问题,研究并构建角色模型及角色支持下的虚拟地理环境群体协同方法。构建了包含角色扮演、角色权限、角色感知、角色思维、角色行为和角色表达等模块的角色模型,设计了基于角色的虚拟地理环境群体协同框架,提出了多角色群体协同规划方法,建立了角色支撑下的群体协同冲突检测与消除策略。针对人类活动与全球变化相互影响问题,构建多领域人员参与下虚拟地理环境群体协同模拟与评估原型系统。经系统测试发现,通过角色模型能够较好地实现协同参与者与虚拟地理环境之间的耦合,同时能够为虚拟地理环境的群体协同提供系统性方法支撑。     

虚拟地理环境的地理学语言特征

在比较分析传统地图和GIS的地理学语言功能基础上,指出了虚拟地理环境对现实世界抽象表达的多维特征、多视点和多重细节的多模态可视表现、多种自然交互方式和跨时间、空间与尺度的地理协同以及多感知的空间认知能力等。说明虚拟地理环境提供了一种综合表意系统和更接近自然的多感知的空间认知能力,使得从现实世界到人类大脑的信息带宽最大化,提供了超越现实的抽象表示与解析理解能力,达到了增强现实的目的。虚拟地理环境作为继GIS之后新一代地理学语言的显著特征是以用户为中心、提供最接近人类自然的交流方式与表达形式。     

虚拟地理环境研究与展望

首先从地图到地理信息系统再到虚拟地理环境的演化过程,剖析发展虚拟地理环境的实际需求,从而对现阶段的虚拟地理环境进行定位;其次,从虚拟地理环境架构设计的角度,对虚拟地理环境各个组件功能设计过程中的关键难点进行阐述;最后,面向国家层面的重大需求,以虚拟地理环境与遥感技术、全球变化研究相结合为契合点,提出对虚拟地理环境发展的展望。     

面向虚拟地理环境的Linux平台地理分析模型服务化封装方法

地理分析模型是对现实世界中地理过程的抽象与表达,是虚拟地理环境能够反映真实世界的重要工具。随着地理学的发展,跨领域、多学科合作式地理建模逐渐成为地理学的研究趋势,地理分析模型共享与重用也已经成为研究热点之一。然而,地理分析模型运行平台的差异性导致了其在共享与重用上存在困难,表现在用户难以直接透明共享不同平台下的模型。目前,地理分析模型运行平台主要包含Windows与Linux,Linux平台上存在大量模型,但相关模型服务共享与重用研究相对较少。本文面向Linux平台不同操作系统,分析其差异性及安全性,设计模型服务化的安全策略;面向Linux平台下地理分析模型的异构特征,设计了模型基本信息描述接口、行为接口及部署接口,实现Linux系统下地理分析模型的服务共享与重用。本文以system for automated geoscientific analyses（SAGA GIS）中的网格分析模型为例,对所设计的Linux平台下地理分析模型服务化封装方法进行了验证,显示了所设计封装策略的可行性,为Linux平台下地理分析模型的共享与重用提供了理论与方法基础。     

虚拟地理环境时空建模及其作战计划推演应用

制定科学、合理、完备的作战计划是赢得现代战争的关键,作战计划推演可辅助指挥员查找作战计划潜在的冲突与矛盾、优化作战方案。虚拟地理环境可为作战计划推演提供时空描述机制、环境分析模型和态势可视化环境。本文首先设计了面向作战计划推演的虚拟战场环境空间剖分与编码方法和战场环境时空数据组织模型;然后提出基于推演事件的作战计划表达方法,设计了基于推演事件的作战计划时空冲突检测和动态演播方法;最后在防空作战推演中进行了典型应用,验证了方法的可行性。     

CAUSTA: Clifford Algebra‐based Unified Spatio‐Temporal Analysis

Introducing Clifford algebra as the mathematical foundation, a unified spatio‐temporal data model and hierarchical spatio‐temporal index are constructed by linking basic data objects, like pointclouds and Spatio‐Temporal Hyper Cubes of different dimensions, within the multivector structure of Clifford algebra. The transformation from geographic space into homogeneous and conformal space means that geometric, metric and many other kinds of operators of Clifford algebra can be implemented and we then design the shortest path, high‐dimensional Voronoi and unified spatial‐temporal process analyses with spacetime algebra. Tests with real world data suggest these traditional GIS analysis algorithms can be extended and constructed under Clifford Algebra framework, which can accommodate multiple dimensions. The prototype software system CAUSTA (Clifford Algebra based Unified Spatial‐Temporal Analysis) provides a useful tool for investigating and modeling the distribution characteristics and dynamic process of complex geographical phenomena under the unified spatio‐temporal structure.     

适应于分布式虚拟地理环境服务的对等网络模型研究

阐述了分布式虚拟地理环境系统体系结构的研究现状,对当前分布式虚拟地理环境系统建设所面临的技术难点和挑战进行了深入探讨,在此基础上将对等网络技术引入到分布式虚拟地理环境系统的建设中。对现有的对等网络路由结构的适应性进行了深入的比较和分析,进而设计了一个适应于分布式虚拟地理环境服务的大规模对等网络模型,并对该模型进行了模拟测试和分析,达到了预期的效果。     

An Extension of Virtual Globe to Build On‐Demand Geospatial Data Sharing Capability Using Peer‐to‐Peer Technology

In the virtual globe system, ever higher performance is demanded for high quality service, especially when requesting intensive data from large‐scale networks, such as large scene 3D city models with fine textures. Extending the virtual globe platform from the present centralized mode into a decentralized mode can significantly improve platform capacity and service quality without additional investment in hardware, but presents new challenges such as the time cost of finding a peer, unstable offering, and low service capacity. A GeoODP2P network is designed based on specific features of spatial data transmission. Next, we discuss peer selection mechanisms that relieve the negative influence of peers, and propose a pre‐fetch mechanism that takes advantage of the unique characteristics of the P2P environment. This article implements a simulation system for a GeoODP2P network and presents a prototype platform that incorporates P2P functionality. Peer selection and pre‐fetch mechanisms are studied and tested on this simulation system. The prototype platform run in a real scenario demonstrates the effectiveness of applying P2P to a virtual globe platform.     

An Evaluation of Internet Versus Paper‐based Methods for Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS)

Public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) are an increasingly important tool for collecting spatial information about the social attributes of place. The availability of Internet‐based options for implementing PPGIS presents new opportunities for increased efficiency and new modes of access. Here we used a mixed‐mode approach to evaluate paper versus Internet mapping methods for the same PPGIS survey in Wyoming. We compared participant characteristics, mapping participation, and the spatial distribution of mapped attributes between participants who responded to the paper versus Internet option. The response rate for those who completed the paper version of the survey was nearly 2.5 times the response rate of the Internet version. Paper participants also mapped significantly more places than did Internet participants (43 vs. 18). Internet participants tended to be younger, more likely to have a college degree, and had lived in the region for less time than paper participants. For all but one attribute there was no difference in the spatial distribution of places mapped between Internet and paper methods. Using a paper‐based PPGIS survey resulted in a higher response rate, reduced participant bias, and greater mapping participation. However, survey mode did not influence the spatial distribution of the PPGIS data.     

ASPHAA: A GIS‐Based Algorithm to Calculate Cell Area on a Latitude‐Longitude (Geographic) Regular Grid

One characteristic of a Geographic Information System (GIS) is that it addresses the necessity to handle a large amount of data at multiple scales. Lands span over an area greater than 15 million km² all over the globe and information types are highly variable. In addition, multi‐scale analyses involve both spatial and temporal integration of datasets deriving from different sources. The currently worldwide used system of latitude and longitude coordinates could avoid limitations in data use due to biases and approximations. In this article a fast and reliable algorithm implemented in Arc Macro Language (AML) is presented to provide an automatic computation of the surface area of the cells in a regularly spaced longitude‐latitude (geographic) grid at different resolutions. The approach is based on the well‐known approximation of the spheroidal Earth's surface to the authalic (i.e. equal‐area) sphere. After verifying the algorithm's strength by comparison with a numerical solution for the reference spheroidal model, specific case studies are introduced to evaluate the differences when switching from geographic to projected coordinate systems. This is done at different resolutions and using different formulations to calculate cell areas. Even if the percentage differences are low, they become relevant when reported in absolute terms (hectares).     

浅谈地理国情普查专题资料的分析与处理

专题资料的分析处理是地理国情普查工序中十分重要的前期工作,该工序的质量直接影响到地理国情普查工作的成果质量与工作效率。本文从地理国情普查专题资料的分析、处理、整合、利用等几方面进行分析与探讨,研究其解决办法,希望能对相关的生产有所裨益。     

Adding Human Health Risk Analysis Tools to Geographic Information Systems

The development of a module for performing human health risk analysis is presented. This risk module differs from other tools in that it is integrated into a geographic information system (GIS) in a plug–in fashion. The main challenge in the development of the risk module was handling the many different spatial data structures in an open GIS environment. Selection of programming language and other development issues are discussed. The application of the risk module to two mining activities in Bolivia is described.     

An intersection‐based trajectory‐region movement study

In order to better understand the movement of an object with respect to a region, we propose a formal model of the evolving spatial relationships that transition between local topologies with respect to a trajectory and a region as well as develop a querying mechanism to analyze movement patterns. We summarize 12 types of local topologies built on trajectory‐region intersections, and derive their transition graph; then we capture and model evolving local topologies with two types of trajectory‐region strings, a movement string and a stop‐move string. The stop‐move string encodes the stop information further during a trajectory than the movement string. Such a string‐format expression of trajectory‐region movement, although conceptually simple, carries unprecedented information for effectively interpreting how trajectories move with respect to regions. We also design the corresponding Finite State Automations for a movement string as well as a stop‐move string, which are used not only to recognize the language of trajectory‐region strings, but also to deal effectively with trajectory‐region pattern queries. When annotated with the time information of stops and intersections, a trajectory‐region movement snapshot and its evolution during a time interval can be inferred, and even the relationships among trajectories with respect to the same region can be explored.     

景德镇市基础地理信息系统项目建设技术分析

基础地理信息系统是一种集空间数据获取、管理、查询分析及应用一体化的计算机系统。本文结合景德镇市基础地理信息系统的建立 ,介绍了基础地理信息系统建立的总体设计原则及具体实施过程。本文着重介绍了在系统建设过程中如何实现地理空间数据的组织、管理应用及查询分析     

An Event‐driven Spatiotemporal Data Model (E‐ST) Supporting Dynamic Expression and Simulation of Geographic Processes

The wide use of various sensors makes real‐time data acquisition possible. A new spatiotemporal data model, the Event‐driven Spatiotemporal Data Model (E‐ST), is proposed to dynamically express and simulate the spatiotemporal processes of geographic phenomena. In E‐ST, a sensor object is introduced into the model as a flexible real‐time data source. An event type that is generating and driving conditions is registered into a geographic object, so an event can not only express spatiotemporal change in a geographic object, but also drive spatiotemporal change in some geographic objects. As a dynamic GIS data model, the E‐ST has five characteristics – Temporality and Spatiality, Real‐time, Extendability, Causality, and Realizability. Described and realized in UML, a test‐case deployment demonstrating the impact of urban waterlogging on traffic confirms that a spatiotemporal change process in a geographic phenomena is expressed and simulated by this model. Summarizing this work, four directions for future research are outlined.     

SE‐KGE: A location‐aware Knowledge Graph Embedding model for Geographic Question Answering and Spatial Semantic Lifting

Learning knowledge graph (KG) embeddings is an emerging technique for a variety of downstream tasks such as summarization, link prediction, information retrieval, and question answering. However, most existing KG embedding models neglect space and, therefore, do not perform well when applied to (geo)spatial data and tasks. Most models that do consider space primarily rely on some notions of distance. These models suffer from higher computational complexity during training while still losing information beyond the relative distance between entities. In this work, we propose a location‐aware KG embedding model called SE‐KGE. It directly encodes spatial information such as point coordinates or bounding boxes of geographic entities into the KG embedding space. The resulting model is capable of handling different types of spatial reasoning. We also construct a geographic knowledge graph as well as a set of geographic query–answer pairs called DBGeo to evaluate the performance of SE‐KGE in comparison to multiple baselines. Evaluation results show that SE‐KGE outperforms these baselines on the DBGeo data set for the geographic logic query answering task. This demonstrates the effectiveness of our spatially‐explicit model and the importance of considering the scale of different geographic entities. Finally, we introduce a novel downstream task called spatial semantic lifting which links an arbitrary location in the study area to entities in the KG via some relations. Evaluation on DBGeo shows that our model outperforms the baseline by a substantial margin.     

Ontology‐based Qualitative Feature Analysis: Bays as a Case Study

A methodology for analyzing geographic data using the techniques of: (1) qualitative geometric abstraction; and (2) ontological analysis of geographic features is described. The first technique is a bottom‐up approach to extract qualitative spatial relations from geographic representations (raster or vector) while the second technique is a top‐down approach to determine which qualitative relations can possibly hold between the parts of the geographic features. The process of analyzing geographic data includes the extraction of both the features and the qualitative relations among features. These qualitative relations are then used to classify the geographic features within the “space” of ontological possibilities. In this article bays in Wisconsin and their cartographic representation are used as a running example and the subject of a case study.     

Analyzing relationship between user‐generated content and local visual information with augmented reality‐based location‐based social networks

Location‐based social networks (LBSNs) have become an important source of spatial data for geographers and GIScientists to acquire knowledge of human–place interactions. A number of studies have used geotagged data from LBSNs to investigate how user‐generated content (UGC) can be affected by or correlated with the external environment. However, local visual information at the micro‐level, such as brightness, colorfulness, or particular objects/events in the surrounding environment, is usually not captured and thus becomes a missing component in LBSN analysis. To provide a solution to this issue, we argue in this study that the integration of augmented reality (AR) and LBSNs proves to be a promising avenue. In this first empirical study on AR‐based LBSNs, we propose a methodological framework to extract and analyze data from AR‐based LBSNs and demonstrate the framework via a case study with WallaMe. Our findings bolster existing psychological findings on the color–mood relationship and display intriguing geographic patterns of the influence of local visual information on UGC in social media.