基于GAMIT/GLOBK和GPS观测确定加拿大地区的冰川均衡调整导致的垂向形变

本文采用加拿大地区31个IGS台站的观测数据,利用GAMIT/GLOBK软件处理了时间跨度为2000—2018年的GPS原始观测资料,得到了ITRF2014参考框架下的台站位置垂向运动速率的时间序列。对GPS时间序列进行阶跃探测及修复、异常值探测及剔除、趋势项估计、去除近期冰川融化导致的地表弹性变形后,得到了由冰川均衡调整(GIA)导致的GPS台站抬升速率。本文的结果与前人基于GPS观测得到的结果(在ITRF2008框架下)相差在2 mm/a以内,与ICE6G系列GIA模型预测值相差在3 mm/a以内,因此验证了本文结果的正确性和可靠性,为进一步利用全球GPS台站观测数据研究GIA垂直形变速率,进而约束和改进GIA模型打下了坚实基础。     

Plate Motion of India and Interseismic Strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS Measurements

We analyse geodetically estimated deformation across the Nepal Himalaya in order to determine the geodetic rate of shortening between Southern Tibet and India, previously proposed to range from 12 to 21 mm yr^?1. The dataset includes spirit-levelling data along a road going from the Indian to the Tibetan border across Central Nepal, data from the DORIS station on Everest, which has been analysed since 1993, GPS campaign measurements from surveys carried on between 1995 and 2001, as well as data from continuous GPS stations along a transect at the logitude of Kathmandu operated continuously since 1997. The GPS data were processed in International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000 (ITRF2000), together with the data from 20 International GNSS Service (IGS) stations and then combined using quasi- observation combination analysis (QOCA). Finally, spatially complementary velocities at stations in Southern Tibet, initially determined in ITRF97, were expressed in ITRF2000. After analysing previous studies by different authors, we determined the pole of rotation of the Indian tectonic plate to be located in ITRF2000 at 51.409±1.560° N and ?10.915±5.556°E, with an angular velocity of 0.483±0.015°. Myr^?1. Internal deformation of India is found to be small, corresponding to less than about 2 mm yr^?1 of baseline change between Southern India and the Himalayan piedmont. Based on an elastic dislocation model of interseismic strain and taking into account the uncertainty on India plate motion, the mean convergence rate across Central and Eastern Nepal is estimated to 19±2.5 mm yr^?1, (at the 67% confidence level). The main himalayan thrust (MHT) fault was found to be locked from the surface to a depth of about 20 km over a width of about 115 km. In these regions, the model parameters are well constrained, thanks to the long and continuous time-series from the permanent GPS as well as DORIS data. Further west, a convergence rate of 13.4±5 mm yr^?1, as well as a fault zone, locked over 150 km, are proposed. The slight discrepancy between the geologically estimated deformation rate of 21±1.5 mm yr^?1 and the 19±2.5 mm yr^?1 geodetic rate in Central and Eastern Nepal, as well as the lower geodetic rate in Western Nepal compared to Eastern Nepal, places bounds on possible temporal variations of the pattern and rate of strain in the period between large earthquakes in this region.     

地表质量负载对格陵兰岛区域GPS站点坐标时序特征的影响

选取ITRF2008框架下格陵兰岛区域12个GPS站2013年1月-2016年12月期间的日解坐标时间序列作为研究对象,并利用极大似然估计分析地表质量负载改正前后各站点的噪声特性、速度场及周期项振幅。结果表明：站点最优噪声模型主要为白噪声+幂律噪声与白噪声+闪烁噪声,地表质量负载形变修正GPS坐标时序后,明显增加U方向闪烁噪声的成分,平均降低其速度约0.36 mm/a,对水平方向影响较小;同时分别降低高程方向44.1%、14.2%的1 a项、0.5 a项振幅,相反,却增加了水平方向的周期项振幅。     

ITRF2000和新的全球板块运动模型

地学工作者一直关注的ITRF2000地球参考框架初步结果已于2001年3月19日公布，ITRF2000综合了VLBI、SLR，LLR，GPS和DORIS技术，产生736个点位坐标和54个核心站，文中介绍了ITRF2000，并利用ITRF2000综合解的结果计算全球板块的欧拉矢量，建立了基于空间实测数据基础 的最新全球板块运动模型。     

利用北斗系统建立和维持国家大地坐标参考框架的方法研究

2000中国大地坐标系统（China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000,CGCS2000）的建立和维持主要依赖于GPS技术,不利于保障国家时空信息安全。中国北斗卫星导航系统（BeiDou navigation satellite system,BDS）提供亚太区域服务,可满足中国及周边地区高精度定位导航应用需求,对建立和维持国家大地坐标参考框架具有重要意义。研究利用已建成的北斗基准站网观测数据,实现基于BDS技术、并与国际地球参考框架（International Terrestrial Reference Frame,ITRF）一致的国家大地坐标参考框架,为今后国家级和全球性北斗坐标参考框架（BeiDou Terrestrial Reference Frame,BTRF）的建立和维持提供理论基础和方法支撑。初步计算结果表明,积累2 a以上的观测数据,利用单独BDS数据可以获得与GPS精度相当的水平速度场,精度约为2~3 mm/a。基于单独BDS数据,测站残差平面和高程的重复性分别可优于0.8 cm和1.7 cm。利用BDS数据已可监测到测站高程方向的季节性变化。此外,还对单独BDS与GPS数据计算的坐标可能存在的与经纬度相关的系统误差进行了分析。总体来说,目前的北斗系统可满足建立和维持中国cm级大地坐标框架的需求。     

Noise in multivariate GPS position time-series

A methodology is developed to analyze a multivariate linear model, which occurs in many geodetic and geophysical applications. Proper analysis of multivariate GPS coordinate time-series is considered to be an application. General, special, and more practical stochastic models are adopted to assess the noise characteristics of multivariate time-series. The least-squares variance component estimation (LS-VCE) is applied to estimate full covariance matrices among different series. For the special model, it is shown that the multivariate time-series can be estimated separately, and that the (cross) correlation between series propagates directly into the correlation between the corresponding parameters in the functional model. The time-series of five permanent GPS stations are used to show how the correlation between series propagates into the site velocities. The results subsequently conclude that the general model is close to the more practical model, for which an iterative algorithm is presented. The results also indicate that the correlation between series of different coordinate components per station is not significant. However, the spatial correlation between different stations for individual components is significant (a correlation of 0.9 over short baselines) both for white and for colored noise components.     

Seasonal and secular positional variations at eight co-located GPS and VLBI stations

Time series of daily position solutions at eight co-located GPS and VLBI stations are used to assess the frequency features in the solutions over various time-scales. This study shows that there are seasonal and inter-annual signals in all three coordinate components of the GPS and VLBI solutions. The power and frequency of the signals vary with time, the station considered and the coordinate components, and between the GPS and VLBI solutions. In general, the magnitudes of the signals in the horizontal coordinate components (latitude and longitude) are weaker than those in the height component. The weighted means of the estimated annual amplitudes from the eight GPS stations are, respectively, 1.0, 0.8 and 3.6 mm for the latitude, longitude and height components, and are, respectively, 1.5, 0.7 and 2.2 mm for the VLBI solutions. The phases of the annual signals estimated from the GPS and VLBI solutions are consistent for most of the co-located stations. The seasonal signals estimated from the VLBI solutions are, in general, more stable than those estimated from the GPS solutions. Fluctuations at inter-annual time-scales are also found in the series. The inter-annual fluctuations are up to ∼5 mm for the latitude and longitude components, and up to ∼10 mm for the height component. The effects of the seasonal and inter-annual variations on the estimated linear rates of movement of the stations are also evaluated.     

环境负载对区域GPS基准站时间序列的影响分析

基于1999-2011年中国地壳运动观测网络(CMONOC)及2007-2012年武汉市连续运行卫星定位服务系统(WHCORS)的观测数据,联合中国及周边35个IGS基准站数据,采用GAMIT软件解算,获得了ITRF2008框架下的GPS基准站坐标时间序列.然后采用QOCA计算了环境负载位移,并利用其对GPS时间序列进行改正.研究结果表明环境负载造成的中国区域基准站位移呈现显著的区域性特征,东北、华北、华中区域变化较为一致且较大,西南区域基准站(KUNM)垂直方向的负载位移均方根(RMS)最大值达6.09 mm.通过对改正前后的数据进行时间序列分析,认为环境负载改正能够削弱中国区域大多数GPS基准站(约70%)垂直及水平东方向位移时间序列的非线性变化,其加权均方根(WRMS)减小量最大达1.5 mm,但是对于水平北方向坐标时间序列的改善作用不明显.     

广西区域现今地壳运动与应变的GPS监测分析

利用GAMIT/GLOBK软件分析了1998-2010年间多期GPS观测数据,获得了ITRF2005框架下广西区域现今地壳运动三维速度场和应变场参数,并对区域形变场和现今构造运动动力学机制进行了初步讨论。GPS监测结果显示:广西区域现今地壳运动随华南块体作南东东方向的逆时针构造运动,ITRF2005框架下水平方向平均速率为33.49 mm/a,优势方向为N 109.3° E;垂直方向平均速率为+1.30 mm/a,整体趋势是自桂东向桂西方向垂向速率逐步增加。现今应变状态以N 127.3°±4.8° E挤压为主,最大主压应变率-2.7±0.5×10^-9/a;兼有N 37.3°±4.8° E方向的拉张作用,最大主张应变率1.8±0.2×10^-9/a。本文研究结果为描述广西区域现今地壳运动提供了一个更加精细的三维速度场。     

中国大陆GPS基准站的时间序列特征

利用1999年3月至2002年3月期间“中国地壳运动观测网络”25个GPS基准站与周边国家IGS站的观测资料，进行了时间序列分析研究，并对提高GPS基准站的观测精度进行了探讨。结果表明，GPS基准站的时间序列具有一定的周期性，高程分量的周期性最为明显，GPS点位高程时间序列拟舍曲线的波峰和波谷出现的时间表现为区域性的不同。     

Short note: Crustal deformation in the key stone network detected by satellite laser ranging

The paper presents the results of crustal deformation, as evidenced by changed station coordinates, in the Tokyo metropolitan area detected by the satellite laser ranging (SLR) technique. The coordinates of two Key Stone SLR stations, Tateyama and Kashima, were determined from 4 weeks of orbital arcs of the LAGEOS-1 and LAGEOS-2 satellites with respect to 16 SLR stations kept fixed in the ITRF2000 reference frame. The station coordinates were calculated using the NASA GEODYN-II orbital program. The orbital RMS-of-fit for both satellites was 16 mm. The standard deviation of the estimated positions was 3 mm. A jump of about 5 cm in the baseline length between the Kashima and Tateyama stations was detected in June–August 2000 by VLBI and GPS techniques. This work confirms this crustal deformation as determined by SLR and vice versa. Analysis of coordinates of these stations shows that this effect was caused by a 4.5-cm displacement of the Tateyama station in the north-east direction. The change in the vertical component was not significant.     

天津市GPS连续站数据的处理与分析

简要介绍了天津市12个GPS连续运行站的建设状况和在各领域中的应用,通过最新的精密处理策略对一年多的数据进行计算,得到精确的ITRF坐标时间序列,并分析了ITRF框架下天津市地面水平和垂直坐标变化规律,为GPS技术的进一步运用打下基础。     

利用连续GPS观测数据分析长江三角洲地区地壳变形

利用长江三角洲区域内19个GPS连续运行参考站2007～2013年间的观测数据,计算得到了该区域ITRF2005参考框架下的三维速度场、应变参数及区域参考框架下的速度场。结果表明,在ITRF2005框架下,水平方向平均速率为33.97 mm/a,优势方向为NE 111.5°;相对于欧亚板块的水平方向平均速率为9.36 mm/a,优势方向为NE 85.6°;高程方向以沉降为主,最大沉降速率为15.22 mm/a,平均沉降速率为4.7 mm/a;该区域块体以N 29.4° E的拉张为主,达到2.4×10-9/a,同时兼有N 119.4° E的挤压,达到1.3×10-9/a。     

有色噪声对东南极区域GPS测站三维速度估计的影响

近年来,有研究发现在GPS测站坐标时间序列中既存在白噪声,也存在有色噪声。为了研究有色噪声对东南极区域GPS测站三维速度估计的影响,本文使用GAMIT/GLOBK10.5软件对东南极区域6个连续GPS测站2005—2014年的实测数据进行解算和平差,并利用最大似然法（MLE）分别估计了在两种假设噪声模型条件下的测站三维运动速度及其不确定性。结果表明：在进行参数估计时,考虑两种有色噪声（闪烁噪声和随机游走噪声）对东南极区域GPS测站三维速度估计的量级影响不大,水平方向最大影响量级为0.3 mm/a,垂直方向最大影响量级为0.8 mm/a;但如果不考虑有色噪声,会严重低估参数估计的真实不确定性。     

顾及共模误差的大区域GPS网坐标时间序列噪声分析

噪声分析对GPS时间序列分析有着重要影响,然而针对时间跨度较长的大尺度GPS网的共模误差相关研究较少。本文选取了平均基线长度大于2000 km的欧洲地区9个GPS台站2006-2014年的数据,使用主成分分析法剔除坐标时间序列的共模误差,同时利用极大似然估计的方法对滤波前后的时间序列进行了噪声分析。结果表明,欧洲地区广域GPS网的噪声模型存在多样性,各个分量具有不同的噪声特性,主要表现为白噪声+闪烁噪声、白噪声+幂率噪声,少部分台站N、E两个方向含有随机漫步噪声。经过空间滤波后,部分台站最优噪声模型发生改变,但仍以白噪声+闪烁噪声、白噪声+幂率噪声为主。滤波对N、E方向速度场影响为0.2 mm/a,U方向速度场影响为0.5 mm/a。     

The 2008 DGFI realization of the ITRS: DTRF2008

A new realization of the International Terrestrial System was computed at the ITRS Combination Centre at DGFI as a contribution to ITRF2008. The solution is labelled DTRF2008. In the same way as in the DGFI computation for ITRF2005 it is based on either normal equation systems or estimated parameters derived from VLBI, SLR, GPS and DORIS observations by weekly or session-wise processing. The parameter space of the ITRS realization comprises station positions and velocities and daily resolved Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP), whereby for the first time also nutation parameters are included. The advantage of starting from time series of input data is that the temporal behaviour of geophysical parameters can be investigated to decide whether the parameters can contribute to the datum realization of the ITRF. In the same way, a standardized analysis of station position time series can be performed to detect and remove discontinuities. The advantage of including EOP in the ITRS realization is twofold: (1) the combination of the coordinates of the terrestrial pole—estimated from all contributing techniques—links the technique networks in two components of the orientation, leading to an improvement of consistency of the Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) and (2) in their capacity as parameters common to all techniques, the terrestrial pole coordinates enhance the selection of local ties as they provide a measure for the consistency of the combined frame. The computation strategy of DGFI is based on the combination of normal equation systems while at the ITRS Combination Centre at IGN solutions are combined. The two independent ITRS realizations provide the possibility to assess the accuracy of ITRF by comparison of the two frames. The accuracy evaluation was done separately for the datum parameters (origin, orientation and scale) and the network geometry. The accuracy of the datum parameters, assessed from the comparison of DTRF2008 and ITRF2008, is between 2–5?mm and 0.1–0.8?mm/year depending on the technique. The network geometry (station positions and velocities) agrees within 3.2?mm and 1.0?mm/year. A comparison of DTRF2008 and ITRF2005 provides similar results for the datum parameters, but there are larger differences for the network geometry. The internal accuracy of DTRF2008—that means the level of conservation of datum information and network geometry within the combination—was derived from comparisons with the technique-only multi-year solutions. From this an internal accuracy of 0.32?mm for the VLBI up to 3.3?mm for the DORIS part of the network is found. The internal accuracy of velocities ranges from 0.05?mm/year for VLBI to 0.83?mm/year for DORIS. The internal consistency of DTRF2008 for orientation can be derived from the analysis of the terrestrial pole coordinates. It is estimated at 1.5–2.5?mm for the GPS, VLBI and SLR parts of the network. The consistency of these three and the DORIS network part is within 6.5?mm.     

Defining a DORIS core network for Jason-1 precise orbit determination based on ITRF2000: methods and realization

In view of the future adoption of the new precise orbit determination (POD) standards for the TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 satellites, we propose a method to evaluate terrestrial reference frames for POD. We applied this method to the ITRF2000 realization of the DORIS network using local geodetic ties, plate motion models, the recent DORIS IGN04D02 cumulative solution and DORIS weekly time-series of coordinates. We propose to adopt a selection of the ITRF2000 realization based on specific criteria that we define here, and to extend it with ground stations for which we propose new coordinates and velocities. Only 13 out of 131 stations were considered to be inappropriate for POD activities. The result is a robust and well-distributed DORIS core network of 118 stations (DPOD2000) suitable for POD during the 1993–2008 period considered here.     

基于全球板块运动模型分析大西洋扩张变化

基于现代空间测量技术SLR、VLBI和GPS实测资料，解算出大西洋中脊海底扩张速率，其中北大西洋的东西向扩张速率平均为35mm/a，赤道大西洋东西向扩张速度分别为20－25mm/a，南大西洋东西向扩张速率为22－28mm/a，证实全球板块运动的存在及大西洋扩张学说，并基于全球几百万年地质模型NNR－NUVEL1A，北大西洋的东西向扩张速率平均为24．3mm/a，基于最新全球板块运动模型ITRF2000VEL，北大西洋的东西向扩张速率平均为20．8mm/a，总体上大西洋实测东西扩张速度与根据地学资料推出的地球板块运动模型和最新ITRF2000VEL模型的结果基本一致。     

南宁CORS系统基准站地心大地坐标精确测定的方法与实践

采用地心坐标系已成为国际测量界的总趋势,而利用GPS连续运行参考站建立地心坐标框架最为普遍。利用GAM IT软件,采用有基准算法对南宁市全球导航连续运行参考站网络系统(NNCORS)的南宁基准站NANN的观测资料进行了归算,结果表明该基准站观测资料的质量是可靠的,并获得了该站在ITRF2000中毫米级精度的地心大地坐标。     

DORIS Contribution to ITRF2005

We examine the contribution of the Doppler Orbit determination and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) technique to the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF2005) by evaluating the quality of the submitted solutions as well as that of the frame parameters, especially the origin and the scale. Unlike the previous versions of the ITRF, ITRF2005 is constructed with input data in the form of time-series of station positions (weekly for satellite techniques and daily for VLBI) and daily Earth orientation parameters (EOPs), including full variance–covariance information. Analysis of the DORIS station positions’ time-series indicates an internal precision reaching 15 mm or better, at a weekly sampling. A cumulative solution using 12 years of weekly time-series was obtained and compared to a similar International GNSS Service (IGS) GPS solution (at 37 co-located sites) yielding a weighted root mean scatter (WRMS) of the order of 8 mm in position (at the epoch of minimum variance) and about 2.5 mm/year in velocity. The quality of this cumulative solution resulting from the combination of two individual DORIS solutions is better than any individual solution. A quality assessment of polar motion embedded in the contributed DORIS solutions is performed by comparison with the results of other space-geodetic techniques and in particular GPS. The inferred WRMS of polar motion varies significantly from one DORIS solution to another and is between 0.5 and 2 mas, depending on the strategy used and in particular estimating or not polar motion rate by the analysis centers. This particular aspect certainly needs more investigation by the DORIS Analysis Centers.